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Introduction
of Anatomy and General Description of
the Osteology(1)
Depar tment of Anatomy
Luzhou Medical College
Edited by professor Xiao
Department anatomy
Lu zhou medical college
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



Intruduction for department anatomy
①Human anatomy is a classical course and is a key course in
shichuang province colleges and universities and also is a key
course in Luzhou medical college. We have 《Applied Anatomy
Reseaching Room》，《Neurobiology Reseaching Room》，
《Anthropology Reseaching Room》.
②We set up the following course:《Systemic anatomy》
《Regional anatomy》《Sectional anatomy》《neuroanatomy》
《Anatomy of Head and neck 》《Anatomy of Oral jaw and
face 》《Human normal anatomy》and so on.
③This departmant possesses five professor , five vice
professor and also have four higher technician, one《Exibition
hall of Human body》and with 24 《Labolatory Rooms》and
Intruduce by myself.
I. Introduction of Anatomy
1. What is anatomy
Anatomy is the science which deals With
the morphology and special interrelations
of the structure of the body.
Anatomy
Animal anatomy
Human anatomy
Oldest(dig the
cadaver from the
grave or tomb) ;
and also is a
modern science
I.I.Introduction
IntroductionofofAnatomy
Anatomy
It is very important preclinical course and
is the main course of the medicine. Karl
Marx said “No anatomy, not medicine”
.
The general structures
of the human body
The human body consists of innumerable
cells. As development proceeds, groups of
cells become differentiated and built up
various tissues of the body.
Despite its complexity, the human body is composed of
only four basic types tissue. These tissues do not exist
as isolated
units, but rather
in association one with
Systematic
Anatomy
Gross
another Regional
and in variable
proportions
and
combinations,
Anatomy
forming different organs and structures.anatomy
A serial of
Sectional
Anatomy
organs and
structures
can be arranged in a system
Histology
according
to their common function. They are nine
Microscopic
systemsCytology
anatomy body
Cell-----tissue-----organ------system-------human
Embryology
I.I.Introduction
IntroductionofofAnatomy
Anatomy
2. The classification of the Anatomy
Systematic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy
Histology
Cytology
Embryology
Gross
anatomy
Microscopic
anatomy
1) Systematic Anatomy
① Locomotor
② Alimentary
③ Respiratory
④ Urinary
⑤ Genital
⑥ Circulatory
⑦ Endocrine
⑧ Sensory
⑨ Nervous
2) Regional Anatomy
① Head and Neck
② Thorax
③ Abdomen
④ Pelvis
⑤ Perineum
⑥ Limbs
⑦ Back and Vertebral region
3) Sectional Anatomy
4) Histology
Epithelial
tissue
Connective
tissue
Muscular
tissue
Nervous
tissue
5) Cytology
Cell membrane
Cell nucleus
Cytoplasm
6) Embryology
1.Gamete (sperm and
ovum)
2.Fertilization
3.Implantation
(imbed)
3. Aims of Study

Preclinic Courses

Clinic Courses
4. How to Study
1) It is a new field
2) Practical science
5. Anatomical Terms
1) Anatomical Position
For the purpose of description of the various body parts and their locations,
Erect position
Face
Palms
Direct
forward
Toes
Heels and toes together
2) Terms of Direction
• Superior (Cranial)
• Inferior (Caudal)
• Anterior(Ventral)
• Posterior (Dorsal)
• Medial
• Lateral
• Superficial
• Profundal
• Internal
• External
Another terms
Prone------supine
Spine ,Process.
Eminence.
Prominence.
Groove . Sulcus .
Tuber . Tubercle.
Tuberosity
Condyle. Malleollus
Tranchanter
Crest
Rough . Smooth .
Foramen. Hiatus.
Fissure Fossa.
Tranchanter
Condyle.
Malleollus
Foramen, Hiatus
Transverse section
Foramen
3) Axis and Planes
① Axis
•
•
•
Vertical
Sagittal
Coronal
② Planes
•
•
•
Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal
6. Advanced Anatomy
Applied Research
Pure Research
Microsurgery
Radiology
Biological Materials
etc
From Organ
to Gene
The locomotor system
The locomotor system includes bones,
joints and muscles. The individual bones of
the body are linked together by joints to form
the skeleton. The skeleton not only provides
framework for the body, but also has other
important functions: movement, protection,
storage of minerals, and formation of blood
cells. For example: skull, thoracic cage.

Skeletal muscles are attached to
bones and extend across joints.
When skeletal muscles contract,
they exert force on the bones and
cause movement. In movement,
bones act as the levers of
movement, joints as the axis, and
skeletal muscles as the motive
force. Therefore, the bones and
joints are passive systems of
movement, the skeletal muscles
which are supplied by nervous
system are the motive force
system.
II. General description of Osteology
1. Living bone is an organ
•
Hard and resilient
•
Proper shape
•
Characteristic functions
•
Own blood and nerve supply
•
Metabolism and Plasticity
•
Regeneration and reconstruction
•
Bones can be affected by genetic
II. General description of Osteology
1. Living bone is an organ
•
Bones can be affected by genetic, external and
internal environmental factors, thus, age, sex,
stature, habitude, health, diet, race, genetic
and endocrinological conditions should be
attended. Exercise contributes to the healthy
development and growth of
•
bones. Lack of exercise for a long time can
cause osteoporosis.
2. The shape and Classification
1)
2)
3)
4)
Long bones: A shaft; A cavity and two extremities
Short bones: A cuboid
Flat bones: Two layers of compact bone with spongy material
Irregular bones : vertebrae, some facial bones
Epiphyses
Epiphysial cartilage
Epiphysial lines
Articular surface
3. The Structure of Bones
1) Bony Substance
Compact: resisting stresses and bending
Spongy: arranged in line of the pressure and tension
Compact substance
External layer of the epiphyses and
the shaft of the long bone.
Spongy substance
(cancellous) consists of a lot of
trabeculuae—the lines of tensil
stress and the lines of
compresssive stress
2) Periosteum
Outer:
Periosteum
Inner:
Endosteum
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
3) Bone Marrow
Red Bone Marrow: Produce blood cells
Yellow Bone Marrow: Fat cells
4) Development of Bones
Diagram
depicting
Of stage
of
endocho
-ndral
ossificati
-on in
long
bone
软
骨
模
型
中
央
细
胞
肥
大
化初
和级
骨中
领心
形的
成基
质
钙
血管成骨牙侵入初级中心
次
级
骨建
化立
中在
心钙
形化
成软
并骨
血残
管余
化处
。的
原
始
骨
，
Secondary
Epiphyseal plate
Primary bone
骺
和
骺
板
继
续
生
长
，
红
骨
髓
增
生
G
5) Functions of the Bones
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Supporting of the body
Levers for muscles
Protection of organs
Produce blood cells
Storehouse of calcium