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Biology EOC Review NAME_______________________________________________________ Goal 1: Learner will develop abilities necessary to do and understand scientific inquiry. SCIENTIFIC METHOD (Chapter 1) Key Vocabulary Words: Hypothesis Control Dependent variable Independent variable Experiment Theory Data Observation Prediction Inference A researcher investigates a drug company’s claim that taking a certain diet pill once a day results in a loss of 10 lbs over a 30-day period. She recruits 100 people (50 men and 50 women) to participate in her study. The participants are all approximately the same age and weight; they have similar medical histories and similar habits in terms of diet and exercise. She randomly assigns 50 individuals to Group A and 50 to Group B. Group A receives one diet a pill a day for 30 days. Group B receives a placebo once a day for 30 days. She then compares the average weight change for each group. 1. What hypothesis is being tested in this experiment? 2. What is the control group? ___________________ 3. What is the experimental group? ________________________ 4. What controls are described in this experimental design? 5. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? ____________________ 6. What is the independent variable? ____________________ Suppose the researcher found that the average weight loss for Group A was 9.7 lbs. For Group B, it was 8.8 lbs. 7. Construct a graph of these results using the grid on the right. 8. Is the drug company’s claim supported by these results? Why or why not? The rate at which fish breathe was measured at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills open. The data are below. Breathing rate Temperature 19/min 5 deg C 25/min 10 deg C 30/min 20 deg C 34/min 30 deg C 37/min 35 deg C 9. Graph these data using the grid on the right. 10. What is the independent variable? _____________. The dependent variable? ___________ 11. What happens to breathing rate as temperature increases? 12. What would be a good control for this experiment? 13. If you raised the temperature even more (say up to 50 deg C), would breathing rate continue to increase? Why or why not? (Hint: your body temp is about 37 deg C) Biology EOC Review Goal 2: Learner will develop an understanding of the physical, chemical and cellular basis of life. THE CELL (Chapters 6-9) Key Vocabulary Words: Hydrogen bond Nucleic acid Polar molecule Nucleotide Diffusion Cell theory Dynamic equilibrium Prokaryote Carbohydrate Eukaryote Monosaccharide Nucleus Disaccharide Chloroplast Polysaccharide Ribosome Lipid Cell wall Protein Mitochondria Amino acid Vacuole Peptide bond Phospholipid bilayer Enzyme Plasma membrane Homeostasis Selective permeability Transport protein Osmosis Active transport Passive transport Facilitated diffusion Chromosome Mitosis Tissue Organ Organ system Cancer Cell cycle ATP and ADP Catalyst Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Electron transport Calvin cycle Cellular respiration Anaerobic Aerobic Glycolysis Krebs (citric acid) cycle Fermentation 1. Give 2 functions of carbohydrates within cells/organisms. __________________________ and ____________________________. 2. A phospholipid has a ____________ backbone with a (polar/nonpolar) phosphate “head” and two (polar/nonpolar) fatty acid “tails”. 3.Biological membranes are made up of phospholipid bilayers. Draw a phoshpolipid bilayer in the space below. 4. How does the shape of an enzyme relate to enzyme function? 5. A nucleotide is made of a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a ___________. 6. All organic molecules contain the element ______________. 7. Eukaryotes reproduce asexually by ____________. 8. Eukaryotes reproduce sexually by ____________. 9. Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by ___________ __________. 10. ___________ occurs when a cell loses its ability to control the cell cycle. 11. The nucleotide _____ the source of energy for nearly all cellular activities. 12. All biochemical reactions require special proteins called ____________, which function as biological catalysts that speed up the rate of those reactions. 13. Factors such as ______ and _____________ affect enzyme activity. 14. Are enzymes used up or permanently altered in the reactions they catalyze? 15. What is a substrate? ____________________________________________________________________ 16. Explain the lock-and-key model of enzyme and substrate interaction. 17. Would an increase in temperature probably speed up or slow down the rate of a particular biochemical reaction? __________. 18. Complete the balanced equations for photosynthesis ______ + ______ + light → __________ + _____. 19. In which organelle does photosynthesis occur? ________________________ 20. Which kingdoms include photosynthetic organisms? ________________, _________________, and _____________________. ________________ is the pigment molecule embedded in the _____________ membranes of chloroplasts within plant cells that captures __________ from sunlight. 21. Complete the balanced equation for cellular respiration ____________ + ______ → ________ + _______ + 36 ______. 22. (Aerobic or Anaerobic) _________________ cellular respiration requires oxygen. 23. Are lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation aerobic or anaerobic processes? ___________________ 24. Many cells/organisms can produce ATP in the absence of oxygen. If oxygen is not available, glycolysis is followed by _________. 25. Which type of fermentation (lactic acid or alcoholic) occurs in your muscle cells? ____________ 26. Which type of fermentation (lactic acid or alcoholic) occurs in yeasts and bacteria? ____________ 27. Glycolysis occurs in which part of the cell? ________________ 28. The citric acid cycle and electron transport occur inside which organelle? ________________ 29. Which produces more ATP, aerobic or anaerobic respiration? _____________How much more (per molecule of glucose)? ______ 30. Describe 2 differences and 2 similarities between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 31. Which of the following processes requires cell energy: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport? ____________ 32. Which of the following requires transport proteins: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport? _______________ 33. ____________________are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of ____: ____: ____. Biology EOC Review 34. Compare the following two types of cells: Prokaryotic Membrane-bound organelles Ribosomes? Types of chromosomes Size Eukaryotic 35. Complete the following table on organic molecules: Macromolecules Function Carbohydrates Subunits Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Specific Molecule Starch Type of macromolecule Function Subunits Cellulose Insulin Glycogen Glucose Enzymes Hemoglobin Fats DNA RNA 36. Describe the following nutrient tests: Nutrient Type of Test Starch Negative Test Positive Test Lipids Monosaccharides Protein 37. Fill in this chart. Also give the letter or number of the part as seen in the diagrams below. Cell Part and Letter Structure Description Function Nucleus Plasma Membrane Cell wall Cell Part and Letter Mitochondria Vacuoles Chloroplasts Ribosomes Structure Description Function Biology EOC Review 38.Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)? ___________ 39.Which structures are found only in the plant cell? ________________________________________________________________ 40.Which structures are found only in the animal cell? _______________________________________________________________ Microscope Use: 41. What is the total magnification of a microscope if the eyepiece is 10 x and the objective is 40 x? ____________X. 42.Put the following in order from smallest to largest: organ systems, cells, organs, tissues. _____________→____________________→__________________→______________________________ 43. Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left. 44.Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? 45.How is the semipermeable membrane like a cell membrane? 46. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)? __________ 47. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? (left or right)______________ 48. In osmosis, water moves from an area of __________ to an area of _________ concentration. 49. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of ________ to an area of ________ concentration. 50. Define homeostasis: ________________________________________________________________________________________ 51. Draw a cell and use arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations: a. Salt concentration inside the cell = 25% and outside the cell = 10%. b. Sugar concentration inside the cell = 17% and outside = 23%. 52. Comparison of active and passive transport: PASSIVE TRANPORT Requires energy? Low to high concentration or high to low concentration? Examples ACTIVE TRANSPORT Biology EOC Review Use the following diagram to show where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows on the lines attached to the circles to indicate the direction of the energy. 53. What cellular process produces ATP? 54. What is ATP energy used for? Give examples. Goal 3: Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of organisms over time. HEREDITY (Chapters 10-13) Key Vocabulary Words: Trait Gamete Fertilization Zygote Allele Dominant Recessive Law of segregation Law of independent assortment Phenotype Genotype Homozygous Heterozygous Diploid Haploid Homologous chromosomes Meiosis Crossing over Genetic recombination nondisjunction mRNA rRNA tRNA transcription Translation Codon Gene Mutation Mutagen Carrier Codominance Incomplete dominance Multiple alleles Autosome Sex chromosome Sex-linked trait Polygenic inheritance Karyotype Test cross Genetic engineering Recombinant DNA Transgenic organism Restriction enzyme Vector Plasmid Clone Gene therapy Gel electrophoresis DNA fingerprinting Polymerase chain reaction mitosis 1. Explain how meiosis produces genetic variability. 2. What is complementary base pairing? 3. What type of bond occurs between the bases of a DNA molecule? _______________ 4. Use the following terms to fill in the blanks (transcription, replication, translation): _________________ is DNA synthesis. ___________________ is mRNA synthesis. ______________________is protein synthesis. 5. A _________ is an mRNA triplet, not a DNA sequence. 6. The DNA sequence CCG would code for which amino acid? (Hint: you must transcribe the DNA into mRNA before you use the codon chart to determine the amino acid.) ___________ 7. Amino acids linked together form a polypeptide which must then fold up into the correct 3-dimensional shape (and sometimes join with other polypeptides) to form a functional ________________. 8. Sex-linked traits are associated with genes that are carried on the ___ chromosome. 9. Explain why males are more likely to show sex-linked traits. 10. Which of the following diseases/disorders is caused by dominant allele: Tay-Sachs, cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s, Down syndrome, colorblindness, sickle-cell anemia, or hemophilia? ____________________ 11. Which disorder is caused by a nondisjunction and is also known as trisomy 21? __________ ________________ 12. Which two of the disorders listed in question 20 are sex-linked? ____________________________ and __________________ 13. Which two disorders are simple recessive conditions? ________________________ and ____________________ 14. Which disorder is caused by a codominant allele? ___________________________ 15. Many disorders such as diabetes, asthma, and cardiovascular (heart) disease are caused by the interaction of both genetic and ______________ factors. 16. What are the 4 human blood types? ______, _______, _______, and ________. 17. List the 3 alleles that produce these blood types. ____, ____, and ____. 18. Which blood type allele is recessive? ____Which 2 are codominant? ___ and ___ Biology EOC Review 19. What 2 genotypes produce blood type A? _____ and ______. Blood type B? _____ and ______. 20. What genotype results in blood type O? ______ 21. What is gene therapy? 22. Transgenic _____________ are used to produce human proteins such as insulin and human growth hormone. 23. Which genetic engineering technique is used to separate DNA fragments based on size? _______ ________________ 24. Which technique is used to clone DNA outside of living cells? _________ 25. DNA can be cut at specific nucleotide sequences by _______________ enzymes. 26. DNA ____________________ can be used to identify unknown individuals. 27. _________ alleles refers to a single trait controlled by a single gene that has 3 or more alleles. A single trait that is determined by the interaction of 2 or more different genes is an example of _____________ inheritance. 28. What is the difference between phenotype and genotype? 29. What is the major difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell? 30. Give an example of a haploid cell. _________ 31. Chromosomes that have the same genes at the same locations are __________________. 32. How many chromosomes are found in a diploid human cell? ____ 33. What is crossing over and when does it occur? 34. What is the difference between a gamete and a zygote? 35. What amino acid does the codon UUC code for? ________________ 36. The genetic sequence TTA would code for which amino acid? ____________ 37. How many autosomes are found in a diploid human cell? _________ 38. What are the two sex chromosomes? __ and __ 39. What is the genotype of a human male? ______ Female? ______ 40. What is Mendel’s law of segregation? 41.What is Mendel’s law of independent assortment? 42.In terms of meiosis, explain why segregation and independent assortment occur? 43.Why would two genes located on the same chromosome tend not to assort independently? 44. What process would allow two such genes to assort independently? _________________ ________ 45. Give 2 examples of vectors used in recombinant DNA technology. ________________ and _______________ 46.If a test cross produced an F1 generation consisting only of individuals showing the dominant trait, what was the genotype of the unknown parent? (heterozygous, homozygous dominant, or homozygous recessive) _______________. Use the letters A and a to show this test cross. 47. Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix. 48. What needs to be added to this strand to make it a double helix? ________________ Give the nucleotide sequence. ______________________. 49.What are the black pentagons? _______________ What are the nitrogen bases? ________________ 50. If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be? __________________________________ 51. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA? (read from right to left) _______________________________________________ Biology EOC Review 52. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table RNA DNA Sugars Bases # of Strands Where In Cell Function 53.What kind of bonds hold the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? ____________ __________ 54. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions? 1) 2) 3) 55. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? _____________ _______ 56.What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs? _______________________________________________________________ 57. How do mutations affect the mRNA? 58. How can this affect translation? 59. How can this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein? Look at the diagram of the cell cycle to the left. 60. What is the longest part of the cell cycle? (interphase, mitosis, or cytokinesis) 61. When does the duplication of DNA occur? _______________ 62. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)? _____ If a particular gene is “expressed,” the protein that the gene codes for is produced (DNA → RNA → Protein). Gene expression is tightly regulated. Cells control if and when genes are expressed and how much protein is produced. All cells in an organism have the same DNA. 63. In terms of gene expression, explain how a nerve cell functions differently from a muscle cell. 64. Complete the following table: MITOSIS MEIOSIS Type of reproduction (Asexual or sexual) Chromosome number of mother cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid) Chromosome number of daughter cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid) Number of cell divisions Number of cells produced When does replication happen? SOURCES OF VARIATION Crossing over Random assortment of chromosomes Gene mutations Nondisjunction fertilization Biology EOC Review 65. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order. ____→ ____→ ____→ ____ →____ In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. 66. Give the genotype for the parents. _______ and _______ 67. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? Genotypes: ___, ___, and ___. Phenotypes: ________ and _______. 68. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring? ____:____:____ 69. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?____:____. 70. What environmental factors might affect the expression of these genes for height? 71. What type of inheritance pattern produces an intermediate phenotype in heterozygotes? (dominant/recessive, codominance, or incomplete dominance). ________________________________________ 72. Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR) with a pure breeding white flower (R’R’). Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. Genotypes: __________________, ____________________, and _______________ Phenotypes: __________________, ___________________, and _______________ 73. If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O blood, give the genotypes of the woman and the man and do the cross. (Alleles are I A, IB, and i) ____________________________________ 74. What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again? _________ 75. What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood? ________ 76. What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood? ____________ 77. A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood, the mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type O blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father? Explain. 78. Some traits are polygenic. What does this mean? 79. Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a normal male. 80. What are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia? _______ 81. What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia? ________ Biology EOC Review 82. What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia? ________ 83.What is the sex of the person whose karyotype is shown to the left? _________ 84.What is the disorder that this person has? _____ _________ What is your evidence? 85.What are some of the characteristics of this disorder? 86.What is the inheritance pattern shown by this pedigree (simple dominant, simple recessive, or sex-linked)? _________________________ 87.How do you know? 88.Using A,a to represent the alleles, what is the genotype of person II4? ______ 89. What is the genotype of person I3? ______ 89. A brown mink crossed with a silverblue mink produced all brown offspring. When these F1 mink were crossed among themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silverblue animals (F 2 generation). Show the crosses in the Punnett squares below. Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the F1 and F2 generations. To the left is an electrophoresis gel, showing evidence from a rape case. 90.Could the defendant be the rapist? Explain your answer. 91. Which fragments of DNA are the longest? (Assume the samples were loaded at the top of the gel) Explain. 92. Name another use for DNA fingerprinting? _______________ Biology EOC Review 93. Describe the process that is shown in the diagram to the left. 94. What is the value of this technology? 95. What are some other applications of this type of technology? EVOLUTION (Chapters 14 & 15) Key Vocabulary Words: Fossil Natural selection Spontaneous generation Mimicry Biogenesis Convergent evolution Endosymbiosis Divergent evolution Evolution Gene pool Allelic frequency Coevolution Genetic drift Stabilizing selection Directional selection Disruptive selection Speciation Geographic isolation Reproductive isolation Polyploidy Punctuated equilibrium Gradualism 1. The earth’s early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen. The evolution of what types of organisms led to increasing levels of O2. _______________________________. 2. Redi and Pasteur’s experiments disproved the hypothesis of ____________ ___________. 3. What is the major difference between relative and absolute dating techniques? 4. Is radiometric dating relative or absolute? _________________ 5. More offspring are produced than will survive to adulthood. There is phenotypic variation among offspring. Those individuals with favorable traits will be more likely to survive and reproduce. These 3 statements describe Darwin’s theory of _____________ ________________. 6. List 4 different lines of evidence for evolution and give a specific example of each. 7. What evolves, populations or individuals? __________ 8. Evolutionary change is caused by changes in _______________ frequencies within populations over time. 9. Natural selection is one mechanism for evolutionary change. Mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow can also affect allele frequencies. Would smaller or larger populations be more likely to change due to mutation, genetic drift, and/or gene flow?_________ 10. Explain your answer to question 9. 11. Can reproductive isolation occur without geographic isolation? In other words, can 2 groups become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area? Describe an example of how this can happen. 12. Explain why reproductive isolation is critical to speciation. Biology EOC Review 13. The eyes of some invertebrates such as octopi and squid are very similar to the eyes of vertebrates such as humans. However, these invertebrate and vertebrate species cannot be traced to a common ancestor that had eyes. In other words, eyes appear to have evolved separately and independently in these two lineages. Is the evolution of the eye in invertebrates and vertebrates an example of convergent evolution or divergent evolution? _________________________ 14. Fourteen species of Galapagos finches evolved from a single ancestor from the South American mainland. Is this an example of evolutionary convergence or divergence? ______________________ 15. Using any organism and phenotype that you like, create 3 graphs: one illustrating stabilizing selection, a graph that illustrates directional selection, and a graph that shows disruptive selection. 16. Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. a) populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from? ________________ b) organisms could reproduce exponentially but they don’t. Why not? c) Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations? d) Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean? e) Those organisms with adaptations that better fit them to an environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their genes. What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment? f) The next population will have a high frequency of the genes that have been selected for. Why will the frequency of selected genes increase? g) When this process continues over millions of years, it can lead to speciation. What is speciation? 17. Describe how a population of bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic (or an insect to a pesticide) using the steps listed above. 18. Explain Miller and Urey’s hypothesis. 19.What is the significance of their experiments? 20. Most hypotheses state that prokaryotic anaerobes probably evolved first. Why? 21. Prokaryotic autotrophs probably evolved later. What substance began to build up in the atmosphere as a result? ________________________ 22.The increasing concentration of this substance in the atmosphere set the stage for the evolution of organisms that utilize (aerobic or anaerobic) respiration. ______________-23. Describe the endosymbiont theory of the evolution of eukaryotic cells. Goal 4: Learner will develop an understanding of the unity and diversity of life. CLASSIFICATION (Chapter 17) Key Vocabulary Words: Taxonomy Binomial nomenclature Kingdom Phylum Genus Species Dichotomous key Class Specific epithet Cladistics Order Cladogram Phylogeny Family Fan diagram Biology EOC Review 1. To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree, which pairs of organisms are most closely related? _______________________ and _____________________ 2.Which organism is most closely related to the ray-finned fish? ____________________ 3. Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to? _____________________ 4. Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms. Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Eukaryotic or prokaryotic Multicellular or singlecelled Sexual or asexual reproduction Autotrophic or heterotrophic Aerobic or anaerobic Cell walls or no cell walls 5. List the 3 domains 6. List the other 7 classification levels in order from largest to smallest. 7. How are DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify organisms? 8. What is binomial nomenclature? 9. If two different species belong to the same family, what other taxa do they have in common? ____________________________ 10. Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left. __________________ 1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2 b. leaf is broad……… go to 5 2. a. needles are short ....go to 3 b. needles are long…...go to 4 3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock b. underside of needles silver ..balsam 4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine 5. a. edge of leaf round.go to 6 b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7 6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen b. no minty odor…..laurel Biology EOC Review VIRUSES, BACTERIA, PROTISTS, AND IMMUNITY (Chapters 18, 19, and 39) Key Vocabulary Words: Virus Lytic cycle Endospore Flagellate Active immunity Host cell Bacteriophage Capsid Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle Provirus Passive immunity Vaccine Antibody Antigen Memory cell Nitrogen fixation Retrovirus Chemosynthesis Binary fission Conjugation Obligate aerobe Obligate anaerobe Toxin Protozoan Alga Pseudopodia Asexual reproduction Archaeabacteria Ciliate Sporozoan Spore Innate immunity Acquired immunity Eubacteria Questions: 1. Describe the differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viruses. 2. How can certain viruses cause cancer? 3. Explain why viruses are considered nonliving. 4. Name 3 ways in which bacteria are useful to humans. 5. Describe the life cycle of the malarial parasite. What is the vector? What are the symptoms? What are the treatments? 6. What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity? 7. What is the difference between the two types of acquired immunity (active and passive)? 8. What types of human cells does HIV infect? __________ 9. A __________________ is one that contains RNA rather than DNA. 10. Describe how vaccines work. 11. RNA viruses (like the influenza virus) mutate more rapidly than DNA viruses (like the chicken pox virus). Based on this information, why do you need only one administration of the chicken pox vaccine, but you need to get a flu shot every year? 12. The _______________________ include the “extremophiles” such as methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles, which tolerate extreme conditions such as low oxygen, high salt, and high temperature. PLANTS AND ANIMALS (Chapters 21, 22, 27.2, 28.1, 28.2, 30.2, 32.1) Key Vocabulary Words: Xylem Vascular plant Amphibian Phloem Nonvascular plant Arthropod Gymnosperm Stomata Mammal Angiosperm Turgor pressure Bilateral symmetry Cuticle Annelid Exoskeleton Endotherm Ectotherm Placental mammal Marsupial Monotreme 1. In vascular plants, _____________ and __________ make up the vascular tissues. 2. What is the major function of roots? Leaves? 3. What is the major difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms? 4. Describe the importance of the evolution of vascular tissue and seeds in terms of plants; adaptation to life on land. Biology EOC Review 5. Describe gas exchange (the movement of carbon dioxide and oxygen) in plants. What role do stomata play? What are guard cells? 6. Do plants need oxygen? In other words, do plant cells respire? _______ 7. Coevolution refers to 2 species evolving together over time so that each becomes dependent upon the other for its survival. Describe the mutualistic relationship that has developed between angiosperms and their pollinators in terms of coevolution. 8. Explain why seeds are an advantage over spores with respect to sexual reproduction in a terrestrial environment. 9. What does the name “amphibian” literally mean? _______________________ 10. Amphibians reproduce in water and utilize external fertilization and external development. Mammals reproduce on land and exhibit intermal fertilization and internal development. How do internal fertilization and development represent adaptations to terrestrial life? 11. Give an example of an annelid. _____________ 12. How do annelids acquire nutrients? 13.How do annelids conduct gas exchange (get oxygen in and carbon dioxide out of the body)? 14. How do annelids reproduce? 15. How do insects conduct gas exchange? 16.How do insects reproduce? 17. Which of the following is an invertebrate: annelid, mammal, or amphibian? ____________ 18. What is the difference between endotherms and ectotherms? Give an example of each. 19. What is the difference between bilateral and radial symmetry? Which type of symmetry do most animals have? 20. In plants, which vascular tissue transports water? ___________Which transports sugars? _________ 21. Describe the function of root hairs. 22.In plants, what is a cuticle and what is its function? 23. When plants don’t receive enough water, they wilt due to a decrease in ___________ ____________. 24. Describe alternation of generations in plants. 25. In what other kingdoms is alternation of generations observed? ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (Chapters 33) Key Vocabulary Words: Behavior Fight-or-flight response Hibernation Trial-and-error learning Innate behavior Reflex Instinct Circadian rhythm Estivation Habituation Imprinting Pheromone Classical conditioning Insight Communication Territory Courtship behavior Migration Dominance hieararchy 1. What is the difference between innate and learned behavior? 2. What is the difference between an instinct and a reflex? Biology EOC Review 3. A duckling following its mother everywhere the mother goes is an example of ________________. 4. If you hold a mirror in front of a male Betta splendens (Siamese Fighting Fish), he will behave aggressively toward his own reflection initially, but after several minutes he will ignore his reflection. This is an example of _____________. 5. ____________ ________________ is also called learning by association. 6. Describe 2 ways in which animals can communicate with each other. 7. Complete the table below: Type of Behavior Explanation of Behavior Survival Value of Behavior Suckling Insects moving away or toward light Migration Estivation Hibernation Type of Behavior Habituation Explanation of Behavior Survival Value of Behavior Imprinting Classical conditioning Trial and error Communication using pheromones Courtship dances Territoriality 8.Which of the above behaviors are innate (or instinct)? 9.Which of the above behaviors are learned? 10.Which of the above behaviors are social? Goal 5: Learner will develop an understanding of the ecological relationships among organisms. ECOLOGY (Chapters 2-5) Key Vocabulary Words: Biosphere Symbiosis Abiotic Commensalism Biotic Parasitism Population Mutualism Community Autotroph Ecosystem Heterotroph Habitat Producer Niche Consumer Decomposer Trophic level Food chain Food web Energy pyramid Biomass pyramid Limiting factor Tolerance Exponential growth Carrying capacity (k) Biodiversity Climate change Greenhouse effect Acid precipitation Exotic species Bioaccumulation Habitat degradation Habitat fragmentation Conservation Sustainable use 1. When energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, approximately how much energy is lost as heat? ____% 2. How many pounds of corn would a cattle rancher have to feed a bull in order to produce 10 pounds of beef? ________ 3. Which type of growth curve (S or J) is characteristic of a population that is experiencing exponential growth? ______ 4. What is the major difference between linear and exponential growth? 5. Define carrying capacity. ________________________________________________________________________________ Biology EOC Review 6. What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and its niche? 7. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? 8. Give an example of each of the following types of organisms: autotroph, decomposer, scavenger, carnivore, herbivore, omnivore. 9. What word is synonymous with the word, “autotroph”? __________ What word is synonymous with “heterotroph”?___________ 10. List the five levels of ecological organization in order from smallest to largest. 11. What does the ecosystem level include that a biological community does not?_______________ _______________ 12. Give 3 examples of limiting factors for oak trees in a forest ecosystem. ________________________________________ 13. What is the major limiting factor in a desert community? _________ Is it a biotic or abiotic factor? ______________ 14. Global warming is caused by an increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. What is the major cause of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide? ______________________________________________ 15. The use of DDT, a pesticide, was banned in the US because it was linked to declines in the populations of predatory birds such as eagles and falcons. The concentration of DDT as it moved up the food chain from 1 st order consumers to top-level predators is an example of ___________________. 16. Create a food chain for the following organisms: hawk, oak tree (acorn), squirrel. _____________________________________ 17.The ozone layer (O3) high in the earth’s atmosphere absorbs UV radiation in sunlight. UV radiation is mutagenic. What effect could ozone depletion have on human health? 18.What types of chemicals (common in aerosols and refrigerants) cause ozone depletion? 19. In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships Relationship Definition Example Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism 20.In the graph below, which organism is the prey? _____________Which is the predator? ________________ 21.Which population increases (or falls) first and why? 22.Which population increases (or falls) second and why? Assume that the diagram to the left shows populations of pine trees in an area. The area is too large for a scientist to count every tree. 23.Assume that each small plot (square) is 10 m x 10 m. Estimate the population size of the whole area. ______________ 24.How could the same process (above) be used to estimate species diversity? 25.How could the same process be used to discover changes in the environment over time? Biology EOC Review 26.List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment. ___________________________________________________________________ 27.List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment. __________________________________________________________________ Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time 28.What kind of growth curve is shown by the graph to the right? _____________ 29.What is the carrying capacity for rabbits? _____________ 30.During what month were rabbits in exponential growth? _____________ Graph 2: Mexico and US 31.In Mexico, what percentage of the population is between 0-4 years of age? ________ 32.In the US? __________ 33.Which population is growing the fastest? _______________ 34.Which age group has the smallest number in both countries? ____________ 35. The graph to the left shows the growth of the human population from 1 A.D. to 2000 A.D. Describe what you see has happened. 36. Predict what will happen to population growth in the future and explain your reasoning. 37. What factors influence birth and death rates? Biology EOC Review The Carbon Cycle 38. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? __________________________________ 39. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? _______________________________ 40. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 41. What effect might increased atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment? Biology EOC Review 42. What are the producers in this food web? ________________________________________________________________________ 43. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web? ______________________________________________________ 44. What are the secondary consumers in this food web? ______________________________________________________________ 45. What are the highest level consumers in this food web? ______________________________________________________________ 46. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: leavesinsectsbirdsredfoxbear 47. Where is the most energy in this pyramid? ___________________ Where is the least energy? ____________________ 48. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web? ________________________________________ 49. Assume there are 10,000 kcal of energy in the leaves? Estimate the amount of energy in each of the other levels of the energy pyramid. (Write the numbers beside each level of the pyramid.) 50. What happens to matter as it moves through the food chain/web? _______________________________________________ 51. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? _____________