Download Chapter 16 Reading Questions What were the 2 candidates for the

Chapter 16 Reading Questions
1. What were the 2 candidates for the genetic material? Until the 1940’s which one did scientists think most likely
was the genetic material?
2. A diagram of Frederick Griffith’s experiment from 1928 is shown
below. Briefly describe the treatment given to each mouse and
the results of the experiment.
3. What are bacteriophages? How did Hershey and Chase use
bacteriophages and radioactivity to show that it is DNA, not
protein, that is the genetic information in a virus?
4. What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
5. What are Chargaff’s rules?
6. Describe the roles of each of the following people in arriving at the double-helix model of DNA:
a. Francis Crick
b. James Watson
c. Rosalind Franklin
7. Label each of the following on the picture: purines,
pyrimidines, deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogen base,
nucleotide, hydrogen bond, adenine, thymine,
guanine, cytosine.
8. Describe the semiconservative model of DNA
replication.
9. What is an origin of replication? How many are
found in a bacterial cell? In a eukaryotic cell?
10. What is a replication fork? Draw an example.
11. What is the role of DNA polymerase during replication?
12. DNA is made of 2 anti-parallel strands. Explain what this means.
13. Label the 5’ and 3’ ends for each DNA strand shown to the right. To which end of the DNA
strand can new nucleotides be added?
14. What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand?
15. What is the role of DNA ligase in replication?
16. What are primers? Why are they necessary? What is the name of the enzyme that makes the primers?
17. Describe the jobs of the following in replication:
a. Helicase
b. Single-strand binding protein
18. How does DNA polymerase help ensure the accuracy of replication?
19. What happens during mismatch repair?
20. List 3 things that cause damage to DNA. Explain how nucleotide excision repair combats this damage.
Chapter 17 Reading Questions
1. Describe the experiments Beadle and Tatum conducted using mutant Neurospora.
2. What was the “one gene-one enzyme” hypothesis?
3. Explain how the discovery of proteins such as keratin and hemoglobin altered the “one gene-one enzyme”
hypothesis.
4. How is RNA different from DNA (give at least 3 ways)?
5. Briefly describe:
a. Transcription
b. Translation
6. Explain the relationship among the following words: mRNA, RNA processing, primary transcript.
7. How many amino acids are there? __________________
8. What is a codon? What does it specify?
9. What did Marshall Nirenberg do in 1961?
10. What is the start codon? List the 3 stop codons.
11. What does it mean to say that there is “redundancy” in the genetic code?
12. Briefly describe the 3 main steps of transcription. Use the following words in your descriptions: RNA
Polymerase, promoter, terminator, transcription factors, transcription initiation complex, TATA box
a. Initiation
b. Elongation
c. Termination
13. Describe the roles of the 5’ cap and poly A tail.
14. Define ‘introns’ and ‘exons’.
15. Explain how the primary transcript is different from mRNA.
16. Explain how tRNA helps to build amino acids. Use codon, mRNA, anticodon and ribosome in your answer.
17. What is meant by “wobble?”
18. What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?
19. Describe the structure of a ribosome including: large subunit, small subunit, E site, P site, A site.
20. Summarize the 3 main steps of translation
a. Initiation
b. Elongation
c. Termination
21. Define each of the following terms:
a. Mutation
b. Point mutation
c. Base-pair substitution
d. Missense mutation
e. Nonsense mutation
f.
Insertion
g. Deletion
h. Frameshift mutation
i.
mutagen