Download Plant vs. Animal Cells

____________________________ Name
Comprehensive Biology Review
This test will contain material from all of the previous six weeks.
Remember to bring a pencil to the test and remember to study!!!!!!!!!
1st Nine Weeks Topics include:
Study Skills
Lab Safety
Scientific Method/Embedded Inquiry
Cells & Cellular Transport
1. What are the steps of the scientific method?
2. The problem is stated in the form of a _____-________.
3. Independent variable-
4. Dependent variable5. Homer thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50 workers
each and assigns each group the same task (staple a set of papers). Group A is given the special juice to drink while
they work. Group B is not given the special juice. After an hour, Homer counts how many stacks of stapled papers
each group has made. Group A made 1,587 stacks and Group B made 2,113 stacks.
a. Identify the control group:
b. Independent variable:
c. Dependent variable:
d. What should Homer’s conclusion be?
6. Any microscope that has two or more lenses is a
A. Multi-dimensional scope
B. Multi-functional scope
C. Complex scope
D. Compound scope
7. The part of the microscope the ARROW is pointing to is called the
A. Condenser lens
B. Diaphragm
C. Stage D. Base
8. This part of the microscope provides different powers of magnification. It is identified by the number?
A. 6
B. 5
C. 2
D. 1
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9. What is the total magnification used to view these onion cells through this microscope?
A. 10x
B. 40x
C. 50x
D. 400x
10. Identify major cell organelles, given a diagram.
Function
Control center and has nucleolus
Organelle
Respiration occurs here
Photosynthesis occurs here
Protein synthesis
Rough or smooth; transports
Packages, distributes, and stores
Storage tank (very large in plants)
11. Which of the following would help you conclude the cell shown here is a plant cell? (may be more than one
correct answer)
A. Presence of chloroplasts
B. Presence of Golgi bodies
C. Rigid cell wall
D. Large, central vacuole
E. Absence of Rough ER
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Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Things to remember:
 Prokaryotes: have no nucleus, have no organelles, they are single-celled.
 Eukaryotes: means true nucleus, they have a nucleus and organelles. Eukaryotes can be single or multi-celled.
12. Is the picture above representative of a prokaryote or a eukaryote? _________________
13. Label the plant and animal cells below
Type of Eukaryotic cell _____________
Type of Eukaryotic cell _____________
D and J ________________
H ________________
D ________________
A ________________
F ________________
C ________________
E ________________
I ________________
A ________________
F ________________
B ________________
E _______________
G ________________
K ________________
C ________________
B and G ________________
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Plant vs. Animal Cells
Things to remember:
 Only plant cells have ____________ & ____________
 Only animal cells have ___________
 Plant cells have a single, large central ______ that is used for storage.
 An animal cell is typically in the shape of a ________, while a plant cell is shaped like a _________.
Predict the movement of water and other molecules across selectively permeable membranes.
 __ _tonic=the cell is balanced (homeostasis); Water can move in and out of the cell at the same rate= NO
NET MOVEMENT
 ___tonic= there is more water and less solute outside of the cell than inside the cell; water moves into
the cell; the cell will swell/burst (in plants turgor pressure increases)
 ___tonic= there is less water and more solute inside the cell than outside the cell; water moves out_ of
the cell; the cell will shrivel and wilt
Label the pictures as hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic
Water
Water
Water
Water
_____________
_______________
______________
Water
Is each cell in a hypo- iso- or hyper- tonic solution below?
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Salt
Compare and contrast active and passive transport.

Hydrophilic(heads)-H2O loving / Hydrophobic(tails)-H2O fearing
Passive transport does ________require energy (ATP); moves from an area of



_______concentration to an area of ________concentration (“downhill”)
3 types of passive transport
_____________>>particles move from higher to lower concentrations
_____________>>water moves from higher to lower concentrations across a membrane.
_____________>>particles from higher to lower concentrations using a channel/carrier protein
Active transport _____



require energy (ATP); moves from an area of
____ concentration to an area of _____ concentration (“uphill”)
3 types of active transport:
______________>>moving particles into the cell using energy
______________>>moving particles out of the cell using energy
______________>>moving particles through a pump into or out through the cell membrane
14. Cells move material from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration by the use of
a. passive transport
b. active transport
c. endocytosis
d. protein pumps
15. Label the pictures below (osmosis, facilitated diffusion, diffusion, active transport)
Diagram A
Diagram B
Diagram C
Water
Salt
Sugar
OUT
IN
Homeostasis




Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal balance of the cell.
The ____ ___________ controls homeostasis of a cell by regulating what flows in or out.
Blood pressure and body temperature are 2 examples of homeostasis.
Selective permeability is the property of the plasma (cell) membrane that allows it to control
homeostasis.
16. Homeostasis helps organisms maintain proper balance or equilibrium. The structure that helps maintain that
balance in a cell in all organisms
a. cell wall
b. plasma (cell) membrane
c. chloroplast d. mitochondria
17. Which of the following is a good example of homeostasis in humans?
a. human body shivering when it is cold outside
b. someone sticking their finger down their throat to vomit
c. someone using dandruff shampoo because of dry scalp
d. spitting
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2nd Nine Weeks Topics include:
Macromolecules and Enzymes
Cell Growth and Replication
Mitosis
REMEMBER:
--How do you know what type of macromolecule you’re looking at? Follow this flow chart.
Does the substance have C,H,O,N,P?
No
Yes
Does it have a C,H,O,N?
Yes
Nucleic Acid
No
Protein
Does it have a 1:2:1 ratio
of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Yes
No
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Carbohydrates are made of ___________________________;
Function: ____________________________.
Lipids are made up of the monomers _____________ & __________;
Function: __________________; these are _____________ in water;
Proteins are made with _________ _________ (building blocks);
Function: =_________________________; connected with __________ bonds.
Nucleic Acids are made with _________________;
Function: ______________________; 2 examples are ________ & _______;
Enzymes are important proteins. Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up a chemical reaction by
___________________ the activation energy.
--A _______________ is the molecule that binds to the enzyme and is acted on
by it.
--A _______________ is what is released by the enzyme at the end of the
chemical reaction.
--Most enzymes are named with ____ as the ending.
--Enzymes are specific. The shape of the active site must match the shape of
the substrate.
--Enzyme are _____________. They are not consumed (used up) during the
reaction.
--Enzymes may quit working when not under optimal (ideal) conditions (ex. pH,
temperature changes) due to denaturation (protein unfolding).
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Cell Cycle & Mitosis
Cell Cycle has 4 parts: G1  S  G2  M (with cytokinesis) OR 5 parts: I P M A T
--during interphase, the cell grows, copies DNA, makes organelles, and gets ready to
divide; this is the “growth” period for the cell; G1  S  G2; it is the longest phase
--mitosis only involves BODY CELLS (also known as somatic cells)
--a diploid (2n) cell contains 2 sets of chromosomes-one from mom and one from dad
(46 chromosomes for humans); a haploid (n) cell contains 1 set of chromosomes (23 total for
humans).
--mitosis begins with 1 diploid cell and ends with 2 diploid cells (daughter cells are
identical to each other and parent cell)
--remember what happens in each phase of mitosis:
PROPHASE: nuclear membrane breaks down (in animals 2 centrioles);
chromosomes form; microtubules start to grow
METAPHASE: sister chromatids (joined by centromere) move to the middle
(equator/metaphase plate); spindle forms
ANAPHASE: sister chromatids pull _________ and move to the poles
TELOPHASE: cell starts to divide (cell plate=plant cells; cleavage furrow=animal
cells); nuclear membrane reforms; chromosomes relax into chromatin
Meiosis
 Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in _____ CELLS to form gametes.
 Meiosis begins with __ diploid cell (46 chromosomes for humans) and ends with 4
haploid cells (23 chromosomes in each cell for humans).
 The haploid cells that are made during meiosis are eggs in females and sperm in males
 Meiosis provides genetic variation in a population because ___________________ occurs during
this process, bringing about new gene combinations
 There are two parts. Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Each with P M A T.
2nd six weeks sample questions:
1. Label each of the following molecules-carbohydrate (C), lipid (L), protein (P), or nucleic acid (NA)
A_______
B_______
C_______
D________
2. Fill in the following chart.
Indicator
Tests for
Positive test
Iodine
A
F
Benedict's Solution
B
G
Biurets Reagent
C
H
Sudan III
Brown Paper
D
E
I
J
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3. How does the reduction in activation energy by an enzyme affect a chemical reaction?
A. The products are not stable
B. The reaction proceeds at a faster rate
C. Less energy is gained from the reaction
D. The reaction is less efficient when the enzyme is present
4. What is the role an enzyme plays in a chemical reaction?
A. It increases the activation energy B. It slows down the chemical reaction
C. It lowers the activation energy
D. It is consumed by the reaction
5. Label A and B on the graph.
A __________________
B __________________
Free
Energy
Progress of Reaction ------
6. Which of the following organic molecules are passed from parent to offspring to determine the
offspring’s traits?
A. Lipids
B. Nucleic acids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Proteins
7. In mitosis a human somatic (body) cell begins with 46 chromosomes. How many will the daughter cells
have after mitosis?
A. 92
B. 46
C. 23
D. 46 pairs
8. Which of the following stands for diploid?
A. Dip
B. 2x
C. 2n
D. n
9. TRUE or FALSE: Mitosis produces the same # of chromosomes in each daughter cell as the parent cell
had.
10. Which of the following is the correct order of the cell cycle?
A. G1  G2  S  M  Cytokinesis
C. G1  S  G2 M  Cytokinesis
B. G1  G2  M  S  Cytokinesis
D. G1  M  S  G2  Cytokinesis
11. During which phase of mitosis does the cell plate in plants form or the cleavage furrow in animals
form?
A. Interphase
B. Metaphase
C. Prophase
D. Telophase
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12. Look at the pictures below. Write the name of the phase of mitosis below each picture:
A
B
C
D
_________
__________
_________
__________
One more thing: Place the phases in order: ____________________
13. If a cell has 46 chromosomes before it undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will each gamete
have?
A. 92
B. 46
C. 23
D. 13
14. Which process occurs during Prophase I of meiosis, and increases genetic diversity?
A. Replication
B. Crossing over
C. Spindle formation
D. Chromosomes condense
2nd Nine Weeks Topics (cont) include:
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Remember Photosynthesis & Respiration
EQUATIONS for PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION
(Photosynthesis)
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
(Respiration) C6H12O6 + 6O2










C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Photosynthesis ________ energy for plants & respiration ___________ energy for organisms
The ____________ of photosynthesis (CO2 + H2O + energy) are the products of respiration
The products of photosynthesis (O2 + C6H12O6) are the ____________ of respiration
Photosynthesis occurs in plants or those organisms that contain chlorophyll
Respiration occurs in ______ organisms
Chloroplast = organelle of photosynthesis & mitochondria = organelle of respiration
Aerobic = with _________ & anaerobic = without oxygen
ATP transfers energy (break a phosphate-P to release energybecomes ADP)
Steps of aerobic respiration are:
1st = Glycolysis makes
2 ATP
2nd = Krebs Cycle makes
2 ATP
rd
3 = ETC makes
32 ATP
=36 ATP TOTAL
Steps of anaerobic respiration are: glycolysis followed by 1 of 2 pathways:
1. alcoholic fermentation (yeast)
2. lactic acid fermentation (muscles)
 = 2 ATP TOTAL
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Diagram A
Diagram B
_______________________________________
1. Label the following equations:
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2
____________________________________
C6H12O6 + 6O2
____________equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
____________equation
2.Using the equations above, circle the reactants & underline the products:
3. Photosynthesis STORES energy, while respiration RELEASES energy. The products of one
are the reactants of the other. If photosynthesis stops, then
A. autotrophs could no longer store energy in food molecules
B. heterotrophs would slowly run out of food, which would affect the rate of
respiration and thus reduce the amount of energy being released
C. neither heterotrophs nor autotrophs would survive
D. all of the above
CO2
ANIMALS
heterotrophs
carbon dioxide
O2
oxygen
PLANTS
autotrophs
4. Using the diagram above, how does photosynthesis depend on respiration?
A. animals must eat other animals in order for respiration to take place
B. plants must carry out respiration in order to make food
C. plants need respiration from animals in order for photosynthesis to take place
D. animals need plants in order to produce their own food.
5. Which of the following is TRUE of the anaerobic process of respiration?
A. occurs without the presence of oxygen; yields a net of 32 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule that is
broken-down.
B. occurs in the presence of oxygen; yields a net of 2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule that is brokendown.
C. occurs in the presence of oxygen; yields a net of 32 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule that is brokendown.
D. occurs without the presence of oxygen; yields a net of 2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule that is
broken-down.
6. Which of the following shows the CORRECT order of the steps of aerobic respiration?
A. Krebs CycleCalvin CycleETC
B. Krebs CycleGlycolysisETC
C. GlycolysisCalvin CycleETC
D. GlycolysisKrebs CycleETC
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7. Which of the following produces the largest amount of ATP?
A. anaerobic respiration
B. ETC
C. aerobic respiration
D. Krebs Cycle
8. Which statement best explains the role of meiosis in the production of sex cells?
A. to produce cells with half the DNA of the original cell
B. to produce cells that are genetically identical to each other
C. to combine the DNA of two identical cells
D. to combine the DNA of two different cells
9. If a cell has 46 chromosomes before it undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will each gamete have?
A. 92
B. 46
C. 23
D. 13
10. The process above shows
ADP + P + “energy”
ATP
A. ATP losing a P & energy being released
B. ATP gaining a P & energy being stored
C. O2 cycle
D. dark reactions
3rd Nine Weeks Topics include:
Genetics
Punnet Square
DNA Fingerprinting
When working with Punnett squares you must remember the following terms:
1. Genotype means the _______ ________________-the letters! BB or Bb or bb
2. Phenotype means the ____________ outcome-the traits! Brown hair or black hair
3. Heterozygous = having ______________ alleles; the genotype would be Bb for example.
4. Homozygous = has _______________ alleles; the genotype would be BB or bb for example.
5. Hybrid = same as heterozygous; Bb for example.
6. Pure Dominant = same as homozygous for dominant traits; BB
7. Pure recessive = same as homozygous for recessive traits; bb
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) is the “Father of ____________________”. His studied ___________ and discovered what
we now have termed Dominant(capital) traits versus recessive(lowercase) traits. He found that those traits that maskedout other traits were the dominant ones. The ones masked-out were recessive. This is known as
________________________. Mendel also founded two principles related to genetics:
A. _______________________________, for any particular trait, the pair of alleles of each parent separate & only one
allele passes from each parent on to an offspring. Which allele in a parent's pair of alleles is inherited is a matter of
chance. We now know that this segregation of alleles occurs during the process of sex cell formation (i.e., meiosis).
B. _______________________________, different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring independently of each other.
The result is that new combinations of genes present in neither parent are possible.
There are different modes/patterns of inheritance (“the exceptions to the complete dominance rule”). The
different modes/patterns of inheritance are:
1. ________________________ = a NEW PHENOTYPE APPEARS-both alleles are expressed and combined-they
blend together; red + white = pink
2. ________________________ = both alleles are equally expressed-each trait shows equally; black + white = black
and white individual-BOTH SHOW EQUALLY!
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3. ________________________ = more than 2 ALLELES FOR A TRAIT; fur color in rabbits, ABO blood
4. ________________________ = MANY GENES FOR 1 TRAIT; no Punnett square; ex. are height & skin color
5. _______________________ = these are traits that are linked to the SEX CHROMOSOMES-SPECIFICALLY
THE X chromosome. These traits are either present or absent for males. These traits can be carried by females.
BOTH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE COMPLETE DOMINANCE TYPE PROBLEMS!
1. Monohybrid Cross Example:
T
t
T = tall pea plant
t =short pea plant
What is the chance that the offspring from this cross is
tall? ___________%
T
T
What are possible GENOTYPIC results for this cross?
_____ _____ _____
t
2. Dihybrid Cross Example: Parents are: TtGg X TtGg
TG
Tg
tG
tg
T = tall
t = short
TG
G = green
g = yellow
Tall, Green = ____/16
Tall, yellow = ____/16
short, Green = ____/16
short, yellow = ____/16
Tg
tG
What are the chances that a pea plant
will be Tall and Green? _____/16
tg
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INHERTIANCE PATTERN PROBLEMS!
3. A cross between a red (RR) rose and a white (R’R’ or WW) rose produced plants with only pink (RR’ or RW)
flowers. What is this pattern of inheritance?
A. complete dominance
B. incomplete dominance
C. sex-linked D. co dominance
4. A black (BB) feathered chicken is crossed with a white (WW) feathered chicken. The results are shown below.
What is the correct phenotype of this cross?
B
Phenotype is
________________________
W
W
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B
5. A woman who is heterozygous for A blood (IAi OR AO) has child with type O blood (ii OR OO). Can the father
of this child have type AB blood (IAIB OR AB)?
Yes or No (circle one)
Need to know information about Pedigrees:
Remember the following:
Female, normal
Male, normal
Female, carrier
Male, carrier-NOT POSSIBLE IN SEX-LINKED
TRAITS
Male, affected
Female, affected
1. Genotype for a female is __________ & for a male is __________.
2. You receive ½ of your chromosomes from Mom & ½ from Dad. These pair together to form
your______________________ chromosome pairs.
3. You have 22 pairs of _____________ chromosomes & 1 pair of ____ chromosomes. This gives you a
total of 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes.
4. Sex-linked traits are typically found on the ____ chromosomes.
Questions 6-9: Read the pedigree below and answer the following questions:
N=normal
n=colorblindness
6. Does this pedigree show a sex-linked trait? _________
7. How many children were born in generation II? _____
8. What is the genotype of the female in generation III? __________
9. What is the genotype of the male in generation II? ____________
Need to know information about Genetic Disorders:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cystic Fibrosis= Autosomal recessive  parents must either carry or have it to pass to offspring.
Sickle Cell Anemia= Autosomal recessive parents must either carry or have it to pass to offspring.
Tay-Sachs= Autosomal recessive  parents must either carry or have it to pass to offspring.
Huntingdon’s Disease= Autosomal Dominant  If one parent has the disorder all children will get it.
RULE: If ________ parents carry a recessive disorder, then there is always a ___% chance of an offspring having
the disorder!
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10. Sally has one brother and one sister. Her sister has the autosomal recessive disorder known as Cystic Fibrosis(CF).
Neither Sally nor her parents have CF. (N = normal n = CF).
Her parents genotype would be ____ X ____
What % chance is there that they have another child with CF? _______
Need to know information about Mutations:
Mutations are a ____________ or ___________ in either the DNA sequence or the chromosome.
Nondisjunction:
Down’s Syndrome
is an example!
The failure of _______________ to separate during and after _______.
The failure of ______________to segregate/separate during & after _______.
This could result to a condition wherein the daughter cells have an abnormal #
of chromosomes; one cell having too many chromosomes while other cell having
none.
On chromosomes there are 4 possible mutations:
Mutation
Deletion
Insertion/Addition
Description
segment is removed
segment is added in
Inversion
Translocation
segment is flipped/rearranged
a segment from 1 chromosome is
added to a different chromosome
In DNA/RNA there are 2 basic types of mutations:
Mutation
Description
nucleotides are substituted
Point
nucleotides are removed
*Frameshift deletion
(Frameshift addition
nucleotides are added in
*Frameshift mutations can be much more damaging due to the fact that they cause change after the initial
mutation. Point mutations only affect the codon on which the mutation occurs.
Questions 11-14: Label the following mutations:
Original
Mutation
11. The picture to the left is an example of the chromosomal
mutation known as ____________________
Mutated
GGC CAG TCA GGA CCG original strand
12. What type of mutation is to the left? ___________________
GGC CAG TCC GGA CCG mutated strand
13. The picture to the left is an
example of the chromosomal
mutation known as
__________.
Original
Mutation
Mutated
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Extra Note: When there is a mutation in the DNA strand, that mutation will affect how the RNA strand is made. If RNA
is changed, then the amino acid made is changed and this could make the wrong protein!
Need to know information about DNA/RNA:
1. DNA stands for _____________________ _________.
2. DNA has ____ strands made up of ________, ________________ &
____________ _______.
3. DNA has 4 N bases: A matches with ___ and G matches with ___.
4. DNA is a double helix.
5. DNA is made up of subunits called _________________
6. DNA is referred to as our “blueprints for life”; it carries our ____________
7. DNA is copied through a process called DNA __________________
8. RNA stands for ________________ _______.
9. RNA has _____ strand.
10. RNA has 4 N bases: A matches with ___ and G matches with ___.
11. _____ makes RNA in a process called _______________________.
12. RNA makes ______________ in a process called translation; this
is protein synthesis.
13. 3 types of RNA are: mRNA, rRNA, & tRNA
State the function of:
a.mRNA:___________________________________________________
b.rRNA:____________________________________________________
c. tRNA:____________________________________________________
14. Give the DNA complement of the strand to the below:
GGC TTC AAC GAT TAG
_________________________
15. Give the RNA complement of this strand?
GGC TTC AAC GAT TAG
_________________________
16. Before a cell can divide, DNA must be ___________________. This occurs during Interphase, the period of
growth for a cell. The basis of life is built on the ability of cells to replicate with identical blueprints for survival.
15
Label the following diagrams:
mRNA
tRNA
17. __________________
18. ___________________
19.______________________________
Ethics and Research
A. Genetic engineering refers to the alteration of an organism’s genes for practical purposes. This includes cloning,
creation of transgenic animals and plants, and the introduction of genes into an organism that confer some characteristic
such as herbicide resistance.
B. Cloning:
a. DNA cloning the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a
self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid.
b. Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the
same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal(Dolly).
c. Therapeutic cloning also called "embryo cloning," is the production of human
embryos for use in research(A lot of times this is a part of stem cell collection).
C. A transgenic animal/plant is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
D. Stem cells are distinguished from other cell types by two important characteristics:
1st: they are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division.
2nd: under certain experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or
organ-specific cells with special functions.
E. DNA Fingerprinting is a process by which scientists, specifically forensic scientists, analyze _______ to determine
specific sequences & for comparing the ___________________ between organisms.
When looking at either a DNA fingerprint sample like the one below or actual DNA sequences, check for similarities.
20. The sample to the right is from a crime scene.
Which suspect needs to get a lawyer? ____________
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21. Which of the 2 species below are most closely related according to their DNA sequences?
GGC TAT AAC GGC ACT
GGC GGA CAC TCA GGC
AAA CCC CAC CCA AGC
GGC TTT AAC GGG ACT
Species 1
Species 2
Species 3
Species 4
_____________________
22. An RNA molecule was synthesized to form complementary base pairs with a DNA molecule. The sequence of
the DNA was TAC GAC TCA. The RNA sequence should be _________________
23. What type of chromosomal mutation is in the diagram below?
__________________________
24. In the diagram below, Part A shows the process of ___________; Part B shows ______________.
Part A
Part B
25. A DNA strand contains codons, which consist of a sequence of three nucleotides. Which BEST describes the
importance of codons found in the sequence of DNA?
A. They signal the start of mitotic cell division.
B. They ensure proper replication of the Morse code.
C. They are used to assemble amino acids for mitosis.
D. They contain the code for messenger RNA.
26. Elle has type A blood. Her mother had type O blood. Elle marries Henry, who has type AB blood. What are
the possible blood types of their first child? ______________
27. What is an example of a polygenic trait? _________________________
28. Which of the following is an example of codominance in genetic traits?
A. a smooth-seeded pea plant & wrinkled-seeded pea plant produce smooth-seeded pea plants
B. a white rabbit & a black rabbit produce a black & white rabbit
C. a blue-eyed man & brown eyed woman produce a blue-eyed child
D. a colorblind woman & a man with normal vision produce a colorblind son
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29.____________________________
30._________________________
#29.
#30.
Name the mutation for 31-35:
TGA CGA ATT  TGA GAA TT
NORMAL
MUTATION
31._____________________________
ABCDE  ABBCDE
Normal
Mutation
32._____________________________
33._____________________________
34. In fruit flies, the gene for red eyes (R) is dominant and the gene for sepia eyes (r) is recessive. What are the
possible combinations of genes (genotypes) in the offspring of two red-eyed heterozygous flies (Rr)?
A. rr only
B. RR only
C. RR, Rr, and rr only
D. Rr and rr only
35. A strand of mRNA containing the repeating sequence AAG AAG AAG AAG could code for which of the
following amino acid sequences?
A. lys–arg–glu–lys
B. ser–ser–glu–glu
C. lys–arg–lys–arg
D. lys–lys–lys–lys
4th Nine Weeks Topics include:
Ecology (Biomes, Symbiosis, Energy Pyramid, Succession, Population Changes, Curves)
Evolution (Adaptation, natural Selection, Fossils, Classification)
1.
2. Biotic
= nonliving; examples are rocks, water, temperature.
____= living; examples are insects, animals, plants.
3. List several factors that affect the size of a population.
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4. 3 types of symbiosis ( “living together”):
A. Commensalism
= one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
(+, 0).
B. ________________________= both are benefitted (+,+).
C. ________________________= one is benefited and the other is harmed (+,-).
5. Producers_ : also known as autotrophs; can make their own food; EX= plants.
6. Consumers : also known as heterotrophs; can NOT make their own food; 3 types are herbivore, carnivore,
omnivore; EX= lion, human.
 ___________ consumers= herbivore.
 2nd order _ consumers= can be both carnivore & omnivore.
 ___________ consumers= can be both carnivore & omnivore.
7. ______________: also known as “recyclers”; those that breakdown dead organic matter; EX= mushrooms,
bacteria.
8. Energy flow through a food chain goes as follows ______% passed on to each trophic level.
90% is lost as HEAT or used by the organism.
Grass → Insects
18,579
________
→
Snake
_____
→
Owl
9. “Terrestrial” means land biome; “Aquatic” means water biome.
Biomes and some characteristics:
________________= permafrost; treeless; lots of snowfall.
Taiga ________ = (coniferous forest or boreal); evergreens; some snow.
________________= significant rainfall; exotic plants and animals; shallow rooted plants.
________________= (deciduous); 4 seasons; hardwood/deciduous trees (lose leaves); TN.
Grassland _____= large grazing animals; thick grass; very few trees; also known as
savanna.
Desert__________ = sparse plant life; nocturnal animals; extreme temperatures; little
rainfall.
10. “Indigenous” means natural habitat (means animal/plant would be found in that environment).
Tundra
_ : lichens, polar bear.
Deciduous Forest : oak tree, deer.
___________: pines, elk.
_______________ : grass, buffalo.
___________: cactus, tortoise.
Tropical Rainforest : exotic plants, toucan.
11. _____________ ____________ is succession that begins in an area that previously did not support life.
12. _______________ ___________ is succession where one community replaces another community that has
been partially or totally destroyed.
13. Population growth curves:
______________ = exponential growth (does not reach carrying capacity).
S-curve_
_
= logistic growth (reaches carrying capacity).
* _____________ _______________ (K)= # of organisms that an environment can support.
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POPULATION
SIZE
POPULATION
SIZE
Sample Questions: 1st Six weeks
1. Label the types of population growth represented by the graphs below and label carrying capacity on the
logistic curve.
TIME
TIME
_____________
TIME
____________
_________
2. Which statement best describes some organisms in the food web shown at the right?
A. Minnows and fish are primary consumers.
B. Algae and floating plants are decomposers.
C. Aquatic crustaceans are omnivores.
D. Raccoons, fish, and ducks are secondary consumers.
3. A scorpion stalks, kills, and then eats a spider. Based on its behavior, which ecological terms describe the
scorpion?
A. Producer, herbivore, decomposer.
B. Producer, carnivore, heterotroph.
C. Predator, carnivore, consumer.
D. Predator, autotroph, herbivore.
4. A rocky island appears as oceanic waters recede. Which of the following forms of vegetation would probably
appear first on the bare rocks?
A. Lichens
B. Weeds
C. Shrubs
D. Pioneer trees
5. Label the following as producer, 1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order or decomposers:
Mouse
Grass
Deer
______
______
_______
Mushroom
________
Oak Tree
________
Snake
_______
Owl
_______
Wheat
______
6. A lack of water limits the growth of grass in the grassland biome. This causes a reduction in the grass
population. The effect it would have on the population of rabbits in the grassland would be
A. no change in the rabbit population.
B. a lack in food which would increase the rate of reproduction in rabbits,
C. a decrease in the rabbit population.
D. an increase in the wolf population.
7. A lack in water limits the growth of grass in the grassland biome. This causes a reduction in the number of grass
seeds that are eaten by mice. The effect on the mice population would be
A. the lack of grass would cause the mouse population to reproduce more.
B. no change in the grass population.
C. a decrease in the mouse population.
D. an increase in the hawk population.
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8. A dead, decaying tree has fallen to the forest floor in a Temperate Forest. It is rotting and the nutrients are
being returned to the Earth because of the bacteria that is present. The role of the bacteria is as a
A. producer
B. primary consumer
C. autotroph
D. decomposer
9. Which of the following is NOT a source of carbon?
A. burning fossil fuels
B. respiration by animals
C. decaying matter
D. photosynthesis by plants
10. Which of the following produces oxygen?
A. burning fossil fuels
B. respiration by animals
C. decaying matter
D. photosynthesis by plants
11. When ______ increases in water, the bacteria take advantage of the increase nutrient resulting in an increase of
bacterial numbers. Since bacteria need oxygen, the increase number of bacteria competes with fish for the
available oxygen.
A. Oxygen
B. Carbon
C. Nitrogen
D. Phosphorus
EVOLUTION
1. Law of ___
states older layers of fossils are beneath younger layers or fossils.
“Relative dating” is a method that is not exact on dating the age of materials/soil.
2. Look at the rock strata below, which layer and which fossils are the oldest? _________; which layer and which
fossils are the youngest? ________.
These are the
layers
1
A
2
B
3
C
4
D
5
E
These are the
fossils
3. _________________________= selection process by which individuals that are better
adapted to their environment survive and reproduce EXAMPLE=faster fish
being selected vs. slower fish
4. Artificial selection
____ = the selective breeding of organisms (by humans) for
specific desirable characteristics
EXAMPLE=dog or horse breeder.
5. _________________________ = change over time.
6. ______________________ __ = evolution occurs when species that were once similar become
different or distinct.
EXAMPLE=Darwin’s Finches.
7. ___________________ __
= evolution occurs when species that were once different (or
distinct) became similar.
EXAMPLE=Cactus and Honey Locust tree (thorns).
8. ___________________ _____ = structures are those that share structure NOT function.
EXAMPLE=Bat Wing and Human Arm.
9. _________________________ = structures are those that share function NOT structure.
EXAMPLE=Insect Wing and Bird Wing.
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10. There are 2 types of Reproduction:
A. ____________________ = 1 parent, no fusion of gametes.
B. _____________________= 2 parents, fusion of gametes (egg + sperm =
zygote).
11. Life Cycles: organisms either reproduce sexually or asexually- some use BOTH.
________________ of __________________= switch between both types of
reproduction.
2 key parts: ____________________________(diploid)- asexual.
____________________________(haploid)-sexual.
12. Classification: system of organizing or grouping organisms.
_____________→ Kingdom → ____________→ Class → Order → _________ → Genus → Species
13. ____________________ keys= a tool used in plant or animal identification. Always begin at the top (1a and
1b) which will lead you to the next statement or clue.
14. A _________________ is a diagram used to show the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
Sample Questions: 5th Six weeks
1. Which statement about evolution is true?
A. Using anatomy studies to find evidence of evolution is a direct process.
B. Fossils are not an important source for scientists to use to understand the evolutionary process.
C. The fossil record provides evidence that evolution has occurred, but the record is not complete.
D. Fossil finds are limited to the continents of Africa and Antarctica.
2. A farmer only breeds his chickens that lay an average of 30 eggs a week. His others lay an average of 15 eggs
per week and they are not bred. This is an example of
A. Natural selection
B. Artificial selection
C. Alternation of generations
3. What can you infer about these structures?
A.
B.
C.
D.
They are homologous.
They are vestigial structures.
They have nothing to do with each other
They are analogous.
4. Some bacteria produce an enzyme called penicillinase, which prevents their destruction by penicillin. Since
these same organisms reproduce asexually, they normally produce offspring that
A. can be killed by penicillin.
B. have an abnormally high rate of mutation.
C. have variable numbers of chromosomes.
D. are resistant to penicillin.
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5. According to this cladogram, after which organism did fur and mammary glands develop?
A. Pigeon
B. Chimp
C. Salamander
D. Mouse
Students,
Study for this exam using this guide and any/all assignments
from your class that will benefit you and your understanding
of the objectives. This exam is comprehensive-that means
everything discussed thus far in Biology I will be addressed on
this exam! Bring a pencil and Good Luck!
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