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4. Ancient Greece
1750 BCW-133 BCE
Chapter 4 Preview
• 4.1 Early people of Aegean
• 4.2 The Rise of the Greek City-State
• 4.3 Conflict in the Greek World
• 4.4 The Glory that was Greece
• 4.5 Alexander and the Hellenistic Age
4.1 Early People of the Aegean
• Identify the influences on Minoan culture and how the
civilizations prospered
• Summarize how Mycenaean's ruled the sea trade and started
the Trojan War
• Describe the works of Homer and their Influence on Greek
Culture
Terms, People and Places
• Knossos
• Shrine
• Fresco
• Trojan War
• Strait
• Homer
Map of the Aegean Sea
Minoans Trade and Prosper
• Named after King
Minos
• From the island of
Crete
• Success was based
on sea trade
• Traded with Egypt
and Mesopotamia
and acquired ideas
Minoan Art at Knossos
• Rulers of the trading
empire lived at
Knossos
• Housed in a vast
palace
• Palace housed many
shrines to the Greek
Gods and Goddesses
Palace Decoration
• Palace was decorated
in Frescos
• Fresco watercolor
paintings done on
wet plaster
• Some still stand
today and tell us
about the Minoan
culture
Minoan Civilization Disappears
• By the end of 1400 BCE the Minions civilization
vanished
• Not known why
• Absence of fortifications suggest not a warrior
people
• Possible natural disaster Volcano
• Invader possibly the Mycenaean people
Checkpoint
• How does the art at Knossos reflect life of Minoan
Culture?
• Illustrates the importance of the sea and aspects of Daily
Life like how women interacted with society.
Trade and War in Mycenae
• Spoke Indo European
• Conquered Greek
mainland before
overrunning Crete
Sea Trade Brings Wealth
• Dominated the
Aegean sea from
1400 to 1200 BCE
• Adapted skills from
Minoans, Egyptian
and Mesopotamians
• Built thick walled
fortresses
• Amassed treasure
from Conquered
cultures
The Trojan War
• Mycenaean's best remembered for their role in the Trojan
War
• Conflict over trade between Mycenae (Greek) and the rich
trade city of Troy
• Over the vital trade route or Straits that connected the
Mediterranean to the Black Sea
• Strait- narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies
of water
Legend of the Trojan War
• Paris a prince of Troy is in love with Helen the wife of the
Greek King and kidnaps her
• The Mycenaean's raise an army and sail to Troy to rescue
Helen
• For the next ten years the war is a stalemate between both
sides
• Eventually the Greeks come up with a strategy
• They pretend to retreat and leave a large horse outside the
gates of Troy
• Thinking the Greeks left the Trojans bring the horse inside Troy
and begin to celebrate the victory
• After the Trojans fall asleep Greeks hiding in the horse sneak
out and Slaughter the Trojans capturing the city
Trojan Horse
Checkpoint
• How did trade shape the Mycenaean Society?
• Mycenaean’s gained knowledge from interacting with
different societies
• They also went to war with Troy for trading rights to the
Black Sea
Homer The Poet
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Mycenaean's came under attack of the Dorian's
Dorian's were invaders from the North
Mycenaean's culture eventually faded away
Homer, a Greek Poet, kept it alive by retelling the stories of
the Mycenaean
• Iliad the story of the Trojan War
• Odyssey the story of Odysses journey home from the war
• Both stepped in Greek Mythology
The Iliad
• Story of Achilles the
greatest Greek Warrior
• Though to be invincible
because he was
touched by the gods
• At the beginning
Achilles has quit the
war
• The tide turns against
the Greeks and
Achilles is swayed to
rejoin the fight after
his best friend is killed
The Odyssey
• Story of the Greek
hero Odysseys and
his journey home
from the Trojan War
• Chronicles his voyage
through Greek
mythology and his
homecoming to his
wife Penelope
Odyssey’s Journey
Checkpoint
• What do Homer’s Epics reveal about Greek Society?
• The Iliad and the Odyssey reveal much about the values of
ancient Greek society. The hero's display honor courage and
eloquence.
4.2 The Rise of the Greek City-State
• Understand how geography influenced the
Greek city states
• Define the three types of government that
developed in the Greek city states.
• Explain how Sparta and Athens differed
• Identify the culture and values shared by Greeks
Terms, People and Places
• Polis
• Acropolis
• Citizen
• Monarchy
• Aristocracy
• oligarchy
• Phalanx
• Sparta
• Athens
• Democracy
• Tyrant
• legislature
Greek City States
The Mediterranean and Aegean seas were central to the
development of Greek civilization. The Greeks absorbed many
ideas from the other civilizations but also formulated many of
their own
One in particular was how to best govern each individual Greek
polis
Polis: Greek City –State consisting of the city and surrounding
countryside
City–State: a city with a self contained government
Landscape Defines Political Borders
• Did not create large
empires
• Created the City-State
• Cut off from each
other because of
Geography
• Each included the city
and surrounding
countryside
• Fiercely independent
Life by the Sea
• Hundreds of Bays creates many opportunities for Greeks to
trade by sea
• Greeks became skilled sailors
• Exported olive oil, wine and marble
• Imported grains and metals
• Also imported Ideas and adapted them to fit their own needs Alphabet
• Lack of fertile land forced the Greeks to expand elsewhere
Greek Alphabet
Phoenician Alphabet
Checkpoint
• How did the sea contribute to the Greek
commerce?
• With access to the sea because Greece had
many natural harbors the Greeks became skilled
sailors. Exports such as olive oil, wine and
marble as well as imports such as grain and
metals contributed to their commerce.
Governing the City-States
• Greek cities evolved
into the Polis
• Consisted of two parts
the Acropolis and
walled city
• Acropolis – elevated
part of a city that
contained the temples
to gods
• Free residents of the
city were called
citizens
Types of Government Evolve
• Ruled first by kings
• Monarchy: government in which a hereditary ruler exercises
central government
• Eventually the wealthy land owners took power
• Aristocracy: rule by the hereditary land holding elite
• Eventually Merchants became wealthier and challenged
the Aristocracy
• Oligarchy: power in the hands of a few wealthy elite
New Warfare Methods Shape Greece
• Originally used
Bronze weapons
• Eventually Iron
replaced bronze it
was cheaper and
stronger
• This allowed for all to
be able to afford
weapons and armor
Using the Phalanx
• New Fighting method
Phalanx involving
heavily armored troops
• Soldiers would line up
shoulder to shoulder
and march behind a
heavy wooden spear
• Requires a lot of drill
time to perfect and
created a strong sense
of unity
Checkpoint
• How was the city-state shaped by its
citizenry?
• Eventually the government changed from
a Monarchy to a oligarchy because the
citizen required more and more control
over their government
Sparta: A Warrior Society
• Dorian Invaders from the
north conquered the
southern part of
Peloponnesus
• Settled there and created the
City- State of Sparta
• Turned the conquered people
into state owned slaves called
Helots
• Brutal strict warrior
government consisting of Two
kings and a council of elders
• Also had an assembly made of
Citizens which comprised of
all male over 30
Daily Life Ruled by Discipline
• Prepared to be part of
the military from
childhood
• Sickly children were
abandoned
• At 7 boys began to train
for military service
• Were subject to strict
discipline
• At 20 would marry
• 30 would become a
citizen
Women of Sparta
• Were expected to
produce healthy sons
• Required to exercise
• Had to obey fathers
and husbands
• Could inherit
property
• Ran the estates when
war kept the men
away from home
Checkpoint
• Why was discipline so important to Spartans
• They were a culture based on Military tradition
and since their slaves outnumbered them if
Spartans showed signs of weakness all had to be
ready to fight.
Athens Evolves Into a Democracy
• Athens was located
in Attica just north of
Peloponnesus
• Government evolved
from a Monarchy to
arsitrocracy
Demands for Change
• Under Aristocracy the Athenian wealth grew
• Discontent also grew
• Merchants and Soldiers resented the nobles
• Argued they were entitled more rights
• Time were bad they would sell themselves into
slavery
• As discontent spread Athens moved to a
Democracy
• Democracy: government by the people
Solon Reforms Government
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Solon was appointed Chief official 594 BCE
Was given free hand to make change
Outlawed debt slavery
Opened high offices in the government
Gave more power to the people in the assembly
Still, discontent gave way to the rise of Tyrants
Tyrants : people who gain power by force
Often the Tyrants would be supported by the merchant class
and the poor because the would impose reforms to help these
groups to gain popularity
Citizens Share power and Wealth
• 507 BCE Cleisthenes seized power in Athens
• Set up a council of 500 chosen from all citizens
• Council prepared laws and supervised the day to
day government of Athens was called the
Legislature
• This created a limited democracy
• Legislature: lawmaking body that debated
A Limited Democracy
• By modern standards democracy of Athens was
limited
• Extended only to male, land owning, citizens
• Did not apply to non citizens or slaves or women
• Although it was limited if gave the people of
Athens greater influence over their government
than many had at this time
Women in Athens
• “A man by nature is fitter to
command than a female
just as an older person is
superior to command than
a younger” Aristotle
• Women played a significant
role in religion
• Managed the households
of the wealthy class
• Wealthy women were
rarely seen in public
• Poorer women had to work
Educating Youth
• Girls received little or no formal education
• Boys if their families could afford it
attended school learned to read and write
• Learned public speaking and about
government
• Unlike Sparta they were taught the
importance of the individual
Checkpoint
• How was democracy limited in Athens?
• It only applied to the Male, Land owning citizens and not to
the females or slaves
Mythology and Religion
• Greeks were
polytheistic
• Believed the Gods
lived on Mount
Olympus
• Zeus was the most
powerful god
• Daughter Athena was
where Greeks got the
name Athens
Greek View of Foreigners
• Through sea trade came in contact with many
people
• Called the Barbaroi or foreigners
• Had a sense of superiority to foreigners
• Were united by their religious beliefs against
outsiders
Checkpoint
• What factors united the Greek city-states?
• Shared language, mythology, religious customs
and a sense of superiority towards outsiders.
Greek Gods
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Zeus: Ruler of the gods
Hara: wife of Zeus goddess of marriage
Athena: Daughter of Zeus, goddess of wisdom and war
Poseidon: Brother of Zeus god of the sea
Hades: Brother of Zeus, god of the underworld
Ares: god of war
Hermes messenger god
Aphrodite: god of love
Conflict in the Greek World
• Summarize how the Persian Wars affected
Greece
• Explain how Pericles instituted Direct Democracy
in Athens Greece
• Understand the causes and effects of the
Peloponnesian war
Terms, People and Places
• Alliance
• Pericles
• Direct Democracy
• Stipend
• Jury
• Ostracism
The Persian Wars
• Persian conquered a
huge empire from
India to Asia Minor
• 499 BCE Ionian
Greeks rebelled
against the Persian
• Athens sent warriors
and ships to aid the
Ionians
Athenians win at the battle of Marathon
• Persian crush the
resistance in Ionia
• Darius I furious at the
uprising sends his
army into Greece
• Persian army landed
north of Athens
• The Athenians asked
for help but received
none
• Upon the battle
Athenians used a
new technique
• Used a handful of
fast moving soldiers
to break through the
ranks
• Overwhelmed by the
assault the Persian
retreated
Greeks Divide and Conquer
• Greeks let the Persians
advance through the
middle of their line
and then out flanked
the outside of the core
• This divided the
Persian army causing
chaos and retreat
• The remaining Persians
were then out
numbered and also
retreated
• Commander sent a
soldier to run 26 miles
From Marathon to
Athens to deliver the
news of the victory
• Upon arrival he
exclaimed “We Won”
and collapsed and died
• Where we get the
modern marathon
Greek City-States Unite
• After the victory the
Athenians knew that
the Persians would
return
• Raised a huge army
• In the meantime
Darius dies and his
son Xerxes takes over
• Sends an Invasion
force
• The Persians land in
the same place and
march on Greece
• Encounter the
Spartans in a narrow
pass
Greeks Put their faith in the Navy
• After defeating the
Spartans the Persians
marched on to
Athens and Burned it
• Later the Greek navy
lured the Persian
navy into the Strait of
Salamis
• Used rowers and
battering rams and
defeated the Persians
Athens Leads the Delian League
• The victory over the
Persians increased
the Greeks sense of
uniqueness
• Athens emerged the
most powerful Citystate
• Organized alliances
with the other city
states
• Alliance: formal
agreement to join
together
• This was the Delian
League
• Athens dominated
the Delian League
and used it s position
of power to influence
Greece
Checkpoint
• What Factors lead to
the Persian defeat?
• Athens assistance the
Ionian
• Uniting of the Greek
City-States
• A powerful navy
Age of Pericles and Direct Democracy
• After the Persian
Wars Athens was
guided by Pericles
• Wise leader who
expanded democracy
• Direct Democracy:
Large amount of
Citizens voted
directly on laws of
the City
• Council of 500 met
and discussed the
business of the city
• All citizens could be
members
• Members earned a
stipend or fixed
salary for serving
Law in Athens
• Called to serve on a
Jury
• Jury: panel of citizens
who have the final
authority to make a
judgment of a trial
• Might include
hundreds or even
thousands of
members
• Chosen if you were
over the age of 30
and served for a year
• Citizens could also
vote on banishment
from the city
• Ostracism: meant
you left the confines
of the city for 10
years
Culture Thrives in Athens
• Athens Prospered
during the age of
Pericles
• He Directed the
rebuilding of the
Acropolis
• Encouraged the Arts
and Music through
festivals
• Increased wealth by
encouraging Artisans
Checkpoint
• Describe Pericles
Influence on Athens
• Leadership rebuilt
Athens
• Established
democracy
• Jury by peer
• Encouraged arts
The Peloponnesian War
• Many Greeks
resented the
Athenians
• Soon Split into camps
against Athens
• War broke out
between Sparta and
Athens
• Peloponnesian war
lasted 27 years
Sparta Defeats Athens
• Athens had a disadvantage against
Sparta
• Athens strength was
its navy and Sparta
was land based army
• When the Spartans
advanced Pericles let
the people into the
city for protection
• In the city
overcrowded
conditions lead to
outbreak of disease
• With the help of the
Persian navy Sparta
defeated Athens and
stripped them of
their empire and
navy
Greek Dominion Declines
• Peloponnesian War ended Athens control of
Greece
• Athens would again rise and become the cultural
center for Greece
• Greeks continued to battle among themselves
• New power rose in Macedonia under Alexander
the Great
Checkpoint
• How did conflict lead to the decline of Athens?
• Warring among themselves. Sparta rose up and
defeated Athens
4.4 The Glory That Was Greece
• Analyze the political and ethical ideas developed by the
Greek philosophers
• Understand how balance and order governed Greek art
and Architecture
• Identify the themes explored by Greek writers and
historians
Terms, People and Places
• Philosopher
• Logic
• Rhetoric
• Socrates
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Parthenon
• Tragedy
• Comedy
• Herodotus
Philosophers: Lovers of Wisdom
• Philosophers: were
great thinkers that
used reason to find
the causes of events
• At the time popular
belief was gods made
things happen
• Logic: rational
thinking
Debating Morality and Ethics
• Philosophers were interested in morality and
ethics
• Would often debate government and standards
of Human Behavior
• Used Rhetoric to discuss the topics of the time
• Rhetoric: the art of skillful speaking
• Ambitious would use clever Rhetoric to advance
careers
Socrates Question Tradition
• Socrates: Father of
Philosophy
• Passes his days asking
people of their beliefs
• Used the “Socratic
Method” of asking
questions
• Questioned the
Government authority
and was put on trial
and ordered to death
by poison
Plato Envisions a Perfect Society
• Student of Socrates
• Distrusted democracy
• Fled Athens for 10 years
• Set up an Academy upon
his return
• Wrote The Republic
which was his vision of a
ideal state ruled by a
philosopher king
Aristotle Peruses The Golden Mean
• Plato’s most famous
student
• Analyzed all forms of
government
• Believed people
could live a “Golden
Mean” where people
could live a lifestyle
of good conduct
between extremes
Checkpoint
• Why might some
philosophers ideas
be a threat to Greek
Tradition
• They questioned
religion and the gods
• They questioned the
government
Idealism and Art
• Monumental
Architecture
• Parthenon: a temple
to the goddess
Athena
• Used Symmetry and
Geometry
• Parthenon said to
reflect perfect
balance in harmony
and order
Artist Craft Life Like Human Form
• Early Sculpture and
artist mimicked the
Egyptian form
• Later developed
more life like
• Only paintings to
survive are on
pottery and Fresco
Checkpoint
• How did Greek art reflect the idea of an
ideal form?
• Through Symmetry and geometry and
graceful depiction of the human form
Greek Literature
• Greeks developed a unique style in the ancient
arts that still influences us today
• Began with the epic poems of Homer about
inspired warriors
• Later evolved to love and beauty with the works
of Sappho
• Then Athletic Triumph with the works of Pindar
Tragic Drama
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Most Important contribution was in Drama
The Greek Tragedy: stories about human suffering
The purpose was to relieve the emotion of pity and fear
Euripides play write often explored the idea that People not
gods were the source of misfortune
• The Greek Comedy: Humorous plays that mocked tradition
and customs
• Often would ridicule individuals of the day and current events
The Greek Theater
Checkpoint
• How was drama used to influence Greek society?
• Writers used familiar stories that explored the
relationship between people and gods and to
discuss morality
Recording Events in History
• Applied observation
and reason the study
of History
• Interested in knowing
why something
happened
• Herodotus: father of
history wrote down
the actual events of
the Persian Wars
• Used the term Historic
meaning inquiry to
define his work
Checkpoint
• Why was Herodotus
considered the
“Father of History”
• He went beyond
listing simple names
and places but
included details and
eye witness accounts
of events
4.5 Alexander and the Hellenistic Age
• Explain how Alexander the Great built an
extensive empire
• Describe the Empire’s cultural impact
• Identify Individuals who contributed to the
Hellenistic civilizations
Terms, People, and Places
• Alexander the Great
• Philip II
• Assassination
• Assimilate
• Alexandria
• Pythagoras
• Heliocentric
• Archimedes
• Hippocrates
The Empire of Alexander the Great
• 338 B.C. Athens fell
to Macedonian Army
• Macedonian King
Philip II—grew up in
Greek culture.
• Hired Aristotle to
tutor Alexander.
Philip II Conquers Greece
• Conquered Greece at
Chaeronea
• Wanted to conquer
Persian Empire, but
was assassinated at
his daughter’s
wedding.
• Assassination: murder
of a public figure
Alexander Takes Persia
• Alexander succeeded
Philip II
• 20 years old, soldier
• 334 B. C. wanted to
conquer Persia.
• Provinces were weak.
• Won victory at
Granicus River.
• Conquered Babylon
in 331.
Advance into India
• Headed East into
India.
• 326 BCE Faced war
elephants.
• Returned east
because his soldiers
were tired
Alexander’s Early Death
• Got a fever at 32.
• Let Empire “To the
strongest”
• Three Generals
divided the empire
The Legacy of Alexander’s
Although Alexander's Empire soon
Crumbled following his premature death.
He unleashed changes that would ripple
across the Mediterranean world an the
Middle East for centuries. His most lasting
achievements was the spread of Greek
culture
Cultures Combine
• Many cities were
named after him.
• From Egypt to India
they built Greek
Temples
• They held athletic
contest.
• Many assimilated
Greek Culture
• Assimilate: to absorb
Alexandria: Cultural Capital
• Lots of goods from all
across the empire.
• Had a huge Museum
as a center of
learning—had labs,
lecture halls, and
zoos.
• Had a library with
thousands of scrolls.
• Eventually library was
destroyed in a fire.
New Roles for Women
• Learned to read and
write.
• Royal women worked
alongside husbands.
• Cleopatra VII ruled in
her own right.
Hellenistic Arts and Sciences.
The cities of the Hellenistic world employed
armies if architects and artists. Temples, palaces,
and other public buildings were much larger and
grander than the buildings of classical Greece.
The elaborate new style reflected the desire of
Hellenistic rulers to glorify themselves as godlike.
New Philosophies
• Most influential was
Stoicism
• Zeno: urged people
to avoid
disappointments by
accepting calmly
whatever life
brought.
Advances in Math
• Pythagoras derived a
theory to calculate
the relationship
between the sides of
a right triangle.
• Euclid wrote the
elements used for
modern geometry
Advances in Astronomy
• Aristarchus argued that
the Earth rotated on its
axis and orbited the sun.
• Theory of a
heliocentric—suncentered solar system
was not accepted until
later
• Eratosthenes showed
that the Earth was round
and accurately calculated
its circumference.
• Archimedes applied
principles of physics to
make practical
inventions. He mastered
the lever and pulley
system
• “Give me a lever long
enough and a place to
stand, and I will move
the world.”
Improving Medical Practice
• 400 B.C. Greek
Physician Hippocrates
studied the causes of
illnesses and looked for
cures.
• Greek physicians swore
to help the sick
according to my ability
and judgment but
never with a view to
injury and wrong.