Download Climate

Climate & Meteorology
I.
Climate – The weather conditions, including temperature, precipitation and
wind that characteristically occur in a particular region.

A.
An area’s ________________________________________________________________________________
Factors that affect climate –
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ___________________________________________
4. Marine vs. _______________________________
5. ___________________________________ Effect
1.
Latitude and Insolation
a)
Higher latitudes have __________________________ temperatures, because they
receive less direct _______________________________.
(1)
_______________________ insolation –
(a)
Short daylight periods,
______________ shadow.
(2)
____________________ insolation –
(a)
Long daylight periods, ______________-________ shadows.
b)
A
Y
T
____________________ yearly temperatures (____________)
(1)
Mathematical average of temperature measurements taken every
day for one year.
(2)
0o
As ______________________________________________________ , ___________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Lat. 90o
c)
Yearly Temperature _________________________ (YTR)
(1)
________________________ and __________________________
temperatures for a particular area during a ____________
period.
(2)
As _____________________________________________________________________________,
_____________________________________________________________________________
Temperature
0oLatitude
40o Latitude
90o Latitude
Yearly
Temp.
Range
0o
Lat. 90o
JFMAMJJASOND
2.
Altitude - ______________________________ especially _________________________________________
or above the Earth’s surface.
a)
As ________________________________________________________________________,
_______________________________________________________.
3.
_______________________________________________ - make the climate of ______________________
regions warmer or cooler __________________________________________ for that latitude.
o
Pg __________ of ESRT’s
Warmer or Colder Than Normal?
East Coast of N.A. ______________________
East Coast of S.A. _______________________
___________________________ Current
4.
Marine vs. Continental –
a)
Summer
___________________________________________ and loses heat much _________________
than water.
Winter
(1)
Land areas tend to have:
(a)
______________________________________________________ and
_________________________________________________________.
(b)
Continental climates have ______________________________________
_______________________________
(2)
__________________________________________; near large bodies of water tend
to have:
(a)
_________________________________________________________ and
____________________________________________________.
(b)
Marine climates have ________________________________.
5.
Orographic Effect and __________________________________________ Effect
a)
Caused by mountain ranges or coastal areas of higher elevation.
(1)
Orographic Effect - __________________________________________ side_
(a)
_______________________ and ______________________ temperatures
(i)
(2)
______________________, Hawaii, Amazon Valley
Rain Shadow Effect - ________________________________side
(a)
______________________ and _______________________ temperatures
(i)
_______________________________, deserts of Peru
5.
4.
6.
3.
7.
2.
8.
1.
B.
Factors that Affect Rainfall –
1.
Latitude - __________________________________________________ produces global _____________
and air _________________________________ belts.
2.
a)
Low pressure belts produce ________________ regions.
b)
High pressure belts produce _____________________ regions.
(1)
Wet latitudes are: ____________________________________________
(2)
Dry latitudes are: _____________________________________________
Areas of Rainfall –
a)
Regions on Earth where air _________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________, forms
clouds and precipitates.
(1)
________________________________ side of a mountain
(2)
_________________________________ - ___________________________________ regions
where warm humid air rises as a result of ____________________________.
(a)
Dry
Produces thunderstorms almost __________________________.
Wet
Dry
b)
Regions on Earth where prevailing _______________________ blow in ______________
____________________________________________; usually receive more rainfall.
3.
Areas of __________________ rainfall –
a)
Regions on Earth where air _________________________________________________________
____________________ and becomes less humid/______________.
b)
(1)
________________________________________ side of mountain
(2)
Horse (mid) latitudes - __________________________________
(3)
High pressure weather systems
Regions on Earth where _______________________________________ winds blow from
the interior of a _____________________________________________; usually receive less
rainfall.
C.
Region/Climate Comparison
1.
Death Valley, California - ___________________________
2.
Cherrapunji, India - ________________________________
3.
Amazon Valley, South America - ____________________________
4.
Deserts of Peru, South America - ________________________________________________________
My Climate
Weather vs. Climate
Daily Weather Characteristics
Meteorology: The scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on ____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
II.
Weather – The state, or ____________________________________, of atmospheric
_____________________________ for a location at _______________________________________________
A.
B.
Atmospheric Variables & Measurements:
1.
________________________________

___________________________________________________
2.
________________________________

___________________________________________________
3.
________________________________

___________________________________________________
4.
________________________________

__________________________ or inches of Mercury
Causes of Weather:
1.
Amount of ___________________________________ (INcoming SOLar radiATION.)
a)
_________________
b)
__________________
2.
__________________________________________________ of Earth’s surface.
a)
Surface heating is dependent on ___________________________________________________
of sunlight.
LLLLL
Low Latitude
b)
Mid Latitude
High Latitude
The uneven heating of Earth’s surface causes the ______________________________
to react and ________________________________ and infinite variety of weather
_____________________________________.
C.
Weather Instruments:
_____________________
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
Measures
Air___________________
Relative
_____________________
Measures Rainfall
Measures
&
_______________________________________
_____________________
Measures
____________________________
_____________________
Measures
__________________________
_____________________
Measures
__________________________
III.
Atmosphere - The shell of air (__________________________) that surrounds the Earth.
A.
B.
Molecular Composition of the Atmosphere
1.
78% - __________________
2.
21% - __________________
3.
0-4% - ______________________
4.
0.93% - Argon
5.
.03% - __________________
6.
.01% - ____________________________ gases; ex. ______________________________
7.
Dust particles ( ____________________________________________________________________)
Composition vs. Altitude:
1.
50 miles - From Earth’s surface to the Stratopause there is a mixture of gases
including __________________________________________________________________________.
2.
600 miles - between the Mesosphere and the Ionosphere there is a layer of
Oxygen and then a layer of Helium.
3.
_______________miles - At the top of the Ionosphere there is a layer of Hydrogen
that thins out into space.
C.
Temperature vs. Altitude: page ______ of ESRT.
D.
The Atmosphere & Insolation: Our Heat Budget
1.
6% - Reflected by ______________________, dust particles and water droplets
2.
20% - ______________________________ by clouds.
3.
4% - Reflected by _______________________________________________.
4.
3% - Absorbed by _____________________
5.
51% - Absorbed by ________________________________________.
6.
16% - Absorbed by _________________, water vapor and dust
100 Units of
Insolation
1
6
2
4
5
3
Surface of Earth
Re-radiation from Earth’s surface
IV.
Temperature & Heat
A.
Heat Transfer – how heat moves.
1.
Conduction – Heat is transferred through the _________________________________________
a)
This occurs best in _________________, where molecules are closely packed.
Molecules vibrate _____________ when heat is applied.
2.
_______________________ - Heat is transferred through the movement of ______________
& ____________________.
a)
As ___________ water rises it mixes with _________ water and creates an up
and down pattern; called convection currents.
3.
Radiation – Heat is transferred by __________________________________________ through
air or space.
a)
__________________________, ____________________________ and other electromagnetic
waves travel through a vacuum from the Sun to the Earth daily.
Ex: ______________________________________________
Heat Transfer
Factors that Affect the Amount/Rate of Heating
1.
The ____________________ and ____________________________ of sunlight.
a)
______________________/time of day
(1)
The angle of _____________________________________________________________ in
the course of one day/seasons; ____________________________ intensity
occurs at __________________/summer.
Angle of
Insolation
Intensity of
Insolation
B.
9am
(sunrise)
2.
noon
9pm
(sunset)
Specific Heat - The ____________________________________________ per unit mass required
_____________________________________________________________________ by one degree Celsius.
1. page _________ ESRT’s
3.
_____________________ vs. _____________________
a)
4.
Color: ___________________________________________________________
a)
5.
__________________ heats up and cools down ___________________than water.
_________________ colors heat up ______________________ than lighter colors.
Texture: _______________________ vs. ________________________
a)
_____________________ surfaces heat up _____________________ than smooth surfaces
because rough surfaces have more surface area.
C.
Measuring Temperature – page _______ of ESRT
V.
Moisture – dampness that can be felt as vapor (gas) in the atmosphere or
condensed liquid on the surfaces of objects.
A.
The Water Cycle
1.
The primary source of _______________________ for the water cycle is the sun.
2.
Transpiration is the process by which ____________________ release __________________
into the atmosphere.
3.
____________________________________ is falling liquid or solid water from the
clouds to the Earth’s surface.
a)
B.
Ex: ___________________________________________________________________________
Changes in States of Matter – page _______ of ESRT
1.
States of Matter
a)
_____________________________
b)
_____________________________
c)
_____________________________
2.
Phases of Matter – how they _________________________
a)
Evaporation
___________________________________________
b)
______________________________
Freezing
c)
_____________________________________
Deposition
*Each of these paired phase changes occurs at the ______________ temperature, depending on the material.
3.
_______________________
a)
______________________
_____________________________: occurs as a solid turns into a liquid; by warming.
(1)
Water must _________________________ 334 calories of _______________/heat
to change 1g of ice into liquid water.
b)
_______________________________: occurs as a liquid turns into a solid; by cooling.
(1)
Water molecules ________________________________ the same amount of
___________________________ that is gained during melting.
4.
_________________________________
a)
________________________________________: occurs as a liquid changes into a _________
(1)
b)
_____________________________
Water must _________________ 2260 calories of energy to change 1g of
liquid water into water vapor.
__________________________________________: occurs as a gas changes into a liquid
(1)
Water molecules ___________________________the same amount of energy
that is gained during evaporation.
(2)
Condensation in the atmosphere results in the formation of
_________________________ and _________________________________________.
Calories/oC
5.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Vaporization (Evaporation)
a)
R
of
V
Temperature: As ________________________________
______________________________
the rate of _____________________________________ ______________________________.
b)
Humidity: As ________________________________ _________________________________
the rate of ___________________________________ _________________________________.
c)
Wind: As __________________________________ ___________________________________
the rate of ________________________________________ ________________________________.
d)
R
of
V
Surface Area: As _____________________________ area __________________________________
the rate of _________________________________ ________________________________________
e)
Specific Heat: As ___________________________heat _______________________________
the rate of _________________________________________ __________________________________
R
of
V
6.
R
of
V
___________________
a)
_____________________
___________________________________: occurs as a solid changes directly into a gas.
(1)
b)
R
of
V
Ex: Mothballs and ______________________________
___________________________________: occurs as a gas changes directly into a solid.
C.
Moisture in the Atmosphere - the primary source for water in the atmosphere
is the oceans. Other sources include ________________________________________________
1.
2.
Water exists as all three states in the atmospherea)
Solid- minute ____________________________ suspended in the air
b)
Liquid- minute water ____________________________ suspended in the air
c)
Gas- ____________________________________
__________________________________ is the general term used to describe the
______________________ of water ______________________ in the air.
3.
_________________________________ determines the amount of water vapor the air can
___________________.
a)
As air temperature ___________________________, the amount of water vapor the
air can hold also increases.
4.
__________________________________ occurs when air holds ______________________________
water vapor _______________________________ at a given ____________________________________.
a)
Rate of __________________________________ = Rate of _________________________________
A
B
C
Saturated
Unsaturated
Unsaturated
_________________________
____________________________
air molecule
water molecule
___________________________
Evaporation
Condensation
5.
Dew Point Temperature – the temperature to which ________________________________
__________________________________ to reach saturation.
a)
Measuring with a _____________________________________________________
(1)
Two thermometers; one ______________ bulb and one _____________ bulb.
(2)
When whirled in the air evaporation occurs on the _____________
bulb. This causes the temperature of the wet bulb to _______________.
(3)
_________________________________ between the dry bulb and the wet bulb
_____________________________________ the _____________________________ and the
relative humidity of the air.
(a)
The air is saturated when the difference between the two
bulbs equals ______________.
(i)
Dry air: greater difference between wet and dry
bulbs. More _______________________ and cooling.
(ii)
Humid air: smaller difference between the wet
and dry bulb. ________ evaporation and cooling.
b)
Measuring Dew Point: Use page _______ in your ESRT’s to complete the
following table.
Dry Bulb Temp
22oC
22 oC
20 oC
15 oC
9 oC
8 oC
17 oC
Wet Bulb Temp
20 oC
13 oC
14 oC
12 oC
3 oC
6 oC
17 oC
Difference
Dew Point
6.
____________________________________________ - The ratio between the _____________________
amount of water ____________________ in the air to the _________________________ amount
of water vapor the air can ___________________ at ant given temperature.
40o
20o
10o
1:2
1:1
1:4
Temperature
a)
Factors that affect Relative Humidity:
(1)
If the temperature _________________________________; and the amount of
____________________________________ remains the same, relative humidity
will ___________________________________.
(2)
Time of day
(a)
______________________ RH occurs around 5 am when it’s the
___________________________________
(b)
___________________________ RH occurs around 3 pm when air
temperature is the _______________________________.
b)
Absolute Humidity: the ______________________________ amount of water
vapor in the air.
(1)
If ______________________________ in the air increases and ____________________
remains the same, relative humidity will _______________________________.
1:4
2:4
Water Vapor
4:4
c)
Measuring Relative Humidity: Use page _______ of the ESRT to complete the
following chart.
Dry Bulb Temp
20oC
8oC
22oC
22oC
15oC
15oC
3oC
Wet Bulb Temp
14oC
6oC
13oC
20oC
12oC
15oC
-1oC
Difference
Relative Humidity
7.
Clouds – tiny droplets of __________________ water or minute ____________ crystals
suspended in the air.
a)
Conditions needed for Cloud formation
(1)
__________________________________ in the air.
(2)
__________________________________ temperatures
(3)
Condensation _________________________________________
(a)
b)
Aerosols in the atmosphere; which provide a surface
for liquid water/ice to condense upon.
Precipitation ___________________________________________________________________________
c)
Adiabatic Cooling: cooling in the atmosphere
(1)
As a parcel of __________________________________________, the amount of air
_________________________ surrounding the parcel ___________________________.
(2)
The parcel will begin to _________________________ in volume as it
rises. As it expands, it becomes __________________________.
(3)
When its temperature __________________ to its _____________________________
temperature, the water ____________________ in the air
_____________________________________ and cloud forms in the sky.
d)
Cloud Types
(1)
__________________________________: wispy and light.
(2)
___________________________________: Spread out or layered.
(3)
___________________________________: Heaps or piles, vertical growth.
(4)
___________________________________: Prefix meaning “high”
(5)
___________________________________: Rain-bearing or snow-bearing
e)
Using the descriptions draw and label different cloud types below:
VI.
Air Pressure – The force of _______________________ causes the air to have
_________________________; this creates air pressure.
A.
Air pressure acts ___________________________ in all directions
1.
All objects that contain air have _____________________________________.
a)
B.
Measuring air pressure:
1.
Air pressure at sea level is ___________ pounds per square inch.
2.
Standard atmospheric pressure at _______________________________ is:
3.
C.
Ex: ___________________________________________________________________
a)
______________________________________________________
b)
______________________________________________________
c)
______________________________________________________
Use page ________ in ESRT’s to convert millibars into inches of Mercury.
a)
997 mb = ________________ in
b)
_________________ = 30.15 in
c)
982 mb = _________________ in
d)
__________________ = 29.53 in
_______________________
________________________
_______________________
_________________________
Factors that cause a change in air pressure:
1.
Temperature- as ____________ temperature ___________________________ molecules
Pressure
move _____________________________; and the air becomes less __________________________,)
air pressure __________________________.
Temperature
Pressure
2.
Moisture- as _____________________________ of the air _____________________________ air
pressure ___________________________________.
a)
Moist/______________________ air holds more water __________________ molecules.
b)
Water vapor molecules are ____________________________ then the ______________
dry air molecules they replace.
c)
Humidity
3.
Water vapor molecules replace dry air molecules during ________________
Altitude – as altitude ___________________________, air pressure _________________________.
a)
At __________________________ altitudes there is less air above you and the air
is less __________________.
VII.
Wind – The _________________________ movement of air; ____________________ to Earth’s
surface.
A.
Causes of Wind –
1.
2.
B.
___________________________ heating of Earth’s surface.
a)
Land vs. _____________________
b)
_____________________ vs. Equator
c)
Dark forest vs. ______________________________
Winds help distribute _______________________ from regions with ___________________
energy to regions with _________________ energy.
Sea-Breeze vs. Land-Breeze
1.
Sea-Breeze:
a)
Land air is warmer and _______________________________; ______________ pressure
b)
Air over Lake Ontario is cooler and _____________________________;____________
pressure.
L
H
2.
Land-Breeze:
a)
Land air is cooler and more ____________________________; _______________ pressure.
b)
Air over Lake Ontario is warmer and ____________________ dense; ________________
pressure.
L
H
C.
Wind Direction – Winds always blow from regions of ______________ pressure
to regions of ____________ pressure.
1.
The Coriolis Effect:
a)
b)
2.
The Earth’s __________________________ on it’s axis causes winds to be deflected.
(1)
Northern Hemisphere – to the ____________ ( _____________________________)
(2)
Southern Hemisphere – to the ____________ (_____________________________)
Global Winds – cause by unequal distribution of insolation.
Cyclones vs. Anticyclones:
a)
Anticyclones – ________________ pressure systems
(1)
Winds move in a ____________________________, _______________________ spiral.
H
Map view
b)
Cyclones – ________________ pressure system
(1)
Winds move in a _________________________________, ___________________ spiral.
L
Map view
c)
D.
Side view of cyclone and anticyclone
Wind Speed – the speed of the wind is determined by the difference in
_______________________ between two locations.
1.
Pressure ____________________________: The difference in air pressure at two
separate locations.
a)
As the air pressure gradient _______________________________, wind speed
___________________.
2.
Wind speed is measured in __________________________.
a)
_____________ knot = ____________ _______/________
Determining Pressure Gradient: ESRT
(1)
(2)
1. Where is the pressure gradient the
greatest? _______________________
(3)
2. Where is the wind speed the slowest?
(4)
3. What is the pressure gradient between
Niagara Falls and Rochester?
______________________________
______________________________
o Page __________ of ESRT’s
VIII. Air Mass - A large body of ___________ in the ___________________________ with similar
characteristics. Ex: _____________________________________________________
A.
Source Region – a geographic region where air mass was _______________________
1.
B.
Picks up ____________________________________________________________ that it formed over.
Types of Air Masses –
1.
Tropical – originates over ____________________ regions.
a)
2.
Polar – originates over ____________________________ regions.
a)
3.
______________________________
Maritime – originates over _____________________________.
a)
C.
Very ___________________ and ____________________/moist.
Continental – originates over ____________________________________.
a)
6.
Very _________________ and ______________/ arid.
Equatorial – originates over ____________________________ regions.
a)
5.
_______________________ temperatures
Arctic - originates over _____________________________ regions.
a)
4.
___________________ temperatures
__________________/ humid.
_______________________________ are a combination of _____________________________
and _________________________ conditions from their source region.
Symbol
Source Region
Name of Air Mass
Characteristics
Continental Polar
Cold & Dry
mT
Warm & Moist
Continental Tropical
cA
Warm & Dry
Very Cold & Very Dry
Maritime Polar
Cold & Moist
D.
USA – Source Regions
IX.
Weather Fronts - a _________________________ between __________________________________.
A.
Cold front – the front edge of a cold air mass _________________________________ and
_________________________________ warmer air.
1.
Narrow band of ___________________________________ usually comes before a cold
front moves in.
B.
Warm- front – the front edge of a warm air mass ______________________________ and
_____________________________ colder air.
1.
A wide band of ______________________________________ usually comes just before a
warm front moves in.
C.
Stationary front - _________ different air masses move ______________________ to each
other and Earth’s surface.
D.
Occluded Front - two or ____________ air masses interact and combine at their
______________________________.
E.
Page ___________ of ESRT’s
Today’s Weather
Weather Report
X.
Weather Maps:
A.
Isoline –
1.
A line connecting points of ________________________ on a map.
a)
B.
Isotherm –
1.
Lines that connect points of equal ____________________
a)
C.
Isolines illustrate weather _________________ on a map field.
Points of equal value connect _________________ across the US..
Isobars –
1.
Lines that connect points of equal ________________________
a)
Points of equal value connect in _______________ on a map.
D.
Mapping a temperature field –
1.
Connect points of equal temperatures in intervals of 10oF
a)
30
(… 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80…)
Calvary
27
50
Winnipeg
Bismarck
40
34
33
Montreal
30
Butte
49
34
40
Boise
39
Minneapolis
40
42
44
57
Salt Lake
City
60
San
Francisco
46
New York City
40
Chicago
51
60
Denver
Cincinnati
50
Kansas City
45
Richmond
63
68
62
Los
Angeles
Boston
Buffalo
Detroit
58
30
Farther Point
40
Seattle
3
0
70
68
54
57
Phoenix
Roswell
Chattanooga
56
Oklahoma
City
71
Little Rock
71
Atlanta
58
Charleston
72
Fort Worth
60
Galveston
Hatteras
Jacksonville
76
New Orleans
77
Tampa
80
Miami
2.
The greatest temperature gradient is between ______________________________ and
__________________.
a)
3.
This is indicated by the isotherms being _________________________________________
Calculate the temperature gradient from Cincinnati to Chicago:
a)
Change in field value ÷ Distance = Gradient
E.
Mapping an air pressure field –
1.
2.
Isobars are drawn in intervals of ____________ in the US.
a)
Decode station model pressure readings by adding a 9 or a 10 to
the front of the number and a decimal between the last two digits.
b)
040 = __________________, 120 = ____________________, 759 = _________________
Connect points of equal air pressure in intervals of 4 mb.
Identify areas of high or low pressure by labeling the middle with an H/L
XI.
Weather Trends/_______________________:
A.
Weather systems move ________________ to _______________ across the USA.
1.
This trend is caused by the __________________________________________; due to Earth’s
rotation from _________________ to __________________.
B.
Regent’s Maps - contain ___________________ models and/or ________________.
C.
Extreme Weather:
1.
Hurricanes –
a)
_________ pressure; storm systems
b)
Fueled by energy _____________________________ over ________________ ocean water.
(1)
2.
Fueling is caused by ___________________________________.
c)
_________________________________ energy over land; loses fuel source.
d)
Extremely high ________________; blowing _______________.
Tornadoes –
a)
A violently rotating ________________________ of air, in contact with the ground.
b)
Stems from a ________________________ cloud or just underneath a cumulus
cloud.
c)
Often visible as a _______________________ cloud.
d)
Cause:
(1)
_______________ air moves over _________________ air.
(2)
During developing _______________________________________
(3)
Typically in the ___________________________________