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Biology
Winter Final review
You may use a half sheet note card handwritten on one side on your final. The card will need to be turned
in with your test. In your preparation, you should focus on Knowing the following:
1. What type of virus is HIV
2. Why is Staphylococcus dangerous to hospital patients?
3. Two ways Antibiotic resistance is caused.
4. The parts of a virus
5. The parts of a bacteria including where peptidoglycan is found.
6. What does gram staining do.
7. How does HIV attack the Immune system?
8. Why is the triple cocktail effective in treating HIV?
9. Who discovered the first antibiotic and what was it?
10. Review what you learned from the lab where we collected bacteria from around the school.
11. Define a pathogen.
12. Three shapes of bacteria.
13. What are antibiotics effective at treating (what organisms)
14. How are bacteria identified?
15. Define a plasmid
16. Why is a virus sometimes considered an intracellular parasite
17. What are some examples of good bacteria
18. Define a vaccine
19. The relative sizes of viruses, bacteria, and human cells when compared to each other.
20. Why is HIV difficult to treat?
21. The elements that make up carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
22. What does 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids together make.
23. Some examples of simple sugar, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
24. What kinds of bonds are used in making proteins?
25. What is a cell wall made of?
26. What are proteins made of?
27. In what macromolecules do you find a carboxyl group?
28. The most important function of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the human body.
29. The relationship between single and double bonds and saturated and unsaturated fats
30. How many amino acids there are and what do they make.
31. The elements present in proteins
32. The difference between carbohydrates and fats
33. The properties of enzymes
34. The name of the molecule an enzyme acts on.
35. What molecules the body uses to store energy.
36. Define the pH scale
37. The relationship between the numbers on the pH scale and acids and bases.
38. The relationship between OH- and H+ and acids and bases,
39. The effect that heat and pH has on enzymes.
40. The effect that enzymes have on a reaction.
41. Define a substrate.
42. Compare enzymes to proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids and know which they most resemble
43. What is lactose intolerance?
44. Understand the theory behind how enzymes function
45. What is a double-blind experiment?
46. Define a primary source of information.
47. What is anecdotal evidence?
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48. What is bias in an experiment?
49. What makes a good experiment and what is reliable data?
50. Define theory, control, hypothesis, objective, control, variables.
51. Know which cell part has the abbreviation ER and the function it has.
52. Know the structure and function of the cell membrane, nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane,
Mitochondria, vacuole.
53. What does selectively permeable mean?
54. Which cell parts does a plant cell have and which does an animal cell have.
55. Understand osmosis and diffusion and be able to predict which direction a solvent would move based
on the concentration of solute.
56. Define passive transport, active transport, and facilitated transport.
57. How can you distinguish a sugar from an enzyme when looking at an example term?
58. How does competitive inhibition affect enzyme function?
59. Explain enzyme specificity.
60. What is the difference between an antiseptic, disinfectant, and antibiotic?
61. What is bacterial resistance?
62. What are the building blocks of polysaccharides? Proteins?
63. Which biomolecule stores the most calories per gram and can serve as body insulation?
64. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
65. Provide the proper sequence of the following terms from smallest to largest (organ system, tissue, cell,
organism, organ)
66. Explain what types of things are allowed through the cell membrane and why? What is the role of the
carrier molecule with these items?
67. What is mitosis?
68. Identify the stages of mitosis and the main events of each stage.
69. What is the relationship between the chromosome number in somatic cells and gametes?
70. What is the difference between an autosome and a sex chromosome?
71. Be able to identify the structure of a chromosome.
72. Define the following terms: Contact inhibition, Anchorage dependence, Tumor suppressors,
Oncogenes, and Proto-oncogenes.
73. How do proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes work together?
74. What prevents a normal cell from dividing? What encourages a cell to divide?
75. Describe what a tumor is.
76. What is the difference between cancer cells and normal cells?
77. What is chemotherapy?
78. Differentiate the theories of Darwin and Lamarck. Be able to recognize and identify appropriate
terms such as acquired characteristics, use & disuse, natural selection, and survival of the fittest.
79. Understand the terms vestigial organs, homologous & analogous structures and how they relate to
evolution.
80. Know what Miller & Urey’s experiments were attempting to demonstrate.
81. Be able to describe the first organisms on earth and relate them to current day organisms.
82. Be able to recognize definitions and examples of the following terms: convergent evolution, divergent
evolution, coevolution, gradualism, punctuated equilibrium, and adaptive radiation.
83. Be able to recognize definitions, graphs, and examples of the various types of selection: disruptive,
directional, and stabilizing.
84. Be able to define and give examples of causes of variations.
85. Be able to list evidence of evolution.
86. Be able to describe and identify examples of geographic isolation, speciation, adaptations, HardyWeinberg principle, gene pool, gene frequency, and genetic drift.
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