Download Biochemistry Guided Notes

Biochemistry Guided Notes
To be used with Biochemistry PowerPoint
Fill in the chart to describe the differences between organic and inorganic
molecules:
Organic Molecules
Inorganic Molecules
Contains the elements:
Does not contain these elements at the
same time:
The Key element of life:
Water:
Carbon can form these types of bonds:
Salts:
4 Organic Molecules:
Acids and Bases:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates contain these 3 elements: _________________,
_________________, and __________________,
In all carbohydrates _________________ is in a 2:1 ratio to ________________.
Most carbohydrates end with this prefix: ___________________.
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Types of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides: means ____________ ____________
Aka simple _________________
They all have the formula _____________________________________
They all have a single ring structure
What is an example of a monosaccharide? _______________ and __________
Isomers compounds that have the same formula but different ____ structure.
2. Disaccharides: means ____________ ____________
They all have the formula ____________________________________________
What is an example of a disaccharide? ___________________ (table sugar)
3. Polysaccharides: means ___________ ______________
Define the three examples of polysaccharides:
Glycogen: ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Cellulose: ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Starch: __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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How are complex carbohydrates(polysaccharides) formed?
Define Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis:
Example: monosaccharide + monosaccharide  ___________________ + water
Write the molecular formula for this dehydration synthesis example.
C H O
+
C H O
C H O
+
H O
+ Water
How are complex carbohydrates broken down?
Define Hydrolysis:
What is hydrolysis also called? _________________ ________________
Example:
disaccharide + ____________  __________________ + _________________
Write the molecular formula for this hydrolysis example.
C H O
+
H O
C H O
+
C H O
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Lipids
Lipids are also called _____________________________
What are the three functions of lipids?
1) ______________________________
2) ______________________________
3) ______________________________
4)_____________________________
5)______________________________
What are the three elements in lipids?
1.______________
2.______________
3.______________
Are the elements H:O in a 2:1 ratio like carbohydrates? ____________________
Three examples of lipids or fats are __________ , ___________ & __________.
Lipids tend to be the largest of the organic molecules. They
carry more energy then carbohydrates, but they are not utilized
to make ATP during respiration like glucose because they are
too difficult and too large to break down.
What are lipids composed of? ___________________ and _________________
What is the formula for making a lipid?
________________
+
______________  ____________________
What is the name of the process that makes lipids? _______________________
What is the name of the process that breaks down lipids? __________________
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Four Types of Lipids
1. This type of lipid comes from animals: _______________________
Is fat saturated or unsaturated? ____________________________________
Is fat solid or liquid at room temperature? _______________________
This type of lipid(fat) is a solid because
it has all ___________ _________in
the fatty acid tail.
Very difficult to _________ ________.
2. This type of lipid comes from plants: ________________________
Is oil saturated or unsaturated? ______________________________
Is it a solid or liquid at room temperature? _______________________
This type of lipid(oil) is a liquid because
it has all ___________ _________in
the fatty acid tail.
3. This type of lipid comes from your ear or bees? _______________________
4. This final type of lipid is steroids.
Examples:
cholesterol - high levels could lead to heart disease
estrogen - female hormone
testosterone - male hormone
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Proteins
What are the four elements found in proteins? _____________________,
____________________, ____________________, and ___________________
Where are proteins made? ____________________________
Proteins are composed of subunits called ________________
How many amino acids are there? _____________________
What are the main functions of proteins?_________ , ________ & __________.
What do proteins usually end with? _________
Examples of protein:
1. _____________(blood)
2. _________breaks down ______________(liver) into glucose
3. _______________(speeds up chemical reactions)
What is the name of the process that makes proteins? _____________________
What is the name of the process that breaks down proteins? ________________
What is the name molecule formed from two amino
acids?
___________________________________________
What is the name of the molecule formed from three
or more acids?
___________________________________________
There are a large number of different types of proteins. The ________________
______________________ and ____________________ of amino acids lead
to this large variety.
Remember: When you think
proteins think ________________________!!!!
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Nucleic Acids- found in the chromosomes in
every nucleus of all cells
Define DNA: found in the ______________of all cells.
DNA consists subunits called _______________.
Nucleotides consists of:
1.
2.
3.
Define RNA:
RNA is found in __________________________
_____________________ & ___________________
Enzymes
Define catalyst:
ENZYME &
SUBSTRATE
What is an example of an organic catalyst? _____________________________
What is an example of an inorganic catalyst? ____________________________
Define enzyme:
Most enzymes end with: ______________________
Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. What does this
mean? __________________________________________________________
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Steps to how enzymes work:
1. Enzyme joins substrate
4. Enzyme and
product(s) separate
The enzyme is now
able to be reused.
2. Enzyme and
substrate fit like a
Lock and Key—very
specific
3. Enzyme action
takes place
Enzyme Terms
Define Active site:
Define Substrate:
Define Coenzyme:
What is an example of a coenzyme? ______________________________
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Factors That Limit Enzyme Action
1. The pH of the environment effects enzyme action. Different enzymes work at
different pH's.
This enzyme works best at a pH of 2:
__________________________________________
Why?______________________________________
This enzyme works best at a pH of 6.8:
___________________________________________
Why? ______________________________________
2. How does temperature effect enzyme action?
________________________________________________________________
What is meant by the term optimum temperature?
________________________________________________________________
What is the optimum temperature for humans?
___________________________
What is the optimum temperature of dogs?
______________________________
What is it called when temperatures get too high?
________________________
What happens to the shape of enzymes as they become denatured?
_______________________________________________________
When enzymes become denatured can they function?
__________________
What is the temperature when enzymes become denatured? ________
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General Trend
vs.
Denaturing
Why do we get a fever when we get sick?
_______________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. How does the concentration of enzymes and substrates limit
enzyme action?
When there is a fixed amount of enzyme what will eventually
happen to the
amount of substrate? _______________________________________________
Therefore the rate of reaction will _________________ then
________________
Why does this leveling off occur?
_____________________________________
________________________________________________________________
How can I increase the reaction rate again?
_____________________________
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