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Topic/Objective:_______________
Full Name: _______________________________
_____________________________
Class: ___________________
_____________________________
Date: _________________
Period: _____
Essential Question:
Earthquakes and Mountain Building Notes Guide
Seismology
 The study of the propagation of ______________ energy that is released by
________________ and explosions through the Earth is known as ___________________.
 _________________ waves are started because of initial ____________ or compression in
the rock. Otherwise known as ____________. These waves are measured by instruments
called ________________.
 Movement of ____________ bodies past each other is known as an __________________.
 The locus of _______________ movement is called a ___________. Faults come in all
_______________, millimeter to meters of separation of _____________________ plates.
 The initial point of a rupture or source is known as the ______________ of the earthquake.
 The point on the earth’s ______________ above the focus is known as the _______________.
This point is of most importance to all but scientists since this is where the most damage is
done and where emergency response needs to be sent.
 Energy from earthquakes radiates in all _______________ from its source, the focus.
 Energy propagates in the form of seismic ____________. There are three types of waves. P
(primary) waves with movement that is _______________________ in nature. S (secondary)
waves with movement that is __________________ in nature. L (love or Rayleigh) waves
that are ______________ in nature across the Earth’s surface.
 ___________________ are very sensitive instrument that records _________________ from
around the world. These are designed to record either _______________ or
__________________ ground motion.
 A ___________ is a fracture in rock along which __________________ has taken place.
They are usually associated with a ____________ boundary. Faults can be either
_____________ or _______________, and be associated with either current or ______ plate
boundaries.
Types of Faults
There are several type of faults. These differences in the faults involve different types of
______________.
1. ___________ fault is also known as a _______________ fault. This fault is due to
_______________ stress on the earth’s crust. ________________ is the action of forces
pulling away from each other.
2. ____________ fault is also known as a ________________ fault. This fault is due to
________________ stress on the earth’s crust. ________________ is the action of forces
pushing towards each other. This type of fault produces what is known as a
_____________ wall.
Summary:
Essential Question:
_________________ fault, this fault is due to ______________ stress on the earth’s
crust. _______________ is the action of forces pushing parallel and in opposite
directions across the surface.
Type of Stress/Force which causes an earthquake
At divergent boundaries: _____________________ form of stress.
Results in _________________ faulting.
At convergent boundaries: _____________________ form of stress.
Results in _________________ faulting.
At transform boundaries: _____________________ form of stress.
Results in _________________ faulting.
3.
What Causes and Earthquake?
The __________________ __________________ theory is what causes an earthquake.
1. ___________ due to friction begins to build
2. The rock begins to ________________ in order to accommodate the stress.
3. __________ overcomes the friction and causes a break (earthquake).
Detecting and Locating Earthquakes
_________________ detects and records earthquakes.
 The seismograph records the energy from _________________ waves.
 It records __ (________________) , __ (____________________), and __
(________________) waves.
 The difference in the time of arrival between _____ and _____ waves allows for
determining the ________________ to the epicenter. Also, referred to as __________
time.
 The difference between the ______________ times of the P and S waves at a recording
station is a function of the distance from the epicenter.
 The shorter the lag the _____________ the seismograph station is to the epicenter.
 To determine the location of the epicenter, the S-P lag time data is needed from
_______________ seismograph stations.
 The magnitude (strength) of the earthquake is determined by the ________________ of
the S wave.
 The _________________ Scale used to express the total amount of energy released by an
earthquake. This value can range from 1-10.
 The modified __________________ Intensity Scale provides a description of what is felt
and the damage expected at each intensity level.
In addition to detecting and locating earthquakes _____________ waves also provide an insight to
the Earth’s internal structure.
 ________________ can travel through any type of material.
 ________________ can travel through ______________ but not ______________.
 This information provides scientists with whether the Earth’s layers are liquid or solid
and how thick each layer is.
Summary:
Essential Question:
Folding and Non-Volcanic Mountains
Folding occurs at ____________________ boundaries, more specifically, a _________________
boundaries (two continents colliding).
 Mountains form when _____________________ stress is applied slowly, then solid rock
will start to display plastic properties and fold.
 __________________ is a fold that is convex-up and usually has oldest layer (bed) of
rock closer to the center of the structure.
 __________________ is a downward-curving fold and usually has younger layer (bed)
of rock closer to the center of the structure.
Anticline
Syncline
Faulted mountains form when stress at __________________ boundaries is applied more quickly
causing the rock to fracture.
 The fractures cause rock to slide either up or down forming mountains with features
referred to as ____________________ and __________________.
Horst
Graben
Dome mountains form from a stress that is ____________________ upward. Collision of
continental plates cause the dome to form or possible rising magma exerts enough pressure to
cause the over laying rock layer to fold into a dome structure.
Dome
Summary:
Essential Question:
Normal Fault diagram:
Reverse Fault diagram:
Summary: