Download Ch52-56MustKnows-Ecology Review

Ecology Chapter 52-56 Important Must Knows
Part One: Key Concepts
52.1
52.2
52.3
52.4
53.1
53.2
53.3
53.4
53.5
53.6
54.1
54.2
54.3
54.4
54.5
55.1
55.2
55.3
55.4
55.5
56.1
56.2
56.3
56.4
56.5
Ecology integrates all areas of biological research and informs environmental decision making.
Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species.
Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth.
The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance
Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demographics.
Life history traits are products of natural selection.
The exponential model describes a population growth in idealized, unlimited environment.
The logistic model describes a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity.
Many factors that regulate population growth are density dependent.
The human population is no longer growing exponentially but it is still increasing.
Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the
species involved.
Dominant and keystone species exert strong controls on community structure.
Disturbance influences species diversity and composition.
Biogeographic factors affect community biodiversity.
Community ecology is useful for understanding pathogen life cycles and controlling human
disease.
Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems.
Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems.
Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient.
Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients between organic and inorganic parts of an
ecosystem.
Human activities now dominate most chemical cycles on Earth.
Human activities threaten Earth’s biodiversity.
Population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat.
Landscape and regional conservation aim to sustain entire biota’s.
Restoration ecology attempts to restore degraded ecosystems to a more natural state.
Sustainable development seeks to improve the human condition while conserving biodiversity.
Part Two: AP Essential Knowledge
1. The structure of a community is measured and described in terms of species composition and
species diversity.
2. Mathematical or computer models are used to illustrate and investigate population interactions
within and environmental impacts on a community (ex. predator/prey relationships, symbiotic
relationships, introduction of species, global climate models)
3. Mathematical models and graphical representations are used to illustrate population growth
patterns and interactions (reproduction without constrains results in exponential growth,
population can produce a density of individuals that exceeds resource availability, as limits to
growth due to density dependent and density independent factors are imposed a logistic growth
model ensues, demographic data with respect to age distributions and fecundity can be used to
study human populations.
4. Energy flows, but matter is recycled.
5. Changes in regional and global climates and in atmospheric composition influence patterns of
primary productivity.
6. Organisms within food webs and food chains interact.
7. Food webs and food chains are dependent on primary productivity.
8. Models allow the prediction of the impact of biotic and abiotic factors (competition for resources
limit growth and are described as logistic, competition for resources contribute to density
dependent population regulation)
9. Human activities impact ecosystems on local, regional, and global scales (increase in human
population have impacted habitats of other species which reduced the population sizes of other
organisms and have lead to extinctions)
10. Many adaptations of organisms are related to obtaining and using energy and matter.
11. Interactions between populations affect the distribution and abundance of populations (symbiotic
relationships can affect population dynamics, relationships among interacting populations can be
positive and negative, many complex relationships exist in an ecosystem and feedback control
systems play a role in ecosystems).
12. A population of organisms has properties that are different from those of the individuals that
make up the population. The cooperation and competition between individuals contributes to these
different properties.
13. Species specific and environmental catastrophes, geological events, sudden influx/depletion of
abiotic resources or increased human activities affect species distribution and abundance
(keystone species and invasive species).
14. Human impact accelerates change at local and global levels (logging/burning/ urbanization
threaten ecosystems and life on earth, introduced species can exploit a new niche free of
predators or competitors exploiting new resources, new diseases can devastate native species).
15. Organism activities are affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors (symbiotic
relationships, predator-prey relationships, and water/nutrient availability).
16. Stability of populations, communities, and ecosystems are affected by interactions with biotic
and abiotic factors (nesting material/nesting sites, food chain/web, species/population diversity,
and nutrient availability).
17. Disruptions to ecosystems impact the dynamic homeostasis or balance of the ecosystem (invasive
species, human impact, and disruptions).
18. Natural and artificial ecosystems with fewer component parts and with little diversity among the
parts are often less resilient to changes in the environment.
19. Keystone species, producers, and essential abiotic and biotic factors contribute to maintaining
the diversity of the ecosystem. The effects of keystone species on the ecosystem are
disproportionate relative to their abundance in the ecosystem, and when they are removed from
the ecosystem, the ecosystem often collapses.
Part Three: Video Review
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Biotic versus Abiotic Factors (click here)
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Community Ecology (click here)
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Ecosystems (click here)
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Ecosystem Change (click here)
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Population (click here)
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Biodiversity (click here)
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Biogeochemical Cycles (click here)
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Ecological Succession (click here)
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Niche (click here)
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R and K selection (click here)
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Dissolved Oxygen Lab (click here)
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Animal Behavior Lab (click here)
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Chi Square Analysis (click here)
Part Four: Key Terms
52.Ecology
52.Population
52.Community
52.Biotic Factor
52.Abiotic Factor
52.Ecosystem
52.Oligotrophic
52.Phytoplankton
53.Semelparity
53. Emigration
52.Eutrophic
52.Biosphere
53. Ecological
Footprint
53. Immigration
52.Zooplankton
52.Zooplankton
53. Population
Dispersion
53.Iteoparity
53. Population
Density
54.Interspecific
Competition
54. Cryptic
Coloration
54. Symbiosis
53. Carrying
Capacity
54. Intraspecific
Competition
54. Aposematic
Coloration
54. Parasitism
54. Competitive
Exclusion
54. Batesian
Mimicry
54. Mutualism
54. Ecological
Niche
54. Mullerian
Mimicry
54. Commensalism
54. Predation
54. Food Web
54. Food Chain
54. Species
Richness
54. Ecological
Succession
56. Biodiversity
Hot Spot
54. Species
Abundance
54. Foundation
Species
56.
Overexploitation
54. Keystone
Species
55. Eutrophication
54. Dominant
Species
55. Biological
Magnification
Part Five: Be able to….
Chapter 52
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Define and distinguish between the different scopes of ecological research.
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Contrast and describe biotic and abiotic factors.
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Explain factors that affect dispersal of organisms.
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Identify and describe different terrestrial biomes.
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Describe what factors impact locality of specific biomes.
54. Herbivory
54. Trophic
Structure
54. Invasive
Species
55. Primary
Production
Chapter 53
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Differentiate between population density and dispersion.
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Calculate population size using the capture-recapture method.
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Differentiate between immigration and emigration and explain the impact on population density.
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Identify and differentiate between population dispersion patterns.
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Illustrate and differentiate survivorship curves for the three types.
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Explain and contrast between semelparity and iteroparity life history strategies.
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Explain, illustrate and contrast between exponential and logistic growth curves.
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Describe carrying capacity and its implications on population size.
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Differentiate between density independent regulation and density dependent regulation.
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Explain how negative feedback plays an essential role in the unifying theme of regulation of
populations.
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Differentiate and describe r strategist and k strategist.
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Summarize human population growth since 1650.
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Interpret age structure graphs for different countries.
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Describe the relationship of ecological footprint and carrying capacity.
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Explain population dynamics.
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Calculate net population growth.
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Explain how predation pressure can lead to the evolution of warning coloration, cryptic coloration,
and mimicry.
Chapter 54
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Define intraspecific competition and interspecific competition.
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Explain and describe competitive exclusion principle and resource partitioning.
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Differentiate between fundamental niche and realized niche.
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Describe an organism’s ecological niche.
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Differentiate between sympatric populations and allopatric populations.
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Identify predator and prey adaptations for survival.
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Describe and differentiate between different symbiotic relationships.
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Explain and diagram the different levels of trophic structure.
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Explain why food chains are limited in length.
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Compare and contrast between keystone species and dominant species.
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Describe ecological, primary, and secondary succession.
Chapter 55
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Discuss the conservation of energy and mass.
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Diagram energy and nutrient dynamics in an ecosystem.
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List and review what factors control primary production in aquatic ecosystems.
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Relate trophic efficiency and ecological pyramids.
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Describe and identify each of the biogeochemical cycles (water, nitrogen, phosphorous, carbon).
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Discuss decomposition and nutrient cycling.
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Discuss the effect of nutrient enrichment on the nitrogen cycling.
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Explain biological magnification.
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Relate the greenhouse effect and ozone depletion.
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Explain the difference between gross and net primary productivity.
Chapter 56
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List and define the three levels of biodiversity.
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Outline the major threats to biodiversity.
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Identify examples of introduced species.
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Distinguish between examples of bioremediation and biological augmentation.
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Describe the effects of fragmentation and edges of organisms.
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Explain how the stability of an ecosystem is dependent on the diversity of the ecosystem.
Part Six: Possible Essays
1. Using the graph below, calculate the mean rate of population growth (individuals per day) between
day 3 and day 5. Give your answer to the nearest whole number and show your work.
Answer ________________
2. A population of microscopic eukaryotic organisms growing in a large flask had the growth pattern
shown below. In one paragraph explain the biological factors that determine the shape of the
growth pattern shown below in both period one and period two.
3. Many populations exhibit the following growth curve:
(a) Describe what is occurring in the population during phase A
(b) Discuss THREE factors that might cause the fluctuations shown in phase B
(c) Organisms demonstrate exponential or logistic reproductive strategies. Explain these two
strategies and discuss how they affect population size over time.
4. The diagram below shows the succession of communities from annual plants to hardwood trees in
a specific area over a period of time.
(a) Discuss the expected changes in biodiversity at the stages of succession progress as shown in
the diagram above.
(b) Describe and Explain THREE changes in abiotic conditions over time that lead to the
succession, as shown in the diagram above.
(c) For each of the following disturbances, discuss the immediate and long term effects on
ecosystem succession
i.
A volcano erupts, covering a 10 square kilometer portion of a mature forest with lava.
ii. A 10 square kilometer portion of a mature forest is clear cut.
5. Ecological succession describes the pattern of changes in communities over time. The graph below
shows changes in plant diversity following the abandonment of an agricultural field in a temperate
biome.
(a) Discuss the differences in plant diversity in the graph and explain how the changes affect
the animal species between years 0 and 120.
(b) Identify TWO biotic and TWO abiotic factors and discuss how each could influence the
pattern of ecological succession.
(c) Design a controlled experiment to determine how the diversity of plant species in a newly
abandoned field would be affected by large herbivores.
6. Consumers in aquatic ecosystems depend on producers for nutrition. In an experiment, net
primary productivity was measured, in the early spring, for water samples taken from different
depths of a freshwater pond in a temperate deciduous forest.
(a) Explain the data presented by the graph, including a description of the relative rates of
metabolic processes occurring at different depths of the pond.
7. The energy flow in ecosystems is based on the primary productivity of autotrophs.
(a) Discuss the energy flow through an ecosystem and the relative efficiency with which it
occurs.
(b) Discuss the impact of the following on energy flow on a global scale
i. Deforestations
ii. Global climate change
8. An energy pyramid for a marine ecosystem is shown below. Label each trophic level of the
pyramid and provide an example of a marine organism found at each level of the pyramid. Explain
why the energy available at the top layer of the pyramid is a small percentage of the energy
present at the bottom of the pyramid.