Download Ch16ReadingStudyGuide

Your Name _______________________________Period_____ Date___________________
Ch. 16 Title Record Here _____________________________________________________________________
Central Case: Collapse of the Cod Fisheries - pp. 443-444
*Why does the author say that the cod has had more impact on human civilization than any other fish?
*the Atlantic cod (Gasus morhua) is a type of __________________________, a name given to any fish that
lives or feeds along the ______________________.
*cod occur in 24 discrete populations, commonly called __________________.
*the crash of the cod came in the 19_____, because too many fish had been taken and because______________
had destroyed so much underwater habitat
*by 1992, scientists reported that mature cod were at just _____% of their long-term abundance
*How did the Fisheries Minister and the government respond to this crisis?
*in 1994, the _______________________________________________(NMFS) closed 3 prime fishing areas
on Georges Bank
*What does the research suggest about why cod are not recovering as hoped?
THE OCEANS- pp. 444-449
Be familiar with Figure 16.2, p. 445: The _________________Ocean is the largest and, like the Atlantic and
___________________________Oceans, includes both tropical and temperate waters. The smaller
_________________________ and ________________________ include the waters in the north and south
polar regions, respectively.
Oceans cover most of Earth’s Surface
*the one “world ocean” covers _____% of Earth’s surface and contains _____% of its surface water.
The oceans contain more than water
*_______________________ near the equator is _______ because this region has a great deal of precipitation,
which is relatively salt-free. In contrast, surface salinity is high at latitudes roughly _____________degrees
north and south, where evaporation exceeds precipitation.
*Roughly ____% of the gas dissolved in seawater is ________________, which is produced by
___________________________ plants, bacteria, and __________________________, and by diffusion from
the atmosphere.
Ocean water is vertically structured
*Water density increases as _____________________rises and as _____________________falls; these
relationships give rise to different ________________of water; heavier (_________________ and
_______________) water ____________; and lighter (___________ and less salty) water remains nearer the
surface
*Below the zone of surface water lies the ___________________, a region in which the density increases
rapidly with depth; contains about _____% of ocean water by volume, compared to the surface zone’s 2%; the
remaining 80% resides in the deep zone beneath the __________________________
*the reason for the stable temperature of the ocean is that water has a very high ______________
_______________, a measure of the heat required to increase temperature by a given amount
*by absorbing heat and releasing it to the atmosphere, the oceans help regulate Earth’s ____________________
Ocean water flows horizontally in currents
*surface ________________are vast riverlike flows driven by density differences; flow within the upper 400m
of water, horizontally and for great distances
*in your own words- explain the importance both historically and ecologically of ocean currents:
Make a chart of the ocean currents with column headings “warm-water” vs. “cold-water” and list those depicted
in Figure 16.5 on p. 447- record the names of each current under the headings and at least one of the nearest
continents
Warm-Water Currents
Cold-Water Currents
Flows by this/these continents
Vertical movement of water affects marine ecosystems
*__________________, is the vertical flow of cold, deep water toward the surface, occurs where horizontal
currents diverge; these waters are rich in _______________________from the bottom; sites
of high ______________________ productivity
*The ___________________effect draws wind and water away from the CA coastline- and then pulled up
from the bottom to replace the water that moves away from shore- see Figure 16.6
*______________________is an area where surface currents converge, surface water sinks
Seafloor topography can be rugged and complex
*the lowest spot in the oceans --_____________________ Trench in the South Pacific---is deeper than
Mount Everest is high, by over 2.1 km; the longest mountain range is underwater- the
__________________________________ Ridge runs the length of the Atlantic Ocean
*________________________the measurement of ocean depths & __________________is the
physical geography, or the shape and arrangement of landforms
*the _______________________slope angles somewhat steeply downward, connecting the continental
shelf to the deep ocean basin below
*______________ zone is the well-lighted top layer of the ocean where nearly all of the ocean’s primary
productivity occurs
*______________is the habitat and ecosystems occurring between the ocean’s surface and floor
*_____________is the term for habitats and ecosystems that occur on the ocean floor
MARINE and COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS– pp. 449-454
Open-ocean ecosystems vary in their biological diversity
*microscopic ___________________constitute the base of the marine food __________ in the pelagic zone
*____________________found in the uppermost reaches of ocean waters are billions and billions of these tiny
photosynthetic ____________, protists, and _____________________; _______________________, small
animals and protists dine on these and comprise the next _________________level (see Figure 16.9)
*How do organisms that live where light doesn’t reach get their energy?
Kelp forests harbor many organisms
*Kelp is also known as large brown _________________, these underwater forests absorb ___________energy
and protect shorelines from ____________________. Asian cultures use kelp for alginates that serve as
____________________ for products such as cosmetics, paints, paper and soaps
Coral reefs are treasure troves of biodiversity
*a coral reef is a mass of _________________________________composed of the skeletons of tiny colonial
marine organisms known as corals (which are tiny ___________________animals related to sea anemones and
jellyfish); these derive nourishment from symbiotic algae known as _________________________

__________________________is a process that occurs when zooanthellae leave the coral, depriving it
of nutrition; thought to result from increased sea surface ________________________associated with
global ____________________change
*What other actions are threatening and causing the decline of coral reefs worldwide?
Intertidal zones undergo constant change
*another name for the intertidal zone, where the ocean meets the land, _________________, spread between the
uppermost reach of the high tide and the lowest limit of the low tide
*tides are the periodic rising and falling of the ocean’s height at a given location, caused by the
___________________________of the moon and _________; tides occur roughly _____hours apart
*marine organisms that live in these zones must protect themselves from _____________predators at high tide
and ___________________predators at _________tide
Salt marshes occur widely along temperate shorelines
*grasses such as those in the genera ____________________ and Distichlis comprise the dominant vegetation
in most salt marshes
*these marshes provide critical ____________ for shorebirds, filter out _________________________ and
stabilize shorelines against storm surges
Mangrove forests line coasts in the tropics and subtropics
*mangroves are trees with unique types of __________________ that curve upward like snorkels to attain
______________ lacking in the mud or that curve downward like stilts; these serve as __________________for
fish&shellfish; provide materials that people use for _______________, _____________, tools and construction
*we have eliminated __________the world’s mangrove forests; and continues to decline by 2-8% per year
*we have granted only about ____% of the world’s remaining mangroves protection against________________
Freshwater meets salt water in estuaries
*estuaries are water bodies where rivers flow into the _________________, mixing ________ with _____water
*___________________is a term for a fish, such as salmon, that spawn in fresh water and mature in salt water
HUMAN USE and IMPACT- pp. 454-457
Oceans provide transportation routes
*ships transport ________________water, which, when discharged at ports of destination, may transplant
aquatic organisms picked up at ports of departure; some of these species, such as the ___________ musselestablish themselves and becomes ______________________
We extract energy and minerals
*worldwide, about ____% of our crude oil and nearly _________ of our natural gas comes from seafloor
deposits; ____________________hydrate is an ice-like sold consisting of molecules of methane embedded in a
crystal lattice of water molecules; these are stable at ___________________ and pressure conditions found in
many sediments on the Artic seafloor; estimates from the USGS estimates that the world’s deposits of this may
hold ____________as much carbon as all known deposits of ________, __________, and natural gas combined
*What are some disadvantages to the use of this energy resource discussed in the text?
Marine pollution threatens resources
*the Ocean Conservancy’s annual International Coastal Cleanup, is a __________________organization that in
a 2006 cleanup picked up 3.2 _______________kg (or 7.0 million lb) of trash from 55,600 km (34,600 mi) of
shoreline
Nets and plastic debris endanger marine life
*most plastic is not __________________, it can drift for decades before washing up on beaches
*of 115 marine mammal species, 49 are known to have eaten or become entangled in marine _____________,
and 111 of 312 species of ___________________are known to ingest plastic
*in Dec. 2006, the US Congress responded to the problem of marine debris and passed the ____________
________________Research, __________________, and Reduction Act
Oil pollution comes from spills of all sizes
*research the basic facts surround this major spill:the ____________________________spill in Prince
_____________ Sound, Alaska- record the facts- the why, what, how below:
*a bigger problem are the many small spills that result from ____________________sources; petroleum can
physically coat and kill marine organisms and can _______________them when ingested
*the US _____________________________of 1990 created a $1 billion prevention and cleanup fund and
required that by ____________ all oil tankers in the US waters be equipped with ____________________ as a
precaution against puncture
--What was the Exxon Valdez renamed?
Toxic pollutants can contaminate seafood
*one primary concern today with fish and shellfish is __________________contamination; this is a toxic heavy
________________ that is emitted in ______________ combustion; it _____________________ in animals’
tissues and biomagnifies as it makes its way up the food chain; this is particularly dangerous for
_____________________________ and for _______________________, because the fetus, baby, or child can
suffer _________________________damage as a result; people in these groups should avoid swordfish,
_______________ and albacore _____________)
Excess nutrients cause algal blooms
*________________ are when algal species produce reddish pigments that discolor surface waters
What are some consequences of harmful algal blooms?
EMPTYING the OCEANS- pp. 457-462
*the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported that _____________the world’s marine fish
populations are fully exploited, meaning that _________________________________________________
*a comprehensive study in 2006 in Science journal, predicted that populations of ____ ocean species that we
fish for today will collapse by the year ___________if we continue to follow the current trends
We have long overfished
*Caribbean monk seal, _______________________________, and Atlantic gray ___________, were hunted to
extinction prior to the 20th century; overharvesting of the vast ___________________of Chesapeake Bay led to
the collapse of its ________________fishery in the late 19th century (see youtube clips on PPT for details); a
lack of this species resulted less filtering of __________ and _____________from the water
*Explain in your own words what is depicted in Figure 16.20 on p. 458
Fishing has industrialized
 _______________________vessels is a word for today’s commercial fishing fleets employing fossil
fuels, huge vessels and powerful new __________________________
 Sketch and add a brief caption that explains each of the following modern fishing methods: driftnetting,
longlining, and bottom-trawling
Fishing practices kill nontarget animals and damage ecosystems
*______________refers to the accidental capture of animals; widespread death of _____________in
___________________ motivated consumer efforts to label tuna; reducing their deaths from an estimated
133,000 per year in 1986 to ____________per year since 1998
*an estimated __________________seabirds die each year from _______________________method
Modern fishing fleets deplete marine life rapidly
*in a 2003 study, Canadian fisheries biologists _______________analyzed fisheries data from FAO archives,
and found a pattern of catch rates dropped precipitously, with ______% of large-bodied fish and sharks
eliminated within only a __________________; then populations _____________at _____% their former levels
Several factors mask declines
*Explain this contradiction: although industrialized fishing has depleted fish stocks in region after region, the
overall global catch has remained roughly stable for two decades (See Figure 16.20 on p. 458)
We are “fishing down the food chain”…explain what this means?
Consumer choice can influence fishing practices
*see separate page on ecolabels and logos- according to Table 16.1- what are 2 of the “best choices” and 2
seafood choices to avoid
Marine biodiversity loss erodes ecosystem services
*32 different controlled experiments demonstrated that systems with less species _______________showed less
_____________________________________ and were less able to withstand ________________________
*biodiversity loss was correlated with reduced filtering and ___________________, which can lead to harmful
______________________________, ________________, fish kills, and beach closures
MARINE CONSERVATION- pp. 463- 467
The Science Behind the Story: China’s Fisheries Data, p. 464
 why would China exaggerate its catch data?

What made the researchers of a paper published in Nature suspect that the Chinese were falsely inflating
their catch numbers?

Fisheries managers and policy-makers depend on the FAO for information about the state of the world’s
fisheries. By using these inflated numbers, the FAO had encouraged a global
“__________________________________” of the last of the world’s fish.
Fisheries management has been based on maximum sustainable yield
*What do fisheries managers do?
*one key change reformers who want a change in fisheries management suggest is to shift the focus away from
__________________________and toward viewing marine resources as elements of larger
__________________________; ____________________________approach is to set aside areas of ocean
where systems can function without ____________________________________.
We can protect areas in the ocean
*__________________________________(MPAs) do not necessarily __________________all their natural
resources; nearly all of them allow _________________________; many scientists and some fishers want to
establish “no-take” areas called ____________________________
Why do scientists think this reserve approach is a “win-win” proposition?
Who opposes this approach? And Why?
Reserves can work for both fish and fishers
In your own words explain the data collected that indicates that reserves are working as a “win-win” solution:
How should reserves be designed? (read section and summarize the main points in your own words)
Explain the impacts of size of the reserve on the ecological communities and fisheries.
The Science Behind the Story: Do Marine Reserves Work? P. 466-467
(read section and summarize the main points in your own words)
Homework List Modification: p. 469 Testing Your Comprehension #1-3, 8-10; Seeking Solutions #2-6;
Interpreting Graphs and Data #1-3, p. 470