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Biochemistry Guided Notes To be used with Biochemistry PowerPoint Fill in the chart to describe the differences between organic and inorganic molecules: Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules Contains the elements: Does not contain these elements at the same time: The Key element of life: Water: Carbon can form these types of bonds: Salts: 4 Organic Molecules: Acids and Bases: 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbohydrates What do carbohydrates give us? _______________ _______________ Carbohydrates are known as _________ and _____________(complex carbohydrates) Carbohydrates contain these 3 elements: _________________, _________________, and __________________, In all carbohydrates the _________________ is in a 2:1 ratio to ________________. Most carbohydrates end with this prefix: ___________________. 1 Types of Carbohydrates - means ________ sugar 1. Monosaccharides: AKA ____________ ____________ They all have the formula _______________________ They all have a single ring structure What is an example of a monosaccharide? ______________ ________________ 2. Disaccharides: means ____________ ____________ They all have the formula ____________________________________________ What is an example of a disaccharide? _______________ & __________________ Isomers have the same formula but different ____ structure. 3. Polysaccharides: means ___________ ______________ What type of sugar are they? _________________________________________ Define the three examples of polysaccharides: Glycogen: ________________________________________________________ Cellulose: ________________________________________________________ Starch: __________________________________________________________ 2 How are complex carbohydrates(polysaccharides) formed? Define Dehydration Synthesis: Example: monosaccharide + monosaccharide ___________________ + water Write the molecular formula for this dehydration synthesis example. C H O + C H O C H O + H O + Water How are complex carbohydrates broken down? Define Hydrolysis: What is hydrolysis also called? _________________________________ Example: disaccharide + ____________ __________________ + _________________ Write the molecular formula for this hydrolysis example. C H O + H O C H O + C H O Lipids Lipids are also called _____________________________ 3 What are the four functions of lipids? 1) ______________________________ 2) ______________________________ 3) ______________________________ 4)______________________________ What are the three elements in lipids? 1.______________ 2.______________ 3.______________ Are the elements H:O in a 2:1 ratio like carbohydrates? ____________________ Three examples of lipids or fats are 1.__________ 2.___________ 3.__________. Lipids tend to be the largest of the organic molecules. They carry more energy then carbohydrates, but they are not utilized to make ATP during respiration like glucose because they are too difficult and too large to break down. What are lipids composed of? ___________________ and _________________ What is the formula for making a lipid? ________________ + ______________ ____________________ What is the name of the process that makes lipids? _______________________ What is the name of the process that breaks down lipids? __________________ 4 Four Types of Lipids 1. This type of lipid comes from animals: _______________________ What type of fat is this? ____________________________________ Is it solid or liquid at room temperature? _______________________ Why is this type of fat a solid? ________________________________ ________________________________ 2. This type of lipid comes from plants: __________________________ What type of fat is this? ______________________________________ Is it a solid or liquid at room temperature? _______________________ This lipid is a liquid because it has _____________ __________ in the Fatty Acid tail. Example: ____________ ______ 3. This type of lipid comes from your ear or bees? _______________________ Examples: ______ ______ & ______ _______ 4. This final type of lipid is steroids. Examples 1. 2. 3. 5 Proteins What are the four elements found in proteins? 1. ___________________ 2. __________________ 3. __________________ 4. __________________ Where are proteins made? ____________________________ Proteins are composed of sub units called________________ How many amino acids are there? _____________________ What are the main functions of proteins? _________ and________& _________ What do proteins usually end with? _________ What is an example? 1.____________(blood) 2. _________breaks down glycogen 3. _________(speeds up chemical reactions) What is the name of the process that makes proteins? _____________________ What is the name of the process that breaks down proteins? ________________ What is the molecule formed from two amino acids? ___________________________________________ What is the name of the molecule formed from three or more acids? ___________________________________________ There are a large number of different types of proteins. The ________________ __________________ & _________________ of amino acids lead to this large variety. Examples of proteins: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 6 ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS Enzymes Define catalyst: ENZYME & SUBSTRATE What is an example of an organic catalyst? _____________________________ What is an example of an inorganic catalyst? ____________________________ Define enzyme: Most enzymes end with: ______________________ Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. What does this mean? __________________________________________________________ Enzyme Terms Define Active site: Define Substrate: Define Coenzyme: What is an example of a coenzyme? ______________________________ 7 Factors That Limit Enzyme Action 1. The pH of the environment effects enzyme action. Different enzymes work at different pH's. This enzyme works best at a pH of 2: __________________________________________ This enzyme works best at a pH of 6.8: ___________________________________________ This enzyme works best at a pH of 6.8: ___________________________________________ 2. How does temperature effect enzyme action? _________________________ ________________________________________________________________ What is meant by the term optimum temperature? _______________________ ________________________________________________________________ What is the optimum temperature for humans? ___________________________ What is the optimum temperature of dogs? ______________________________ What is it called when temperatures get too high? ________________________ What happens to the shape of enzymes as they become denatured? _______________________________________________________ When enzymes become denatured can they function? __________________ What is the temperature when enzymes become denatured? _____________ 8 General Trend vs. Denaturing Why do we get a fever when we get sick? _______________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Nucleic Acids- found in the chromosomes in every nucleus of all cells Define DNA: found in the ______________of all cells. DNA consists subunits called _______________. Nucleotides consists of: 1. 2. 3. Define RNA: RNA is found in __________________________ _____________________ & ___________________ 9