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Download Cl!IAPTER2 THEORETICAl" FRAMEWORK Definilioll of Modifier
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Cl!IAPTER2 THEORETICAl" FRAMEWORK Definilioll of Modifier Oftentimes, many people use mcldilier to reduce clause, in order to make their wr:itm:g shorter or simpler and beeome easy-to-understand for the readers. According to Kindlien, C.T. (2000: 469), "A word or word group thai describes is a mo>difiu. Modifiers make sentences more vivid interesting." ]?.,,l¥w Modifiers l'h(mgb, 1he uses of modifiers are importar. as wnat is mentioned at the GU(}tation above "modifiers make sentences more vivid and int.eresting." Peoples, especially students use it, because there are three must be careful of faulty modifiers that could be happened: Mi!rplt!OC€d Modifien If the modifier seeres to modifY the wrong word, it is called misplaced.Misplaced modiliters are often unintentionally funny. E.g. : Orwell shot elephant under pressured circumstances. (Actually, whc was is Orwell, not the elephant) Modifier (Put the modifier near what it modifies) (Barnet & Stubbs's, 1983: 294) 6 7 b) Squmti11.g Mmllifielr!l modifier is ambiguous, tlmt is, if it can. be applied equally to more tt1an one it is sometimes called a squinting modifier. It seems to look forward, and it seems to look backward. : Students may use this elevator. (Does "only" modicy students? so, no one else may use the elevator. Or does modifY elevator? If so, students may use no other elevator.) students may use this elevator. Revised Students may use only this elevator. : the word only often squints. In general, pt:t only Note i:m:!E.ediateiy before the wo:d o:phrase it modifies. it appears too early in the sentence. (Barnet & Stubbs's, 1983:295) c) D:mgimg m(]ldifien ter:n it should modify appears nowhere in fue sentence, the mcldiJtier is eal)ed dangling. : Being small, his ear scrapped. against the belt when rJs father stumbled. (Actuaily, fue writer meant fuat the boy was small, not the ear.Eut fue boy is not in the sentence) Revised : Because tbe boy was small his ear scraped against the belt when his father stumbled. Being small, the boy scraped his e& against the belt when his father si:uirnbl[ed. (Barnet & Stubbs's, 1983: 296) rese=h, the v.'Titer chooses to analyze the problem on 'dangling modifier'. Because as what is mentioned on chapter 1, that 'stodents are expected to be able to write a good writing. A good writing is not only interesting, but also have to easy to comprehenLl.' According to Bram (1995: 33), Conciseness concise as few words as possible, the !S as possible. To be econowical, ,,;;,,T must not sacrifice the clarity of the me:sSf ge to be expressed in the sentence." ;r,ake the goal reached. have to learn more about dangling erumg;e Lie intended meaning of that lead to mismu:l.ers"c&"lding. "' are some defrnitions of dar1gling the tenn it should modify appear nowhere in the sentence, the modifier is called dangling. (Bal[llet & Stubb's, 19!!3: 296) dangling modifier (DM) is a reducc'd clause which does not have the verb 'to dangle' means 'tc hang same subject as the main clause does. loosely'; to refer to someone or something unclearly. (B:rnm, 1995: 33) ® A modifier with no stated word to describe modifiers 1mpmr (Clouse,1999:469) meaning a dangling modifier. Dangling often create silly sentences. 9 ,. Dangling I:lC>di1ier:s: a modifier "dangleswhen it is not clearly reLated to some word sentence. Verbal p!h-ases are especially liable to iliis often silly error. (IGndlieiL C. T.,l982: 132) Dai1gling modifiers are usually participial phrases, structures made of the present or past participle of a verb (writing or wished) and an object ar at1other phrase. (Roloff & Wylder, 1978: 133) .. A is a phrase or clause that does not sensibly describe any speeific word its sentence. (Stanley, Shimkin. & Larmer, 1988: 451) on the above, the vvTiter concluded, dangling Based on some modifier is a modifying phrase that has no word to refer to (to describe). It confusing the readers and sentence become to misunderstandings. Sometimes, it can the meaning or creares the sentence. Whereas, tl1e real f1lllction of it is to modify the subject of the main clause. But Lhe fact is it modifies nothing. usually placed in the be!,lirrnircg of the sentence as an introductory modifier. 2.3 Methods to Revise Dangling Modifiers There are two prima;-:y ways to revise a dangling modifier: 1. Leave modifier as it is and supply a word for ilie modifier to word should appear immediately after the modifier. Sulbordir:tate clause (DM) s Main Clause to. This 10 Revised: After drinking too much coffee, a student who is stressed out may s Subordinate clause (Modifier) exhibit signs of fatigue. (Clouse, 1999:469) 2. Rewrite the modifier as a subordinate clause. Faulty: After drinking too much coffee, signs of fatigue may be exhibited by Subordinate clause (DM) s Main Clause a student who is stressed out. Explanation: The subordinate clause here, as the introductory modifier for the main clause. But the subject of the main clause is not modified by it (introductory modifier). Therefore, the modifier can be said "dangles." Revised: After a student who is stressed out drinks too much coffee, signs of fatigue may be exhibited by him or her. (Clouse, 1999:470) 2.4 Wll.en Dangling Modifiern Often Occur According to William (1985: 76), "Usually dangling modifiers are verbal placed at the beginning of the sentence." Still based on William (1985: 35), "verbal are verb fonns that cannot function as sentence verbs; :rather they function as nouns, adjectives and adverbs. These forms include gerunds (-ing ending), present participles (-ing ending), past participle (usually --ed ending), and infinitives (to before verb)." H As the above information, the writer concludes "dangling modifiers'' often occur sentences begi;:l with a::t-ing verb form (present participle). However, a dangling t verb torm modifier can also occur v.1len a sentence be ;ins with an -ed, -en, -n, or (past psrticiple) or v.11en it begi;:ls with the present-tense verb fo:rm used to (infinitive). Uanglw.g modifier (Present participle) : Cooking in the kitchl::'!l, a cat stoic the fish. DM Main clause :If the sentence likes the above, "cooking" modifies cat, and the meaning of the sentence become: the cat that was cooking Revision the kit,che;n steals the fish. : While ill(tth!:r was cooking the kitchen, a c-a.t stole fis!:t. Dangling modifier participle) : Having flilisht::<l'i:l:le assignment, the TV DM Explanation v.'llS rumed on. Main clause : If the sentence likes the above, the sentence meaning become strange. "Having finished" modifies TV. Because there is no specific subject mentioned as the one who fmished the assignment a.Y!d turned on the TV. Revision :Having finished the assignment, John turned on the TV. Noun 12 this sentence is "John", the : By supply a noun, sentence seems logicaL "John" here as the one who :finished the assignment and also turned on the TV. Dangling modifier (Infmitive) DM Main clause : Here, "to pass the exam" modifies much exercise. This sentence loaks strange. :To pass the exam, students need much exercise. Noun Explanation : To revise it, the ,m9it,. could supply a word (noun or pronoan.) for 2.5 Some Basic Definition readers know more about what dangling modifier is, it is necessary to know about some basic definition that are related to the topic, from general into specific. A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. The subject names the person, thing, o:r concept the sentence is about. The predicate makes a statement or asks a question about the subject: p (Prentice-Hall, 1985: 4) 2.5.1.1Four Sentence Pattern§ Sentences English are traditionally described as sLrnple, eo:C!tp:ound, cmnp!ex, or compound complex. ·A simple sentence has a single subject-verb combination. The My car h;;lthree times last week. has been p()llnted l:Jy several neighboring streams. A sertl.ence may have more than one subject: and TI1e Or more drove home. and water dried my hair. one verb: and ;waved at us. Or se'ren'll subjects verbs: and Jack lubricated my car, the oil filter, and plugs. (Langan,1999:467) A coJ:npon11d, or "double," sentence is made up of two (or more) simple sentences. two complete s'catements in compou11d sentence are usually co1mected by a comma plus a joining word (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet). A compound sentence is used vihen people want to give equal weight to two closely related ideas. The teelwique of showing that ideas equal i.nrpo;"tartce is called coordination. ideas mcr cse<i, so the oBeials cancelled the game. (Langan, 1999: 468) A sentence is made up of a simple sentence (a complete statement) and a siatement that begins with a d,..,1Jendent word.* Here is a list of common dependent words: If, even if in order that As Because that, so that mu.ess Evon thO'Ilg.l:l. until what, whatever when., whenever where, wherever whether which, whichever while who whose A C{)mplex sentence is used when you want to emphasi7..e one idea over another in a sentence. Look at the following complex sentence: Because I forgot the time, I missed the final exam. The idea that the writer wants to enphasize here--f missed the final exam--is expressed as a complete thought. The less important ide&Because 1 forgot the time--is subordinated to the complete thought. The technique of giving one idea less emphasis than another is called subordination. FolloVving a.'"e other examples of co1nplex sentences. case, the p"rt s:&1:ing witc'I the dependent word is the less emphasized of t_qe sentence Whiie Sue was eatir,g breald'ast, she began to feel sick. I checked my money before r invited When Jerry lost his temper, also lost his job. for lunch. Although I practiced for tr,ree months, I failed my dri.ving test. * The two parts of a complex sentence are sometimes called an independent clause and a dependent clause. A cla:use is simply a word group that contains a subject and a verb. An independent clause does not express a complete thought in itself and "depends on" the independent clause to complete its meaning. Dependent clauses always begin with a dependent or subordinating WO!"d. Larrga:n, 1999: 470) 16 d) The Compomul-Complex Sentence A compound-complex sentence is made up of two (or ::nore) simple sentences one (or more) dependent statements. In the following examples, there is a solid line under the simple sentences and a dotted line under 1he de;Jen.de11t stateinents. -I. '1'! 'Hl?.l!!<l:l\!\!!.f<.<UQ:willg_aj.;mgjlJJ1e_:;sthe math instructor g§:! !Jli;Cl!l LY!'Q.!:!, Q!lt the history instructor made me drop her course. (Langan, 1999: 474) A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate. The relation of a clause to the rest of the sentence is shown by the position of the clause or by a conjunction. There are two kinds of clauses: (1) Mlllililt or indepelrnJ.llent clauses. A main clause has beth subject and verb, but it is not introduced by a subordinating word. A main clause :nakes an inde ;endent statement. It is not used as a noun or as a modifier. (Prentice-HaiL 1985: 16) (2) 'Su!borolna:te cllau:ses. Subordinate clauses are usually introduced by a subordinating ronjunction pnmo'un (who, since, because, etc.) or by a relative that). Subordinate clauses function as adjectives, 18 It may serve as subject, predicate object of a verb, or object of a preposition. vflhat you need is a vacation. subordinate clause is the subject of theve:b tsJ This is where we came in. [the sullordinate clause is a predicate noun.] Please tell them I will be late. [The subordinate clause is the o ject ofthe verb tells.] I have no interest in what I am reading. [The subordinate clause is object of the preposition (Prentice-Hall, 1985: 17) Phrase is a group of related words has no su ect or predicate and is used as a single part of speech. Typical phrases are a preposition (Prepositional phrase) and object (I feel on the siC!":w1l.!J<), or a verbal (Verbal phrase) and its object (I wanted to sec the parade).Pbrases are usually classified as prepositional phrases, verbal plrrascs, pbr-ases; noun phrases infinitive, and abSOIU1tephrascs. (Prentice-Hall, l985: 13) .;;.:•!.:t.• lPrepe§i.tiorud Phrases Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition followed by its object, and any modifiers of the object (under the growul, without thinking, in the blue Ford). Prepositional phrases occasionally as noJL'1S. function as adjectives or adverbs and 19 He is a mart of action. The plane rrive:d on time. [Adverb modif}ing arrived] (Prentice-Hall, 1985:14) 2.5.3.2 Ver'b111 Phrases Writer must be careful not to confuse verbs and verbal. Verbal are cannot function as sentence verbs; rather, they special verb function as nouns, adverbs. These forms include genmds (- ing ending), pre:ser;t p.articiiJ'les (-ing ending), past participle (usually -ed ending), object and mc:diiier;s. The verbal is generally the first v<iord of the phrase. The three types phrases are participial phrases, gerund phrases, (William H. R, 1985: 35) 2.5.3.2.1Participial Phrnses phrases consist of a present or past followed by pa.'iicip!e modifiers. Pruiicipial phrases function as adjectives. Present participles have an -ing ending, and past participles usually have -ed en•ll::lgs. doctor entered the emergency room. pre:scrlt pam.Cip!ll!l phrase modifies doctor.} The car parked near the stadium is in front of a fire hvd:rant. [The participial phrase modifies car.] (William H. R, 1985: 35) 20 A gerund is fue -ing form of a verb fuat functions as a noun. It consis"tS of a gerund plus its object Fishing in the river is hls idea of fun. [The gerund phrase is the subject of the sentence.] (William H. R 1985: 35) "'·"··;:;.,.,.:d:,liiFhifrves Pl!t:rase An infinitive is the form of 1he verb tria:t can be preceded natll!llLIJ.y by to. An infinitive phrase consists of an irJinitive and mc;diJ]ers. The infinitive phrase may function as a noun, en acjective, or an adverb. '"i'"r likes ta eat lobster. [Noun] person 1:0 lead ns must be h"ltelligent. [Adjective] conductor ran to catch hls train. [Adverb} (William A such as 1985: 35) is not to be confused l'l!ith a verbal phrase. Auxilia..ry verbs have, has, had, do, does, did, and of be, are used wilh main verbs to indicate tense and emphasis. Combinations of the at;Jdliari<lS and the main verb are called verb phrases. 1will be goi"lg soon. John has gone already. 21 and v.111 are called medals (n.elping Auxiliaries such as can, could, may, verbs) and combine with the main verb to indicate such qualities as necessity, obligation, and pennission. The two kinds of auxiliaries can work together to form more complex verb phrnses. I may have been going. (William 1985:35) 2.5.3.4 N11un Phrases A no= phrase consists of a main noun, or headword, combinatio:1 of determi11ters a modifiers. you mll need to isolate the headword of a noun phrase, that is, the si:nple subject of the senct<entce, in order to understand subject and verb agreement. A load of books is in the wagon. (Note that the singular verb agruns number wiL'l t.he headword load, also singular, and not the plural hooks which is the object of a pn: positi,on.J (William H.1985: 35) "'· '-'·" A.bseli!te Phrnses Absolute phrases modifY v.tlole sentences rather words or word groups. In individual sense they are absolutely alone. Absolute phrases usually consist of at leas! a participle and its subject. They are not grammatically related to sentence by a conjunction. The storm ha:ving subsided, sailors cast off. (William R, 1985: 36)