Download INTRODUCTON

Lesson number two: introduction to Anatomy and Physiology.
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The term Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana: separate, apart from,
and temnein, to cut up, cut open) is the branch of biology that is the consideration of the
structure of living things. Some related term are- microscopic anatomy, embryology,
comparative anatomy and histoloy,gross anatomy(also called as topographical anatomy,
regional anatomy, or anthropotomy), cytology., through common roots inmevolution.
Zootomy can be defined as “The anatomy of animals”
Physiology can be defined as
1. The biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.
2. All the functions of a living organism or any of its parts.
Gross anatomy - structures that are visible to the naked eye
Microscopic anatomy (histology) - invisible structures that form the gross anatomical
characteristic of the organs
Developmental anatomy (embryology) - studies the growth of the unborn
Physiology (Greek: physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical,
and biochemical functions of living organisms.
Lesson three: Directional terms and planes of the animal body.
Directional Terms:
Anterior—toward the front.
Posterior—toward the rear.
Superior—on top of a certain structure or location.
Inferior—beneath a certain structure or location.
Ventral —toward the belly of an animal.
Dorsal—toward the back of an animal.
Medial—toward the body midline or in the center.
Lateral—on the side.
Intermediate—between two organs, objects, or points.
Proximal—toward an origin or closest to the body midline.
Distal—farther away from an origin or farther from the body midline.
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Superficial—toward the surface.
Deep—away from the surface.
Oral—close to the mouth.
Planes and Sections:
Midsaggital— a plane that divides a bilaterally symmetrical organism into two mirror image
halves.
Parasaggital—a plane that divides a bilaterally symmetrical organism into two unequal halves.
Frontal or Coronal—a plane dividing a bilaterally symmetrical organism into a front and a back
half.
Transverse (cross-sectional) —a plane passing through a structure or organism that is at a 900
angle to the long axis of the structure.
Major Vertebrate Body Cavities:
Cranial—cavity containing the brain.
Spinal—cavity containing the spinal cord.
Abdominopelvic—cavity containing the abdominal and urogenital organs.
Thoracic—cavity containing the heart, lungs, and most of the esophagus.
Abdominal—cavity containing most of the digestive system and parts of the urinary system.
Pelvic—Cavity containing the reproductive organs end of the digestive tract, and parts of the
urogenital system (bladder).
Terms used in anatomy
Dorsal: means towards or beyond the backbone.
Ventral: means away from the backbone
Cranial: means towards the head.
Caudal: means towards the tail
Medial: means towards the median plane.
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Lateral: means away from median plane
Proximal: means relatively close to a given part
Distal: means relatively away from the backbone
Palmar: caudal surface of the forelimb.
Plantar: -do- hind limb.
Prone: refers to position in which the dorsal aspect of the body or any extremity is uppermost.
Supine: refers to the position in which the ventral aspect of the body or Palmar or plantar aspect
of extremity is uppermost.
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Positional terms
Dorsal
Cranial
Anterior
Proximal
Caudal
Ventral
Lateral
Medial
Distal
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TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS
Regions of the Body:
Head - referred to as the cranial or cephalic region
Neck - cervical region
Trunk - includes the thorax, abdomen, flank, lumbar, inguinal, and pelvic areas
Chest - the thorax or thoracic region
Withers - The high point at the junction of the neck and back
Formed by the top of the scapula and the thoracic vertebrae
Diaphragm - separates (dotted line) the thorax and abdomen and attaches to the costal
arch. The dotted line represents the position of the diaphragm in the median plane.
Lumbar - corresponds to the lower back
Flank- A fold of skin attaching the stifle and thigh to the abdominal area
Lateral to abdominal region
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Pelvic region (canal) -Surrounded by the os coxae (bones forming the pelvis), Contains
the reproductive organs and part of the urinary tract, Communicates with the abdominal
cavity
Inguinal region - ventral aspect of the pelvis; located between the hind legs
Perineal region
Perineum - area containing the anus or vulva. Surrounds the external openings of urinary,
digestive, and reproductive systems
Rump - area dorsal to the pelvis and beginning of the tail
Regions of the Legs:
FORELIMB
Shoulder -formed by the scapula and humerus
Brachium - found between the shoulder and elbow
Antebrachium - the forearm, found between the elbow and carpus
Carpus - equivalent to the human wrist and consists of several small bones and joints
Metacarpus - connects the carpus with digit; also known as the cannon bone in the horse.
The number of metacarpal bones corresponds to the number of digits.
Digits - toes, usually consist of 3 phalangeal bones each; number corresponds to number
of metacarpal bones
Forepaw - consists of carpal, metacarpal, and phalangeal bones,
HINDLIMB
Pelvic girdle - consists of the os coxae or fusion of the ilium, pubis, and ischium
Hip joint - articulation between the femur and the pelvis
Thigh - found between the hip joint and the stifle joint
Stifle joint - articulation between the femur, tibia, and fibula, and also contains the
patella (knee)
Leg - found between the stifle joint and the tarsus
Tarsus - equivalent to the human ankle; consists of several small bones and joints
Metatarsus - connects the tarsus with the digit, also known as the cannon bone in the
horse
Digits - toes usually consist of three phalangeal bones; the number of metatarsal bones
corresponds to the number of digits.
Hindpaw - consists of tarsus, metatarsus, and digits
The number of digits varies amongst the species:
SPECIES
# DIGITS
PER LEG
Bovine
4
Canine/Feline 4-5
Caprine/Ovine 4
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Equine
Porcine
4
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In both ruminants and pigs, 2 digits normally support the weight of the body.
In ruminants, the two non-weight supporting digits are vestigial and are called dewclaws.
In horses, one digit supports the weight of the body.
In dogs and cats, four digits support the weight of the body.
The fifth digit, if present, is called a dewclaw.
STUDENTS: It may help you to look ahead some at the bones and radiology pages some of the terms in this section are reviewed in those pages.
TERMINOLOGY OBJECTIVES:
You are familiar with the terminology of your community and family. You may talk about
the front room of your home, use directional terms such north and south, turn right or
left, or the end of your big toe or the back of your heel. With these terms and others, you
are able to communicate easily with your family and friends, without using a detailed
description of the process need to accomplish any of the tasked stated above.
Medical terminology is a learned language understood and used in daily activities by
individuals working in the medically related fields, such as, veterinary medicine, human
medicine, nursing, and the various fields of medical technology.
To understand the professional language used by veterinarians and veterinary
technicians, be able to understand and use the terminology presented in this module
Note the location in cattle.
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External Body Parts of Animals.
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