Download Name: _______ Per: _____ Notes: Evolution Vocab Builder 1

Name: ______________________________ Per: _____
Notes: Evolution
Vocab Builder
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I.
evolution
scientific theory
traits
offspring
inherited traits
acquired traits
species
natural selection
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fitness
adaptation
population
variation
mutation
fossils
prokaryotes
relative dating
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absolute dating
half-life
transitional forms
biogeography
homologous structures
vestigial structures
Origins of Life on Earth
A. ______________ Model of Life
1.
In 1924, Russian scientist Aleksander Oparin proposed that Earth is approximately
____________________________ and that the ________________ atmosphere contained:
a.
_____________ (NH3)
b. _____________ (H2O) vapor
c.
_____________ (CH4)
d. _____________ (H2)

Which important gas(es) is/are missing? ________________________
2. ____________ from the sun, lightning and heat from the earth broke apart these
_______________.
3. The _________ randomly bonded together to form _________ _________, _________ and
_________ _________, which accumulated in the oceans.
What are proteins made of? _________ _________
4. Over millions of years these _________ ______________ combined to form simple cells that
filled the Earth’s primordial oceans.
B. Miller & Urey’s Experiment (1953)
1.
In 1953, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey showed that you can make _________ ____________
from ______________ molecules.
2. The experiment:
a.
Miller electrocuted a _________ of water vapor, methane, ammonia and hydrogen gas.
b. He collected the liquid and found ____________________________________________!
c.
However, as of today, no one has produced a _________ cell from _________ materials.
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A. General Info
A. Evolution means “______________________________”
B. Process by which ______________ organisms have descended from Earth’s earliest forms of life
C. It is a _______________ ______________ What is a scientific theory?

______________________________________________________________________________
D. Foundation of modern biology that ____________________________________________________
III.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
A. Background Info
1.
Most Europeans in the 1700-1800’s ______________:
a.
Earth was only ______________ _____________ years old
b. Since their creation, neither ______________________________
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Approximately how old is Earth? ______________________________
2. In 1841, Thomas Malthus predicted in his Essay on the Principle of Population that the
____________ ______________ will grow faster than the ___________ and
___________needed to sustain it

What happens to populations of organisms that exceed their resource limits?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________ of Acquired Traits
a.
In 1809, Jean Baptiste de Lamarck proposed that traits developed during a parent’s
lifetime are inherited by their offspring

Is this a supported hypothesis?
My, How You’ve Changed!
Inherited Traits
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Acquired Traits
Which of the items in your lists do you think you might pass on to your children?
___________________________________________________________________________________
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4. In 1830, Charles Lyell explained in his book __________________________ how geological events
(__________,__________,) build up or tear down the Earth over __________ of years
a) Explains how
_____________________________________________________________________

Why are these geological discoveries so important?
___________________________________________________________________________________
C. Evolution by ________________ ________________
1.
Voyage Around the World
a.
In 1831, _____________ _____________set sail from England on the
________________ for a voyage around the world
b. As the ship’s _____________, Darwin recorded _____________ and collected
_____________ of the many _____________ and _____________ species he saw
c.
Galapagos _____________
i.
Group of islands 1,000 km off the coast of Central and S. America that are close
together but have very different _____________ and an amazing
________________________________(iguanas, finches, tortoises)
ii.
_____________ animals and plants seemed very well _____________ to their
island’s environment
iii.
_____________ shape of each species of Galapagos _____________ is
related to its eating _____________
iv.
Based on his observations, Darwin _____________ that the Galapagos plant and
animal species ____________________________ from Central and S. America
2. ___________________________________ (book)
a.
1859, Darwin _____________ his findings
b. _____________ are not _____________ and _____________
c.
Proposed a mechanism for evolution called natural selection =
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
d. Survival of the _____________
iii.
Fitness = _____________________________________________________
iv.
Adaptation =
____________________________________________________________
v.
Over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited traits of a
population, increasing that species’ fitness.
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3. Summary of Darwin’s Theory
a.
Organisms produce more __________________ that can survive (think mice, bunnies, etc)
b. Individual organisms of the same species __________________, and some of this
__________________ is __________________.
c.
i.
Today, we know these variations are the result of mutations.
ii.
Mutations occur by _________ _________ and if favorable, it will be
_________by organism’s _________ (e.g. Peppered moths, antibiotic resistant
bacteria or insecticide resistant insects)
Organisms struggle to _________
Why?
i.
Individuals of each species _________for resources (food, space, mate, etc)
d. Species alive today have descended with modification from ancestral species of the past.
This process unites all organisms on earth into a single ___________________________.
IV.
Evidence for evolution
A. ___________________ – provides evidence about the history of life on Earth
1.
Fossils ________________________________________________________________.
EX:
2. Fossils occur in a particular order; ___________ forms existed before more ___________ forms
(e.g. the oldest known fossils are prokaryotes)
3. Fossil dating techniques
a.
Relative Dating - layering of ___________ results in the ___________ and ___________
fossils usually further ___________
b. Absolute/Radiometric Dating
i.
Some rocks contain ___________ that are ___________ and will
___________ (break down) at a ___________ rate over time
ii.
Half-life =
____________________________________________________________
iii.
Scientists can ___________ the age of a sample by ___________ remaining
amount of radioactive ___________ like carbon14
4. Transitional Forms
a. ___________ ___________ of life appearing in the fossil record that are "in-between"
existing types of organisms found today or in the past
b. Many examples of ___________ ___________ exist in the fossil record
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B. Biogeography
1. Geographical ___________ of ___________
2. Species living on different ___________ who ___________ from the same ancestor, look
slightly different because they were exposed to different ___________ ___________ (e.g.
armadillos and anteaters, lions and tigers)
3. Consistent with ___________ ___________
C. Comparative Anatomy
1.
Homologous structures –
________________________________________________________________________
a.
Example: basic bones in the arms of a human, wings of a bird and fins of a whale.
2. Vestigial Structures- ____________________________________________________
3. Atavism - rare reappearance of a ___________ __________________ specific to an
evolutionary ancestor (gene is turned back on)
a.
Ex: whales with legs, human babies with true tails
D. Comparative Embryology - closely related organisms pass through similar stages as ___________ ->
______________________________
E. DNA
1.
Scientists can compare the _____of different ___________ to determine their relatedness
2. Closer similarities means more likely to have a ___________ ___________
3. Example: a human’s DNA is ~ 97% similar to that of a chimpanzee.
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