Download LIVNG THING AND THEIR STRUCTURE

LIVING THINGS AND THEIR STRUCTURE
What do all living things do?
Why do all living things need food? They need materials and energy to live and
grow. They need the right temperatures in their surroundings. Living things meet their
needs by doing certain activities.
Activities of living things
 Nutrition: All living things need food. Nutrition is how living things take and use
food. Cells use foods to grow and make cells.
o Respiration: When food combines with oxygen this produces energy.
Respiration is the process by which food makes energy. This process also
produces wastes. When you exhale. Or breathe, you produce two waste
products. They are water and carbon dioxide.
o Excretion: Respiration and other activities can build up wastes in your body.
Some wastes are poisons. Living things can remove these wastes. Excretion is
when living things remove wastes produced by their bodies.
o Growth. All living tings grow. To grow means to increase in size or increase
in the amount or material contained.
 Response and movement: Living things respond, or react, to changes in their
surroundings. When you are cold, your body responds trembling. When you are hot,
your body responds by sweating. Plants and animals respond to their surroundings
changing or moving.
 Reproduction: is how the living things make more of themselves. Reproduction
allows each kind of living thing to exist on Earth for a long period of time.
Activities:
Join in pairs and talk (IN ENGLISH) with your colleague about the classification as
living or no living things: Ant colony, fish, Planet, sponge, Computer virus, Family, car, pine
What compounds make up the living things?
There are many compounds in cell parts. Carbon combines with other elements to
form many of these compounds. The more important groups of compounds are:
 Carbohydrates: The carbohydrates supply energy for cell activities. Sugar
and starches are carbohydrates. You get carbohydrates from honey, fruits,
bread, pasta, potatoes, ….
 Lipids: or fats store and release more energy than carbohydrates. Oil, cream,
butter give you lipids.
 Proteins: The living things need the proteins for cells grow and repair. Your
cells build their own proteins. Foods such milk, eggs, fish, meats and pulses
provide the materials for your cells to build proteins.
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Nucleic acids: The nucleic acid have two very important functions: help to
build proteins and carry the genetic material. They are in the chromosomes
and in other structures of cells.
In addition to the carbon compounds, the living things content water and mineral

salts.
Activities:
1) Fill the table with information of five different foods
Name
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Corn flakes
84 %
0.9 %
7%
2) Look the graph and answer the next questions.
a) What percent of your body is made up of carbon compounds?
b) What percent of your body is not made by water?
What are cells?
Contents of Human cell
Living things are organized into units. The basic unit of a living thing is called a cell.
All living things are made of cells. Some living things are made of only one cell. You
need a microscope to see them. Many-celled living things,
as complex plants and
water 70such
%
animals, are made of different kinds of cells. Each kind
of cell15
has
Proteins
% a special function.
Carbohydrates 1%
Lipids (Fats) 10 %
Nucleic
acids
The cell is the structural and functional
unit
of4 %all known living
organisms.
There are two basic types of cells:
Prokaryotes: Cells that lack a cell nucleus (Bacteria, etc.)
Eukaryotes: Cells with nucleus (Animals and plants)
Plants and animals are similar in many ways. They are also different in many ways.
Plant cell have a rigid outer covering. Animal cells do not have this covering. This
covering helps a plant to stand. Many plants cells also contain a green substance that
traps the energy of sunlight. This substance helps the cells to produce their own food.
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Prokaryote: Bacteria
What
are the parts of cells?
Eukaryote: Plant cell
If you look through a strong microscope, you can see that cells have small parts.
Each part has a special function or job:
Part
Function
Cell membrane
The outer covering. This membrane gives the cell its shape. The
membrane also helps move materials in and out the cell.
Nucleus
plural: nuclei
The largest part of the cell. The nucleus controls the cell activities. The
prokaryote cells haven’t nucleus.
Chromosomes
Are in the nucleus. Contain the DNA. Chromosomes are like plans or
blueprints of the cell. They store instructions for cell activities. They give
instructions to new cells.
Cytoplasm
A gel-like substance inside the cell membrane. Most of the cell life
processes take place in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm has structures that do
special jobs. Different structures have different functions.
Mitochondria:
They produce the energy for the cell.
sing.: Mitochondrion
Vacuoles
The cell storage spaces. The store foods, wastes and other things.
Animal cells have smaller vacuoles than plant cells.
Transport
system
Goes from the nucleus to the cell membrane and connect all the cell
(endoplasmic reticulum)
The plant cells also contain:
Cell wall
A hard covering outside the cell membrane. It protects and supports
the cell. Water and other substances pass through the cell wall to the
interior of the cell.
Chloroplasts
Green structures in many cell of leaves and stems of plants. They are
green because they contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. Plant
cells produce food in the chloroplasts
Activities:
Eukaryote: Plant cell
Eukaryote: Animal cell
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1. What compounds make up your cells?
a. The carbon compounds including sugars and starches that supply energy for
cell activities are: ____________
b. Foods such as cream, oils, butter, provide the cell energy storage are:
_______
c. Carbon compounds needed for cell growth and repair are : _________
d. Nucleic acids contain a code that allows cells to build ______________
2. Draw a plant cell and an animal cell and mark the studied parts. Find the differences.
3. Look at the both cells and answer the questions:
a. Most of the cell’s life activities take place within the ______________
b. The storage parts of a cell are the _____________.
c. Where is the cell membrane? (outside/inside):_____________
d. What cell part take up most of a cell?: _____________
e. Where the cells produce its energy?: _________
f. Where are the chromosomes?: ______________
g. Where is the nucleus membrane?: ______________
4. Look the plant cell and answer the questions:
a. Where is the cell membrane? (outside/inside):_____________ ¿And the Cell
wall? : ________
b. What cell part take up most of a cell?: _____________
c. How do the vacuoles in animal cells compare with those in plant cells?
(smaller/larger) : ______________
d. Where produce the plant cell its food?: _________
e. What colour are chloroplasts?: _____________
5. Fill in the blanks with the next words:
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Covering, powerhouses, microscope, energy, chromosomes, store, cytoplasm,
centre, water, nucleus.
You can look through a(n) ____________ to view the small parts that make up cells.
The cell membrane or outer ___________ gives the cell shape. The _________ directs the
activities of the cell. It acts as the cell’s control _____________. Long filaments called
________________ contain directions for cell activities. Most of the cell’s life activities
occur within the _________________. This gel-like substance holds an abundance of
___________________ . Mitochondria are the structures that supply the cells with
________________. Because of this function, mitochondria are referred to as the
__________________ of the cell. Vacuoles ________________ everything from food to
waste
6. Match the correct word with the description:
Nucleus
These particles form all the matter
Vacuoles
The control centre of a cell
Transport system
Gives the cell its shape and controls movement of
materials into and out of the cell
Cell wall
Where most of cell’s life processes take place
Mitochondrion
Where materials containing energy are packaged and
secreted
atom
A cell’s storage spaces
Cell membrane
Green structures found in many cells of plant leaves
and stems
Chromosomes
The blueprint of a cell
Chloroplasts
Extends from the nucleus to the cell membrane
Cytoplasm
A hard covering located outside the cell membrane of
a plant
Do the cells live alone?
Some living things are formed by only one cell (bacteria, protozoa, algae, …). We
name them: ONE-CELLED. They are microscopic. They can be prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
Amoeba
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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The living things that you can see in your environment (animals, plants,…) are
formed by a very large amount of cells. We name them MANY-CELLED. Their cells are
always eukaryotes.
Cells do not work alone in many-celled living things. They work in group called
TISSUES
A TISSUE is a group of similar cells working together to perform the same function.
There are four main groups of animal tissues:
Name
Function
Epithelial
Is made up of cells that cover and protect your
organs
Nervous
Sends messages through the body
Muscular
Is made up of cells that can contract. These tissues
moves bones and carries substances through the
body
Connective
Bones, cartilage, tendons, fat and blood. Holds your
body up
example
Plants also have many different kinds of cells in their stem, root and leaves
Name
Function
Dermal
Is very similar to the animal epithelial tissue. It
covers the plant body
Vascular
Transport water, food and other substances
through the plant
example
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Ground
Is in charge of photosynthesis and storage
Meristematic
Where new plant cells are made
Groups of different tissues called ORGANS work together to carry out certain
activities. Your heart is an organ. It is made up of muscle and nerve tissue. The brain, the
eyes are animal organs. These organs carry out particular functions.
The main plant organs are stems, roots, leaves. The stems support the plant. They
also transport substances to and from the leaves and the roots. The leaves are the organs
where photosynthesis takes place. The roots absorb nutrients and keep the plant in one
place.
Different organs are arranged into ORGAN SYSTEM. Organ systems are made up
of groups of organs that do the same job. Examples: The circulatory system in animals and
the shoot system (made of the stem, leaves and flowers) in plants.
All the organ system made up an ORGANISM. An organism is any living thing that
can carry out its life activities on its own.How does cellular nutrition work?
Cells need nutrients and energy. Particles must move into and out of the cell for this
to happen.
Nutrition consists of all the processes in which cells obtain energy and matter to
perform vital functions.
Nervoussalts,..)
system from outside
NerveThe
cell cell takes
Nervous
tissue(carbohydrates,
Brain lipids, proteins,
Man and
nutrients
subjects them to chemical processes (metabolism).
There are two kinds of metabolic processes:
Catabolism
Breaks complex organic compounds
simple substances and produces energy.
Anabolism
in Joins simple compounds to form complex
substances. Needs energy
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+
+
How many types of nutrition are there?
There are two types of nutrition: Autotrophic and Heterotrophic:
1) Autotrophic nutrition: The cell uses energy to make their own organic matter
from inorganic matter (oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, salts,..). Depending o the
source of energy, there are two types of processes:
a) Chemosynthesis: energy comes from chemical reactions (some bacteria).
b) Photosynthesis: uses the light like an energy source (plants, algae, etc.).
Need chloroplasts
2) Heterotrophic nutrition: The cell uses organic compounds made by other
living things
Autotrophic nutrition (DAY)
Water
Simple organic matter
Mineral salts
Carbon dioxide
Sun Light
Complex organic matter
Chloroplastes
Oxygen
Energy
Mitochondrion
Other functions
Carbon dioxide
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Autotrophic nutrition (NIGHT)
Simple organic matter
Complex organic matter
Chloroplastes
Oxygen
Energy
Mitochondrion
Other functions
Carbon dioxide
Heterotrophic nutrition
Complex organic matter
Complex organic matter
Simple organic matter
Energy
Other functions
Oxygen
Mitochondrion
Water
Carbon dioxide
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How does autotrophic nutrition work?
All the nutrition processes are formed by a chain of very similar steps. In the
autotrophic nutrition are:
1. Taking nutrients from the surroundings: The nutrients are inorganic molecules
(water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts).
2. Production of organic matter: This process (PHOTOSYNTHESIS) works in the
chloroplasts where a substance: the chlorophyll takes the sunlight and the
inorganic nutrients to form organic matter like the glucose. This process also
produces a lot of oxygen.
3. Using organic matter: The simple organic matter is used by its own cell or
transported to other cells to use or store. With these simple organic molecules the
cells make more complex molecules to grow, to repair, etc. or to produce energy in
respiration.
In cellular respiration, the cell burn glucose with oxygen and form water and
carbon dioxide. This process happens in the mitochondria.
Some bacteria cannot breathe in this way. They obtain energy by another
process which is less efficient than the respiration called BREWING. There are two
very important brewing processes: lactic brewing (converts glucose in lactic acid)
and alcoholic brewing (converts glucose in alcohol).
4. Excretion of wastes: eliminate and expel wastes formed in the processes.
How does heterotrophic nutrition work?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The heterotrophic living things can’t make its own nutrients.
Taking nutrients from the surroundings: The nutrients are simple and complex
organic molecules produced by other living things. In animals, the digestion is
performed in the gastric cavity or in the digestive tube.
Gases Exchanging: The respiratory system takes oxygen from its surroundings
and expel carbon dioxide. Respiration could be cutaneous (through the skin:
amphibians), branchial ( through the gills: fish), tracheal (through the tracheae:
insects) or pulmonary (through lungs: mammals)
Transporting: The circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen from the
digestive tube or the respiratory system to the cells
Using organic matter: The complex organic matter is divided in simple organic
matter. With these simple organic molecules the cells make more complex molecules
to grown, to repair, etc. or to produce energy in the respiration.
In cellular respiration, the cell burns with glucose with oxygen and forms
water and carbon dioxide. This process happens in the mitochondria.
Excretion of wastes: eliminate and expels wastes formed in the processes. There
are usually two ways: the end of the digestive tube and the excretion system.
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What is interaction?
All living things interact with their surroundings and with other living things to
survive. The interaction includes receiving and responding to a stimulus. The interaction
process could be divided into he sub processes:
1. Stimuli: Are detectable changes in or out the living things.
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