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Grade 10 Academic Science - Chemistry
Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
Matter exists in five states or phases:
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
 Plasma
 Bose-Einstein Condensation
Phase describes a PHYSICAL state of matter. Matter “moves” from one phase to another by
physical forces such as temperature and pressure.
If energy is added (e.g., increased temperature) or taken away (e.g., freezing), a physical change
is created.
SOLID + e = LIQUID + e = GAS + e = PLASMA
Any kind of matter can be classified as a mixture or a pure substance.
Mixture - Matter that has two or more kinds of particles and thus may have different properties in
different samples
Pure substance – A substance that has the same properties in any sample you choose. There
are two kinds of pure substances: elements and compounds.
Element - A substance composed of atoms having an identical number of protons in each
nucleus. Elements cannot be reduced to simpler substances by normal chemical means.
Compound - A substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in
definite proportion by weight.
Chemical Change - A change in the chemical composition of a substance to produce a new
material with new properties
Physical Change - A physical change is any change NOT involving a change in the substance's
chemical identity (e.g., liquid to solid is freezing; solid to gas is sublimation, liquid to gas
is evaporation)
Grade 10 Academic Science –Chemistry
Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Property
A characteristics that can be determined without altering the chemical composition of the material
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Boiling point
Brittleness - Hard but easily broken or likely to break.
Colour
Crystal structure – The unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal
Density - Mass divided by its volume. Density is related to how compressed the material is
and the weight of its atoms or molecules per unit volume.
Ductility - The quality or state of being flexible (e.g., bounce, elasticity, flexibility)
Electrical conductivity
Freezing point
Hardness - Relative resistance of a metal or other material to denting, scratching, or bending
Heat conductance – Ability or power to conduct or transmit heat
Luster - Brightness of an object that shines with reflected light rather than producing its own
Magnetic properties
Malleability - Ability of a substance to be molded into different shapes
Specific heat capacity
Solubility - Measure of how much of a given substance will dissolve in a liquid
Tensile strength - The resistance of a material to a force tending to tear it apart, measured as
the maximum tension the material can withstand without tearing
Chemical Property
A property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity
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Electronegativity - The ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a
chemical bond
Oxidization – Describes the loss of an electron
Flammability - The ability of a substance to burn in the presence of oxygen
Ionization potential – Energy required to strip an atom of an electron.
States of Matter
SOLID - What is a solid? Some Properties
 Solids are usually hard because their molecules have been
packed together. The closer your molecules are, the harder
you are.
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Solids hold their own shape. A rock will always look like a
rock unless something happens to it. Even when you grind
up a solid into a powder, you will see little tiny pieces of that
solid under a microscope. Liquids will move and fill up any
container. Solids retain their shape.
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The atoms of a solid do not move too much. Atoms and molecules in liquids and gases
bounce and float freely. The molecules of a solid do not.
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Solids can have pure elements (one) or a variety of
compounds (more than one). More than one type of
compound in a solid is a mixture.
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When a solid is made up of a pure substance and forms
slowly, it can become a crystal. The atoms are arranged
in a regular repeating pattern called a crystal lattice. A
diamond is a crystal.
LIQUID - What is a liquid? Some Properties
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Water is a liquid. Your blood is a liquid.
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Liquids are an in-between state of matter (i.e., they are found in between the solid and
gas states).
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Liquids can made up of the many
compounds. If you have a variety of
materials in a liquid, it is called a solution.
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Liquid take the shape of their “container”.
If you pour water in a cup, the water will
fill up the bottom of the cup first and then
fill the rest.
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Liquids are difficult to compress. To
compress something, you apply force.
When you compress something, you
force the atoms closer together. The
atoms of a liquid are already. Thus, liquids are hard to compress.
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Liquids have cohesive forces that hold the molecules of a liquid together.
GAS – What is a gas? Some Properties
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Gases are random groups of atoms. In solids, atoms and molecules are compact and
close together. Liquids have atoms a little more spread out. However, gases are
really spread out and the atoms and molecules move constantly.
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Gases take the size and shape of their “container” filling all parts of the container
equally.
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A vapor is a gas in a liquids form at room temperature (e.g., water (H2O), mercury
(Hg)).
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Gases hold huge amounts of energy
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Gas molecules are spread out.
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With very little pressure compared to liquids and solids, gas molecules can be
compressed.
PLASMA
 Plasma is a low-density gas with a neutral charge (i.e., an equal number of positively and
negatively charged particles).
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Plasma consists of a gas heated to sufficiently high temperatures that the atoms ionize.
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The properties of the gas are controlled by electromagnetic forces among constituent
ions and electrons, which results in a different type of behavior.
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Plasma is capable of conducting electricity.
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Most of the universe is plasma, and the solar wind is hot plasma blowing from the sun.
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION
 Bose-Einstein Condensation in a gas is the newest new form of matter at the coldest
temperatures in the universe.
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It is a gaseous, superfluid phase formed by atoms cooled to temperatures very near to
absolute zero
Grade 10 Science - Chemistry
Understanding Matter, Physical Change and Chemical Change
Laboratories
Lab #1 Experimenting with States of Matter
Materials
 Cornstarch
 Water
 Cup
 Stir stick
Methods
 Place 15 mL of cornstarch in a cup.
 Add 30 mL of water and stir well.
 Place some of the mixture on a table.
 Touch it with your fingertips. Is it a liquid or a solid?
Results
When cornstarch and water are mixed, a thixotropic mixture was formed. It is a mixture that
cannot consistently retain the properties of any one state of matter. Thus, the mixture that was
formed was neither a liquid nor a solid.
Lab #2 Experimenting with Physical Changes
Materials
 Salt
 Water
 Cup
Methods
 Place 30 mL salt in a cup.
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Add 30 mL of water. S
 tir until all of the salt is dissolved.
 Place the cup in a sunny window.
 After a few days, check on the cup. What was left in the cup?
Results
The cup should contain only salt. The water evaporated. Since a new substance was not
formed, a physical change has taken place.
Lab #3 Experimenting with Chemical Changes
Materials
 30 mL baking soda
 60 mL vinegar
 100 mL water
 Cup
 Popcorn kernels.
Methods
 Mix the vinegar and water together in the cup
 Add the baking soda
 Immediately add 5 popcorn kernels
 Observe what happens for the next five minutes
Results
The popcorn kernels should rise and sink during the five minutes. The vinegar and baking soda
combined to form a gas. This was shown by the bubbles that appeared on the kernels. When
the kernels reached the surface of the liquid the bubbles popped, causing the kernel to fall to the
bottom again. Thus, a chemical change has occurred because gas was given off.
Lab #4 Experimenting with Chemical Changes 2
Materials
 steel wool
 Vinegar
 Cup
Methods
 Place the steel wool in the bottom of a cup.
 Add 50 mL of vinegar.
 Wait for 15 minutes.
 What evidence is there that a chemical change has taken place?
Results
After approximately 20 minutes, rust starts forming at the sides of the cup where the steel wool
was touching. Rusting is a process that cannot be reversed, and thus, a chemical change has
taken place.
For each experiment,
1. Record results and observations
2. Provide a discussion for your observations (e.g., why did it occur?)
3. Identify a PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL CHANGE
NOTE: Experiment #2 will take a few days. Make sure you observe your cup in two days.