Download Physiology Unit 2 Study Sheet

Physiology Unit 2 Study Sheet
Because we cover this unit so quickly, it is important that you begin your preparation for the test right
away. For the endocrine system will emphasize the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal gland. Below is the
overall focus for this unit.
Main focus on this unit:
Cellular/Molecular Level- types of chemical signal molecules, types of binding, types of response
mechanisms, correlate generic mechanisms presented in chapter 6 to specific examples in chpt 7& 23
Systemic Level- Functions of the endocrine system. Explain hormone action for each hormone given
in chapter 7 & 23. Look for the compliment between nervous and endocrine system in controlling
body function. Notice reflex and feedback loops relationships between antagonistic hormones.
Ch 6: Communication,Intergration, and Homeostasis
1. Explain the various forms of cell communications, give examples for each
2. Differentiate between the characteristics of and the responses elicited by hydrophilic/ lipophobic
and hydrophobic/ lipophilic ligands
3. Explain the four signal pathways elicited by the different types of receptors.
4. Explain the components needed for cell signaling to occur and the general pathway for signaling
5. Understand the roles of primary and secondary messengers.
6. What are the mechanisms by which calcium acts as a messenger and how is it released into
intracellular fluid?
7. What is the difference between a control pathway known as a reflex or a feed back loop. Explain
the components needed for each control pathway.
8. Be able to explain and give examples for negative and positive feedback.
9. How do local and long-distance pathways maintain homeostasis?
10. What are set points, biological rhythms, and feed-forward control mechanism?
11. Be able to relate the various endocrine and nervous signaling pathways. Take the information
from chapter 7 and 6 and correlate specific examples for each pathway given on figure 6.31
Ch 7: Introduction to the Endocrine System
1. What are the three different classes of hormones? Be able to differentiate their chemical structures.
List what tissues or glands produce what class of hormones.
2. For each endocrine gland or tissue that releases hormones list the hormones they secrete, state its
target tissue, and list what effect that hormone has on the body. Be able to match a hormone to the
tissue that releases it, a hormone to its function, and a hormone to its target tissue.
3. What components of hormone interactions relate to what you learned in chapter 6?
4. What is a reflex pathway? Are there multiple types of reflex pathways? Give their components and
explain the functional mechanisms.
5. Why do some endocrine reflexes involve the nervous system? What does the nervous system
release that is closely associated with the endocrine system?
6. Know in detail the information given on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, including the
difference in secretion and the portal system.
7. Explain the pathological conditions that arise from hypersecretion, hyposecretion, and problems
with receptors. Be able to match names of diseases to their disorders.
8. Make sure you thoroughly understand the figures in the chapter.
9. Match each hormone to a signal pathway given in Chapt 6- figure 6.31
10. Make concept maps for each hormone pathway.
Ch 23: Endocrine control of growth and metabolism
1. What hormones are released by the adrenal gland? What pathways are used to regulate their
secretions?
2. Know in detail the information given on cortisol- why is it so important for life, how is secretion
controlled? what are the target tissues? what are the signal responses? what pathologies are associated
with it? How cortisol used as a therapeutic drug?
3. Know the location of the thyroid and parathyroid gland, the hormones they secret, their target
tissues, the responses they elicit, how its secretion is controlled.
4. What is the importance of growth hormone? What is its source, how is its secretion controlled?
What critical roles does it play? What hormones act as permissive to it?
5. What ethical issues are associated with synthetic growth hormone?
6. How does tissue growth occur? What does it depend on?
7. Calcium is a very important ion in the body- Why? What are the multiple roles that it plays? What
are the 3 hormones that regulate calcium levels? What organs provide calcium to increase plasma
concentrations?
8. How do the concepts of this chapter relate to chapter 6 & 7?
Answers to these questions can be found throughout the three chapters for this unit.
What factors determine the concentration of a hormone in the plasma?
What is meant by hormones being in synergism, agonistism, & permissivness?
What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus, thyroid, and adrenal gland?
Why is the hypothalamus the “master gland”? What hormones are produced by the pituitary?
Are hormones produced or merely secreted by the posterior pituitary?
Why is the hypothalamus the “master gland”?
Know the hormones that are secreted from the pituitary and understand their affect on the body.
How does negative feedback control their release? Give some examples
What environment and physiological factors influence endocrine control of growth?
Know some common endocrine disorders. What changes in hormone secretion lead to them?
What are their affects on the body? How might they be treated?