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Biochemistry Guided Notes
To be used with Biochemistry PowerPoint
Fill in the chart to describe the differences between organic and inorganic
molecules:
Organic Molecules
Inorganic Molecules
Contains the elements:
Does not contain these elements at the
same time:
The Key element of life:
Water:
Carbon can form these types of bonds:
Salts:
4 Organic Molecules:
Acids and Bases:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
What do carbohydrates give us? _______________ _______________
Carbohydrates are known as _________ and _____________(complex carbohydrates)
Carbohydrates contain these 3 elements: _________________,
_________________, and __________________,
In all carbohydrates the _________________ is in a 2:1 ratio to ________________.
Most carbohydrates end with this prefix: ___________________.
1
Types of Carbohydrates - means ________ sugar
1. Monosaccharides: AKA ____________ ____________
They all have the formula _______________________
They all have a single ring structure
What is an example of a monosaccharide? ______________
________________
2. Disaccharides: means ____________ ____________
They all have the formula ____________________________________________
What is an example of a disaccharide? _______________ & __________________
Isomers have the same formula but different ____ structure.
3. Polysaccharides: means ___________ ______________
What type of sugar are they? _________________________________________
Define the three examples of polysaccharides:
Glycogen: ________________________________________________________
Cellulose: ________________________________________________________
Starch: __________________________________________________________
2
How are complex carbohydrates(polysaccharides) formed?
Define Dehydration Synthesis:
Example: monosaccharide + monosaccharide  ___________________ + water
Write the molecular formula for this dehydration synthesis example.
C H O
+
C H O
C H O
+
H O
+ Water
How are complex carbohydrates broken down?
Define Hydrolysis:
What is hydrolysis also called? _________________________________
Example:
disaccharide + ____________  __________________ + _________________
Write the molecular formula for this hydrolysis example.
C H O
+
H O
C H O
+
C H O
Lipids
Lipids are also called _____________________________
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What are the four functions of lipids?
1) ______________________________
2) ______________________________
3) ______________________________
4)______________________________
What are the three elements in lipids? 1.______________
2.______________
3.______________
Are the elements H:O in a 2:1 ratio like carbohydrates? ____________________
Three examples of lipids or fats are 1.__________
2.___________
3.__________.
Lipids tend to be the largest of the organic molecules. They carry more
energy then carbohydrates, but they are not utilized to make ATP during
respiration like glucose because they are too difficult and too large to
break down.
What are lipids composed of? ___________________ and _________________
What is the formula for making a lipid?
________________
+
______________  ____________________
What is the name of the process that makes lipids? _______________________
What is the name of the process that breaks down lipids? __________________
4
Four Types of Lipids
1. This type of lipid comes from animals: _______________________
What type of fat is this? ____________________________________
Is it solid or liquid at room temperature? _______________________
Why is this type of fat a solid?
________________________________
________________________________
2. This type of lipid comes from plants: __________________________
What type of fat is this? ______________________________________
Is it a solid or liquid at room temperature? _______________________
This lipid is a liquid because it has
_____________ __________ in the Fatty Acid tail.
Example: ____________ ______
3. This type of lipid comes from
your ear or bees? _______________________
Examples: ______ ______ & ______ _______
4. This final type of lipid is steroids.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
5
Proteins
What are the four elements found in proteins?
1. ___________________
2. __________________
3. __________________
4. __________________
Where are proteins made? ____________________________
Proteins are composed of sub units called________________
How many amino acids are there? _____________________
What are the main functions of proteins? _________ and________& _________
What do proteins usually end with? _________
What is an example?
1.____________(blood)
2. _________breaks down glycogen
3. _________(speeds up chemical reactions)
What is the name of the process that makes proteins? _____________________
What is the name of the process that breaks down proteins? ________________
What is the molecule formed from two amino acids?
___________________________________________
What is the name of the molecule formed from three or more
acids?
___________________________________________
There are a large number of different types of proteins. The ________________
__________________ & _________________ of amino acids lead to this large variety.
Examples of proteins:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
6
ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS
Enzymes
Define catalyst:
ENZYME &
SUBSTRATE
What is an example of an organic catalyst? _____________________________
What is an example of an inorganic catalyst? ____________________________
Define enzyme:
Most enzymes end with: ______________________
Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. What does this
mean? __________________________________________________________
Enzyme Terms
Define Active site:
Define Substrate:
Define Coenzyme:
What is an example of a coenzyme? ______________________________
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Factors That Limit Enzyme Action
1. The pH of the environment effects enzyme action. Different enzymes work at different
pH's.
This enzyme works best at a pH of 2:
__________________________________________
This enzyme works best at a pH of 6.8:
___________________________________________
This enzyme works best at a pH of 6.8:
___________________________________________
2. How does temperature effect enzyme action? _________________________
________________________________________________________________
What is meant by the term optimum temperature? _______________________
________________________________________________________________
What is the optimum temperature for humans? ___________________________
What is the optimum temperature of dogs? ______________________________
What is it called when temperatures get too high? ________________________
What happens to the shape of enzymes as they become denatured?
_______________________________________________________
When enzymes become denatured can they function? __________________
What is the temperature when enzymes become denatured? _____________
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General Trend
vs.
Denaturing
Why do we get a fever when we get sick? _______________________________
________________________________________________________________
Nucleic Acids- found in the chromosomes in
every nucleus of all cells
Define DNA: found in the ______________of all cells.
DNA consists subunits called _______________.
Nucleotides consists of:
1.
2.
3.
Define RNA:
RNA is found in __________________________
_____________________ & ___________________
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