Download worksheet chapter four – ecosystems and communities – novak 9-8

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WORKSHEET CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
– The History Of Life – NOVAK
PAPWsCh17HistoryLife4-11.doc
I. FOSSILS AND ANCIENT LIFE (17-1)
A. 1 ________________ are scientists who study fossils.
B. Fossils, 2 ________________ what past life forms were like.
C. Paleontologists group similar organisms together and arrange them in the order in which they
lived – 3 ________________ to most 4 ________________
D. The 5 ________________ is all this information about past life
E. The fossil record provides 6 ________________ of the history of life on Earth.
F. The fossil record shows how different groups of organisms have 7 ________________
G. It has been found from the fossil record that certain fossils appear only in 8
________________ rocks while others show up in only more 9 ________________ rock
layers.
H. Fossils also show that more than 10 ________________ percent of all species that have ever
lived on Earth have become 11 ________________ which means 12 ________________ out
I. 13 ________________ of years have given rise to all the modern organisms
II. HOW FOSSILS FORM (17-1)
A. For a fossil to form, either the 14 ________________ of the organism or some 15
________________ of its presence must be preserved which provides an 16
________________ information of about the history of life
B. Many more fossils 17 ________________ than leaves a fossil
C. Most fossils are found in 18 ________________ rock
1. Formed when environmental factors breaks down existing rock into small particles of 19
________________, 20 ________________, AND 21 ________________
2. Particles are then carried by water into 22 ________________ or the seas where they 23
________________
3. Layer built up over ________________ may bury dead 24 ________________
4. The remains may not decay and be kept 25 ________________
5. As the weight of new layers compresses lower layers, and with chemical activity, they are
turned into 26 ________________
6 Sometimes only an27 ________________ the soft parts forms, while in some cases the
hard parts of organisms are replaced by long lasting 28 ________________ compounds\
7 In some cases, organisms are buried quickly in fine grained 29 ________________ or
volcanic 30 ________________ before they been to decay, so they are perfectly preserved
III. INTERPRETING FOSSIL EVIDENCE (17-1)
A. Even when fossils are buried for millions of years, forces can lift them into 31
________________ ranges
B. As the uplift is eroded by water and weather, the older fossil-bearing 32 ________________ is
exposed
C. As paleontologist use fossil bits to reconstruct an extinct species, they look for 33
________________ similarities and differences between the fossil and living organisms
D. The fossil’s 34 ________________ is also very important
E. Paleontologist use two technique’s to determine the 35 ________________ of fossils
1. 36 ________________ Dating is the age of a fossil determined by comparing its placement
with that of fossils in other layers of rock
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a. Rock layers form by in order by 37 ________________ with the 38
________________ layers on the bottom
b. Scientist use 39 ________________ fossils to compare the relative ages of fossils.
i.
To be an index fossils, a species must be easily 40 ________________
ii.
A species must have existed for a 41 ________________ period but in only a
few layers of rock
iii.
It will be found in only a few layers of rock found in different 42
________________ locations
c. relative dating allows paleontologist to estimate a fossil’s age 43
________________ with that of other fossils but provides no information about its 44
________________ age
2. Absolute ages of rocks is determined by 45 ________________ dating
a. Some elements can be dated by their 46 ________________
b. Radioactive elements breakdown or decay at a 47 ________________ rate which is
measured in units called 48 ________________
c. Radioactive dating is the use of half-lives to determine the 49 ________________ of
a rock sample
d. The age of the rock is determined by the amount of 50 ________________
radioactive isotope or parent element it contains
e. According to Figure 17-4 it takes about 51 ________________ billion years for half
the radioactive potassium-40 to decay into other elements
f. The half-live of carbon 14 is 5730 52 ________________
g. By comparing the amount of normal carbon 12 and the amount of carbon 14,
researchers can determine 53 ________________ the organism lived
h. Carbon 14 has a relative 54 ________________ half-life
i. Carbon 13 is useful for dating fossils younger than about 60,000 55
________________
IV. THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE (17-1)
A. The geologic time scale is used by paleontologists to represent 56 ________________ time
B. Scientists have placed Earth’s rocks in order according to relative 57 ________________
C. It has been found that major changes in the fossil at specific 58 ________________ in the rock
D. These places were use to mark where one segment of geologic time 59 ________________ and
the next 60 ________________
E. 61 ________________ dating were then used to assign specific ages to various rock layers
F. Geologic divisions were found to vary in 62 ________________
G. The geologic time scale begins with the 63 ________________ which covers 64
________________ percent of Earth’s history
H. 65 ________________ and 66 ________________ are the basic divisions of the geologic time
scale after the Precambrian Time
I. There are 67 ________________ separate eras
1. The 68 ________________ Era began about 544 million years ago and lasted for almost 300
69 ________________ years during which many 70 ________________ and 71
________________ lived
2. The 72 ________________ Era began about 245 million years ago and lasted for about 73
________________ million years and has been called the age of the 74 ________________
even though 75 ________________ began to evolve
3. The 76 CENOZOIC Era is the most recent beginning about 77 ________________ million
years ago and has been called the Age Of The 78 ________________
J. Eras are subdivided into 79 ________________
1. Range from 80 TENS of millions of years to less than 81 ________________ million years
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2. The Mesozoic Era has 82 ________________ periods
a. 83 ________________ period
b. 84 ________________ period
c. 85 ________________ period
K. Many periods are named for places around the world where geologists first 86 ________________
the rocks and fossils
V. EARTH’S EARLY HISTORY – Formation of Earth (17-2)
A. Gaps and uncertainties make it likely that scientific ideas about the origin of life will 87
________________
B. The Earth is about 4.6 88 ________________ years old
C. The Earth was created over the course of 89 ________________ million years
D. The most dense elements formed the planet’s 90 ________________
E. Radioactive 91 ________________ formed produced enough heat to convert Earth’s interior into
92 ________________ rock
F. Moderately dense elements floated to the top, cooled and formed the Earth’s solid 93
________________
G. The least dense elements formed the first 94 ________________
H. Earth’s early atomosphere probably contained 95 ________________, 96 ________________,
97 ________________, 98 ________________, 99 ________________, and water
I. About 100 ________________ billion years ago, the Earth cooled enough to allow for the first solid
rocks to form on the surface even though 101 ________________ did not exist
J. About 3.8 billion years ago, the Earth’s surface cooled enough for 102 ________________ to
remain a liquid
K. Brown primitive oceans developed having a great deal of dissolved 103 ________________,
which formed into 104 ________________rock.
VI. THE FIRST ORGANC MOLECULES (17-2)
A. The reason complex molecules do not evolve on the Earth today is the 105 ________________ in
the atmosphere is very reactive destroying many organic molecules
B. 106 ________________ and 107 ________________ experiment suggested how mixtures of the
organic compounds necessary for life could have arisen from simpler compounds present on a
primitive 108 ________________.
C. Even though the Miller/Urey experiment did not really simulate conditions on the early Earth, later
experiments showed early conditions could produce 109 ________________ compounds
VII. HOW DID LIFE BEGIN (17-2)
A. About 200-300 million years after Earth cooled enough to carry liquid water, cells similar to
bacteria were 110 ________________
B. Early life might have began within tiny bubbles called proteinoid 111 ________________
1. They are selectively 112 ________________
2. Can store and release 113 ________________
C. Evolution of RNA and DNA
1. Experiments have show that RNA existed before 114 ________________
2. RNA could have 115 ________________ on its own
3. From simple RNA-based forms of life, several steps could have led to the system of DNA
directed 116 ________________
D. Free oxygen
1. 117 ________________ that resemble modern bacteria have been found in rocks more than
3.5 billion years old
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a. these organisms may have evolved since Earth’s first atmosphere contains very little highly
reactive 118 ________________
b. over time these 119 ________________ organisms became common
c. by 2.2 billion years ago, these organisms were steadily producing 120 ________________
2. Over several hundred million years, oxygen concentrations 121 ________________ until they
reached today’s levels
a. this drove some life forms to 122 ________________
b. other forms of life develop more efficient metabolic pathways using oxygen for 123
________________
c. some organisms developed ways to protect themselves from oxygen’s powerful 124
________________ abilities
VIII. ORIGIN OF EUKAROTIC CELLS (17-2)
A. About 2 billion years ago prokaryotic cells began evolving internal cell 125 ________________
B. Ancestral eukaryotes began to absorb some 126 ________________ organisms
C. Over time the absorbed cells became organelles within the eukaryotic cells such as 127
________________ and 128 ________________
D. The 129 ________________ theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities
formed by 130 ________________ organisms
E. 131 ________________ proprosed the idea that mitochodria and chloroplasts have many of the
features of 132 ________________ bacteria
IX. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND MULTICELLULARITY (17-2)
A. Some time after eukaryotic cells arose, they began to reproduce 133 ________________
B. Sexual reproduction shuffles and reshuffles 134 ________________ in each generation
C. Favorable new gene 135 ________________ greatly increase the chances of evolutionary change
in a species due to natural selection
D. A few million years after the evolution of sexual reproduction, development of 136
________________ organisms began
X. EVOLUTION OF MULTICELLULAR LIFE
A. Ninety percent of Earth’s history occurred during the Precambrian during which 137
________________ and 138 ________________ forms appeared
1. During the Precambrian 139 ________________ forms of life appeared
2. Eukaryotes also appeared which gave to multicellular forms of increasing Complexity
3. Since organism were 140 ________________, few were fossilized
4. Life only existed in the 141 ________________
B. The Paleozoic Era
1. A large diversity of 142 ________________ life existed
2. Is the first period was the 143 ________________
a. there many kinds of 144 ________________ animals
b. since life became so 145 ________________ the early Cambrian is called the “Cambrian
Explosion”
c. the first known representatives of most animal 146 ________________ evolved.
d. invertebrates with hard parts and 147 ________________ bodies evolved including the
trilobites
3. The Ordovician and Silurian periods
a. octopi and 148 ________________ appeared
b. some 149 ________________ became the first animals to live on land
c. 150 ________________ fish became the first vertebrates
d. small simple 151 ________________ begin to live on land in damp areas
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4.The Devonian Period
a. larger plants appear such as 152 ________________ that lived in drier areas
b. 153 ________________ appeared on land
c. invertebrates and vertebrates thrived in the 154 ________________
d. 155 ________________ dominant the seas but it became the “Age of Fishes”
e. fish developed 156 ________________, 157 ________________ skeletons and scales
f. vertebrates with leg-like fins begin to invade the land which evolved into the first 158
________________
5. The Carboniferous and Permian periods
a. life expands over the Earth’s 159 ________________
b. 160 ________________ with scaly skin and laying eggs with shells evolved from
amphibians
c. 161 ________________ insects appear
d. giant 162 ________________ and other plants formed into large forest
e. remains of large amount of 163 ________________ began to form coal
f. as much as 95 percent of organisms in the oceans died out at the end of the Permian
which became a mass 164 ________________
g. many fish and reptiles 165 ________________
C. The Mesozoic Era
1.Lasted 180 million years
2.The Triassic Period
a.new ecosystems allow fishes, insects, reptiles & 166 ________________ bearing plants to
become dominant
b.Became the “Age Of The 167 ________________”
c.168 ________________ appeared 225 million years ago
d.169 ________________ appears in the late Triassic Period but were small
3.The Jurassic Period
a.170 ________________ become dominant and ruled for 150 million years
b.171 ________________ appeared which is both reptile-like and birdlike
4.The Cretaceous Period
a.dinosaurs still dominate
b.172 ________________ dinosaurs and some other dinosaurs become extinct
c.leafy trees, shrubs, and flowering plants producing 173 ________________ appear
d.at the end dinosaurs and 174 ________________ of all organisms become extinct
D. The Cenozoic Era
1. No dinosaurs to compete with 175 ________________
2.Mammals evolved 176 ________________ allowing them to live in various environments
3.Called the “Age of 177 ________________”
4.The Tertiary Period
a.178 ________________ mammals appear
b.179 ________________ plants and insects flourish
c.180 ________________ evolved and mammals and birds became very large
5.The Quaternary Period
a.ice ages occur repeatedly
b.181 ________________ fall by one-hundred meters
c.about twenty-thousand years ago, the climate 182 ________________ and the oceans rose
again
d.many of today’s organisms dominated the Earth
e.early 183 ________________ ancestors appeared 4.5 million years ago
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f.about two-hundred thousand years ago 184 ________________ appeared in Africa
XII. PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION (17-4)
A.185 ________________ is use to refer to large-scale evolutionary patterns and processes that
occur over long periods of time
B.Extinction
1.Several times during Earth’s history mass extinction wiped out entire 186 ________________
2.Such events put environmental pressures on 187 ________________ besides natural selection
3.One extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous Period is theorized to have been caused by a
huge 188 ________________
4.Most extinctions are though to have occurred from 189 ________________, moving continents,
and sea level changes
5. The process called 190 ________________ caused a single or small number species to evolve
by natural selection and other processes into diverse forms
6. One species of Darwin’s 191 ________________ evolved into more than a dozen species
7. The extinction of the 192 ________________ cleared the way for the great adaptive radiation of
the diversity of mammals
C.Convergent Evolution
1.When different organisms undergo adaptive radiation in different places or at different times but
in ecologically similar 193 ________________, convergent evolution can occur
2.Since organisms are in similar environments with similar environmental demands, they evolve
different but similar 194 ________________
3.The process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble one another is called 195
________________ evolution
D.Coevolution
1.The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time is
called 196 ________________
2.An evolutionary change in one organism, can be followed by a 197 ________________ change
in another organism
3.One example of coevolution is that of 198 ________________ with flowers
E.Punctuated Equilibrium
1.The fossil record does indicate that populations of organisms change 199 ________________
over time
2.When a species acquires 200 ________________, it does not change much
3.When the equilibrium is upset, changes in animals and plants occur over relatively 201
________________ periods of time.
4.The pattern of long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change is called
202 ________________ equilibrium
F.Developmental Genes and Body Plans
1.Small changes in the activity of 203 ________________ genes can affect many other genes to
produce large changes in adult animals
2.Small changes in the 204 ________________ of cell differentiation and gene expression can
affect the differences in the evolving structures of organisms
CHAPTER 17 REVIEW
Use your Chapter Work Rules to do the following questions:
Number, list, and define the vocabulary terms on page 442
Page 443 questions 1-10
Page 445 questions 1-6
PreAP Biology Worksheet Chapter 17 History of Life 4-11 Novak
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