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LIVING THINGS AND THEIR STRUCTURE What do all living things do? Why do all living things need food? They need materials and energy to live and grow. They need the right temperatures in their surroundings. Living things meet their needs by doing certain activities. Activities of living things Nutrition: All living things need food. Nutrition is how living things take and use food. Cells use foods to grow and make cells. o Respiration: When food combines with oxygen this produces energy. Respiration is the process by which food makes energy. This process also produces wastes. When you exhale. Or breathe, you produce two waste products. They are water and carbon dioxide. o Excretion: Respiration and other activities can build up wastes in your body. Some wastes are poisons. Living things can remove these wastes. Excretion is when living things remove wastes produced by their bodies. o Growth. All living tings grow. To grow means to increase in size or increase in the amount or material contained. Response and movement: Living things respond, or react, to changes in their surroundings. When you are cold, your body responds trembling. When you are hot, your body responds by sweating. Plants and animals respond to their surroundings changing or moving. Reproduction: is how the living things make more of themselves. Reproduction allows each kind of living thing to exist on Earth for a long period of time. Activities: Join in pairs and talk (IN ENGLISH) with your colleague about the classification as living or no living things: Ant colony, fish, Planet, sponge, Computer virus, Family, car, pine What compounds make up the living things? There are many compounds in cell parts. Carbon combines with other elements to form many of these compounds. The more important groups of compounds are: Carbohydrates: The carbohydrates supply energy for cell activities. Sugar and starches are carbohydrates. You get carbohydrates from honey, fruits, bread, pasta, potatoes, …. Lipids: or fats store and release more energy than carbohydrates. Oil, cream, butter give you lipids. Proteins: The living things need the proteins for cells grow and repair. Your cells build their own proteins. Foods such milk, eggs, fish, meats and pulses provide the materials for your cells to build proteins. 1 Nucleic acids: The nucleic acid have two very important functions: help to build proteins and carry the genetic material. They are in the chromosomes and in other structures of cells. In addition to the carbon compounds, the living things content water and mineral salts. Activities: 1) Fill the table with information of five different foods Name Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Corn flakes 84 % 0.9 % 7% 2) Look the graph and answer the next questions. a) What percent of your body is made up of carbon compounds? b) What percent of your body is not made by water? What are cells? Contents of Human cell Living things are organized into units. The basic unit of a living thing is called a cell. All living things are made of cells. Some living things are made of only one cell. You need a microscope to see them. Many-celled living things, as complex plants and water 70such % animals, are made of different kinds of cells. Each kind of cell15 has Proteins % a special function. Carbohydrates 1% Lipids (Fats) 10 % Nucleic acids The cell is the structural and functional unit of4 %all known living organisms. There are two basic types of cells: Prokaryotes: Cells that lack a cell nucleus (Bacteria, etc.) Eukaryotes: Cells with nucleus (Animals and plants) Plants and animals are similar in many ways. They are also different in many ways. Plant cell have a rigid outer covering. Animal cells do not have this covering. This covering helps a plant to stand. Many plants cells also contain a green substance that traps the energy of sunlight. This substance helps the cells to produce their own food. 2 Prokaryote: Bacteria What are the parts of cells? Eukaryote: Plant cell If you look through a strong microscope, you can see that cells have small parts. Each part has a special function or job: Part Function Cell membrane The outer covering. This membrane gives the cell its shape. The membrane also helps move materials in and out the cell. Nucleus plural: nuclei The largest part of the cell. The nucleus controls the cell activities. The prokaryote cells haven’t nucleus. Chromosomes Are in the nucleus. Contain the DNA. Chromosomes are like plans or blueprints of the cell. They store instructions for cell activities. They give instructions to new cells. Cytoplasm A gel-like substance inside the cell membrane. Most of the cell life processes take place in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm has structures that do special jobs. Different structures have different functions. Mitochondria: They produce the energy for the cell. sing.: Mitochondrion Vacuoles The cell storage spaces. The store foods, wastes and other things. Animal cells have smaller vacuoles than plant cells. Transport system Goes from the nucleus to the cell membrane and connect all the cell (endoplasmic reticulum) The plant cells also contain: Cell wall A hard covering outside the cell membrane. It protects and supports the cell. Water and other substances pass through the cell wall to the interior of the cell. Chloroplasts Green structures in many cell of leaves and stems of plants. They are green because they contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. Plant cells produce food in the chloroplasts Activities: Eukaryote: Plant cell Eukaryote: Animal cell 3 1. What compounds make up your cells? a. The carbon compounds including sugars and starches that supply energy for cell activities are: ____________ b. Foods such as cream, oils, butter, provide the cell energy storage are: _______ c. Carbon compounds needed for cell growth and repair are : _________ d. Nucleic acids contain a code that allows cells to build ______________ 2. Draw a plant cell and an animal cell and mark the studied parts. Find the differences. 3. Look at the both cells and answer the questions: a. Most of the cell’s life activities take place within the ______________ b. The storage parts of a cell are the _____________. c. Where is the cell membrane? (outside/inside):_____________ d. What cell part take up most of a cell?: _____________ e. Where the cells produce its energy?: _________ f. Where are the chromosomes?: ______________ g. Where is the nucleus membrane?: ______________ 4. Look the plant cell and answer the questions: a. Where is the cell membrane? (outside/inside):_____________ ¿And the Cell wall? : ________ b. What cell part take up most of a cell?: _____________ c. How do the vacuoles in animal cells compare with those in plant cells? (smaller/larger) : ______________ d. Where produce the plant cell its food?: _________ e. What colour are chloroplasts?: _____________ 5. Fill in the blanks with the next words: 4 Covering, powerhouses, microscope, energy, chromosomes, store, cytoplasm, centre, water, nucleus. You can look through a(n) ____________ to view the small parts that make up cells. The cell membrane or outer ___________ gives the cell shape. The _________ directs the activities of the cell. It acts as the cell’s control _____________. Long filaments called ________________ contain directions for cell activities. Most of the cell’s life activities occur within the _________________. This gel-like substance holds an abundance of ___________________ . Mitochondria are the structures that supply the cells with ________________. Because of this function, mitochondria are referred to as the __________________ of the cell. Vacuoles ________________ everything from food to waste 6. Match the correct word with the description: Nucleus These particles form all the matter Vacuoles The control centre of a cell Transport system Gives the cell its shape and controls movement of materials into and out of the cell Cell wall Where most of cell’s life processes take place Mitochondrion Where materials containing energy are packaged and secreted atom A cell’s storage spaces Cell membrane Green structures found in many cells of plant leaves and stems Chromosomes The blueprint of a cell Chloroplasts Extends from the nucleus to the cell membrane Cytoplasm A hard covering located outside the cell membrane of a plant Do the cells live alone? Some living things are formed by only one cell (bacteria, protozoa, algae, …). We name them: ONE-CELLED. They are microscopic. They can be prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Amoeba Mycobacterium tuberculosis 5 The living things that you can see in your environment (animals, plants,…) are formed by a very large amount of cells. We name them MANY-CELLED. Their cells are always eukaryotes. Cells do not work alone in many-celled living things. They work in group called TISSUES A TISSUE is a group of similar cells working together to perform the same function. There are four main groups of animal tissues: Name Function Epithelial Is made up of cells that cover and protect your organs Nervous Sends messages through the body Muscular Is made up of cells that can contract. These tissues moves bones and carries substances through the body Connective Bones, cartilage, tendons, fat and blood. Holds your body up example Plants also have many different kinds of cells in their stem, root and leaves Name Function Dermal Is very similar to the animal epithelial tissue. It covers the plant body Vascular Transport water, food and other substances through the plant example 6 Ground Is in charge of photosynthesis and storage Meristematic Where new plant cells are made Groups of different tissues called ORGANS work together to carry out certain activities. Your heart is an organ. It is made up of muscle and nerve tissue. The brain, the eyes are animal organs. These organs carry out particular functions. The main plant organs are stems, roots, leaves. The stems support the plant. They also transport substances to and from the leaves and the roots. The leaves are the organs where photosynthesis takes place. The roots absorb nutrients and keep the plant in one place. Different organs are arranged into ORGAN SYSTEM. Organ systems are made up of groups of organs that do the same job. Examples: The circulatory system in animals and the shoot system (made of the stem, leaves and flowers) in plants. All the organ system made up an ORGANISM. An organism is any living thing that can carry out its life activities on its own.How does cellular nutrition work? Cells need nutrients and energy. Particles must move into and out of the cell for this to happen. Nutrition consists of all the processes in which cells obtain energy and matter to perform vital functions. Nervoussalts,..) system from outside NerveThe cell cell takes Nervous tissue(carbohydrates, Brain lipids, proteins, Man and nutrients subjects them to chemical processes (metabolism). There are two kinds of metabolic processes: Catabolism Breaks complex organic compounds simple substances and produces energy. Anabolism in Joins simple compounds to form complex substances. Needs energy 7 + + How many types of nutrition are there? There are two types of nutrition: Autotrophic and Heterotrophic: 1) Autotrophic nutrition: The cell uses energy to make their own organic matter from inorganic matter (oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, salts,..). Depending o the source of energy, there are two types of processes: a) Chemosynthesis: energy comes from chemical reactions (some bacteria). b) Photosynthesis: uses the light like an energy source (plants, algae, etc.). Need chloroplasts 2) Heterotrophic nutrition: The cell uses organic compounds made by other living things Autotrophic nutrition (DAY) Water Simple organic matter Mineral salts Carbon dioxide Sun Light Complex organic matter Chloroplastes Oxygen Energy Mitochondrion Other functions Carbon dioxide 8 Autotrophic nutrition (NIGHT) Simple organic matter Complex organic matter Chloroplastes Oxygen Energy Mitochondrion Other functions Carbon dioxide Heterotrophic nutrition Complex organic matter Complex organic matter Simple organic matter Energy Other functions Oxygen Mitochondrion Water Carbon dioxide 9 How does autotrophic nutrition work? All the nutrition processes are formed by a chain of very similar steps. In the autotrophic nutrition are: 1. Taking nutrients from the surroundings: The nutrients are inorganic molecules (water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts). 2. Production of organic matter: This process (PHOTOSYNTHESIS) works in the chloroplasts where a substance: the chlorophyll takes the sunlight and the inorganic nutrients to form organic matter like the glucose. This process also produces a lot of oxygen. 3. Using organic matter: The simple organic matter is used by its own cell or transported to other cells to use or store. With these simple organic molecules the cells make more complex molecules to grow, to repair, etc. or to produce energy in respiration. In cellular respiration, the cell burn glucose with oxygen and form water and carbon dioxide. This process happens in the mitochondria. Some bacteria cannot breathe in this way. They obtain energy by another process which is less efficient than the respiration called BREWING. There are two very important brewing processes: lactic brewing (converts glucose in lactic acid) and alcoholic brewing (converts glucose in alcohol). 4. Excretion of wastes: eliminate and expel wastes formed in the processes. How does heterotrophic nutrition work? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The heterotrophic living things can’t make its own nutrients. Taking nutrients from the surroundings: The nutrients are simple and complex organic molecules produced by other living things. In animals, the digestion is performed in the gastric cavity or in the digestive tube. Gases Exchanging: The respiratory system takes oxygen from its surroundings and expel carbon dioxide. Respiration could be cutaneous (through the skin: amphibians), branchial ( through the gills: fish), tracheal (through the tracheae: insects) or pulmonary (through lungs: mammals) Transporting: The circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen from the digestive tube or the respiratory system to the cells Using organic matter: The complex organic matter is divided in simple organic matter. With these simple organic molecules the cells make more complex molecules to grown, to repair, etc. or to produce energy in the respiration. In cellular respiration, the cell burns with glucose with oxygen and forms water and carbon dioxide. This process happens in the mitochondria. Excretion of wastes: eliminate and expels wastes formed in the processes. There are usually two ways: the end of the digestive tube and the excretion system. 10 What is interaction? All living things interact with their surroundings and with other living things to survive. The interaction includes receiving and responding to a stimulus. The interaction process could be divided into he sub processes: 1. Stimuli: Are detectable changes in or out the living things. 11