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Biochemistry Unit Study Guide PART ONE: Atomic Structure and Bonding 1. Draw the basic structure of a carbon atom. Label your drawing to show the location of the nucleus, protons, neutrons, and electrons (see page 20, especially Figure 2.3B). 2. Explain why carbon needs to make 4 covalent bonds to achieve stability. In your answer be sure to include the terms electrons, valence shell, sharing¸ and covalent bond (see pages 22-23). ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Draw the basic structure of a water molecule (H2O) and explain why water is polar molecule. In your answer be sure to include the terms electronegativity, polar covalent bond¸ and polar molecule, and to explain what those terms mean (see page 22-23, especially Figure 2.6). ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 1 4. Compare and contrast the following three types of molecular bonds. Provide a specific example of each type of bond in your answer (see pages 22-25). Covalent bond Ionic bond Hydrogen bond PART TWO: Organic Macromolecules 5. Explain what is meant by the term “organic compounds.” (see page 34). ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ COMPLETE THE IN-CLASS LAB EXERCISES USING THE MOLYMOD KITS!!!! You should treat the Molymod Lab Handouts as additional pages of this Unit Study Guide. 6. Identify which of the four major classes of organic compounds in living things are polymers formed by the joining together of monomers (see page 36). ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Define the terms polymer and monomer and explain how the terms are related (see page 36). ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 8. Complete the table below. (see Molymod Handouts and pages 35-47, especially Table 3.2). Functional Group: Example within a larger molecule: Found in the following class(es) of organic compounds: Hydroxyl group: Carbonyl group: Carboxyl group: Amino group: Phosphate group: Methyl group: 9. Draw a diagram of a dehydration synthesis reaction, including the REACTANTS and PRODUCTS (see your Molymod Handouts and pages 36 and 38, especially Figure 3.5). 3 10. Draw a DIAGRAM of a hydrolysis reaction, including the REACTANTS and PRODUCTS (see Molymod Handouts and pages 36 and 38). 11. Explain why a cross-country runner would eat a starchy meal the night before a big race (see pages 37-39). ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 12. Explain why butter (made from milk fat) is harder at room temperature than margarine. In your answer include and define the terms saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid (see page 40). ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 13. Draw a phospholipid and then describe how phospholipids create a lipid bilayer. In your answer, be sure to include and define the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic (See page 41). ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 4 14. Describe the function of each macromolecule. Macromolecule Function Carbohydrate Protein Lipids Nucleic Acids 15. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MATCHING: Match each term in Column B with the appropriate description in Column A. Write the letter of the correct term on the line provided (see pages 37-47). COLUMN A COLUMN B _____ 1. group of organic compounds that contains fats, oils, waxes, and steroids a. cellulose _____ 2. a specific carbohydrate that is a major part of plant cell walls and one of the most abundant biological molecules on Earth b. amino acids _____ 3. group of organic compounds, including sugars and starches, that provide energy to organisms c. triglycerides d. lipids _____ 4. monomers that form proteins e. nucleic acids _____ 5. proteins that help control/regulate chemical reactions f. proteins _____ 6. monomers that form carbohydrates g. carbohydrates _____ 7. molecules that contain hereditary, or genetic, information passed from parents to their offspring h. enzymes _____ 8. monomers that form nucleic acids i. glucose _____ 9. molecules that are a major part of cell membranes j. nucleotides _____ 10. molecules in which monomers are linked by a peptide bond k. phospholipids _____ 11. molecules formed from glycerol and three fatty acids l. monosaccharides _____ 12. monosaccharide that is the primary starting point of cellular respiration _____ 13. a common disaccharide 5 m. sucrose 16. Practice with organic compounds – SAMPLE EXAM QUESTIONS A. Identify each molecule above by name and by class of organic molecule: Letter Name Class of organic molecule A B C D E F B. Which molecule contains both an amino group and a carboxyl group? ___________________________________ Draw a CIRCLE around the amino group and a SQUARE around the carboxyl group. C. Which molecule(s) are formed by dehydration synthesis reactions? ______________________________________ D. Is molecule F “saturated” or “unsaturated”? EXPLAIN. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6 PART THREE: Enzymes 17. Please define what an enzyme is and explain how enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction. In your answer include and explain the terms catalyst and activation energy (see page 83, especially Figure 5.13). ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 18. Explain how an enzyme’s shape is related to its function. In your answer include and define the terms substrate and active site (see page 84). ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 19. Explain why each enzyme has an optimal pH and an optimal temperature for its function. In your answer include and explain the term to “denature.” (see page 84) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 20. Explain why a cracker begins to taste sweet after a few minutes of chewing. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7 21. Analyze the diagram below and answer questions a. through f. that follow (page 84, especially Figure 5.14). a. Which substance in the diagram is the substrate? ____________________________ b. What is the name of the enzyme catalyzing this reaction? _________________________________ c. Describe what is occurring at each of the four steps of the chemical reaction shown in the diagram. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ d. At which step does the chemical reaction actually take place? ___________________________ e. What chemical reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme? Write your answer in the form of a chemical equation in the space below, and then in a verbal description on the lines provided. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 8 f. Is the enzyme used up in the chemical reaction? (YES OR NO) ______________. Explain your answer. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 22. Read the information provided and then answer each question that follows. A certain experiment was designed to determine the effect of pH on the rate of enzyme action for two protein-digesting enzymes. Enzyme A is found in the stomach. Enzyme B is found in the intestine. The optimum pH is the pH that enables the highest rate of enzyme action. Data collected during the experiment are illustrated in the graph shown here. Use the graph to answer the questions that follow. a) What is the optimum pH for Enzyme A? __________ For Enzyme B? __________ b) Compare the rates of enzyme action between the enzymes, at a pH of 5. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ c) Based on the data, compare the pH of the stomach relative to the pH of the intestine? Explain. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 23. A friend tells you he is lactose intolerant. Explain what this really means (see page 47). ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 9 Complete the “A is for Applesauce” Lab Investigation and “Pennyase” Lab Activity. Review your notes on these tasks as part of your unit study guide. 24. Compare and contrast: What is an acid? What is a base? Explain how the pH scale reflects how acidic or basic a solution is (see page 28, especially Figure 2.14). ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 25. Explain why a pH of 7 is “neutral” (see page 28). ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 10