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Click www.ondix.com to visit our student-to-student file sharing network. "The new excitement about human potential spilled over into many areas of Renaissance life. It helped to stimulate great artistic and intellectual achievements the European continent." This is a quote from our seventh grade social studies book and the basis of this report. "Painting, sculpture, architecture, and allies arts produced in Europe in the historical period called the Renaissance. Broadly considered, the period covers the 200 years between 1400 and 1600, although specialists disagree on exact dates. The word renaissance literally means "rebirth" and is the French translation of the Italian rinascita. The two principal components of Renaissance style are the following: a revival of the classical forms originally developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and a renewed vitality and spirit emphasizing the diverse qualities of humanity. The Renaissance period in art history corresponds to the beginning of the great Western age of discovery and exploration, when a general desire developed to examine all aspects of nature and the world." This information was taken from Funk and Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. There are many different areas of the Renaissance including the following: The Renaissance of Italy, The Renaissance in Northern Europe, and The Renaissance in Spain. The Renaissance first developed in Italy. "The example of the ancient Greeks and Romans was constantly available to the Italians- their language, which was only codified about 1300, had evolved from the Latin of the Romans, and in addition, Italy had on its man architectural forms were found in almost every town and city. Roman sculpture, particularly in the form of marble sarcophagi covered with reliefs, had been familiar for centuries. The Renaissance in Northern Europe, features late Gothic culture that was coexistent with the discoveries and changing view toward humans and their world, that were also characteristics of the Italian Renaissance. In northern countries like Germany and England, people were slow to accept the new culture of the Renaissance and even slower still in allowing it to become outdated. In Spain, painters during the Renaissance never achieved the modernity that had been found in northern Europe and Italy, even though their art completely relied on theses two traditions. The Spanish had imported painters and sculptors to work on most of their important and decorative work. "Even in the 16th century, Titan was the leading painter of the Spanish court, although he was not actually present there. In their architecture, a fully renaissance structure wasn't built until late in the century. In the beginning of Renaissance sculpture sculptors led the way in introducing the new Renaissance forms early in the 15th century. There were three Florentines, who were originally goldsmiths, made crucial changes. They were Filippo Brunelleschi, Lorenzo Ghiberti, and Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi. Brunelleschi was the eldest of the three, and is known for developing linear perspective. He later became an architect, the first truly Renaissance builder, and in that capacity designed a tremendous octagonal dome of Florence Cathedral, one of the most impressive artistic and engineering feats since the time of the Romans. "Brunelleschi was responsible for the revival of the classical columnar system, which he studied in Rome. He introduced into all his public and private structures a new formal spatial integrity that was unique to the Renaissance." "Ghiberti is best known for the reliefs he made for two sets of gilded bronze doors, produced for the Florence Baptistery." His second pair of doors illustrated Old Testament themes, and was highly praised by Michelangelo, who named them worthy of the gates of paradise, which they have been called since.Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi, also known as Donatello was one of the most influential artists of the Renaissance, because of his power of his figures and that he had traveled to many places. His principal works include the bronze David, an image of the biblical hero with the head of Goliath at his feet. This was nearly life-size nude figure, was the first such statue since ancient times. Another one of his major works was Cantoria, or singing gallery, which became favorite subjects in renaissance art. "Donatello, who also worked in terra-cotta and wood, made use of Brunelleschi's perspective devices in his reliefs. His dignified freestanding statues, often representing saints, became a measure of excellence for the next century." The first painter to use the new techniques was Masaccio. Though he had a short life (dying at the age of 27,) he, more than any other artist of the Renaissance, affected the way of art. He used both linear and aerial perspective in his art. His age group, including Paolo Uccello, who was much taken with the pictorial potentialities of linear perspective, shared the direction taken by Masaccio. Florence continued to maintain a commanding position in the flowering of Renaissance art in Italy, even though other areas provided important masters throughout this period. Some of the artists of this time include the following: Pisanello, Bellini, Alberti, Fancesca, and Mantegna. Pisanello is famous for his bronze portrait medals that were treasured by the aristocrats. Pisanello's style was highly refined and "more lyric and flowing than Macaccio's." Bellini is regarded as the founder of Renaissance painting in Venice, which later became an artistic rival of Florence. His style was very extant and unique in both the number and complexity, though few of his paintings were ever found. Jacopo was the father of two Renaissance masters, Bellini and the father in-law of Mantegna. Another first-generation painter was Francesca. He was an adept on perspective and mathematics, which his servants wrote about constantly. Francesca's most famous work is in his cycle the Legend of the True Cross. "His measured, geometric style echoes the monumentality of Masaccio's art, but it is more abstract and distant. Late in his career, Francesca began to combine tempera, the usual medium for panel pictures, with oil and paint, which was adapted from the Flemish and Dutch painters." The art of the first generation Renaissance can be summed up by the works of Alberti. A humanist, a Latin scholar, and an abundant writer, Alberti was trained in north Italy after his family was banned from Florence. Among his most famous works are the facade and Sant' Andrea. He also made a book and dedicated it to fellow artists including the following: Ghiberti, Donatello, Lucadella Robbia, and Masaccio. From the World Book Encyclopedia I was able to find an interesting quote about the second generation of Renaissance artists, "In the subsequent generation, the innovations in aerial and linear perspective, the rendition of landscape, and the rigorous compositions were consolidated and further refined." Some of the artists of this era include the following: Pollaiuolo, Verrocchio, and Botticelli. Both Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio explored the complexities of human anatomy, studying from life. They were both sculptors and painters, with their work depicting the masculinity of humans. Pollaiuolo is famous for his works "Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian" and the bronze papal tombs he made for SixtusIV and InnocentVIII, which are both found in Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome. "Their concerns were later taken up by Leonardo da Vinci, Verrocchio's greatest pupil, whose scientific and artistic investigations were among the most important of the Renaissance. Leonardo was active in all the various arts as well as in a score of other fields." Taken from "The Library of Great Masters: Leonardo da Vinci." In north Italy, the leading painters of the second generation were Andrea Mantegna from Padua and Giovanni Bellini from Venice. Mantegna had a rather severe style, with its use of muted colors and "sinewy draftsmanship", was equalized by the art of his brotherin-law, Giovanni Bellini, who solely worked in Venice. Bellini was very influential, not only through his art, but also through being a teacher of many top painters of the next generation including, Seastiano del Piombo, Giorgione, and Titan. Bellini introduced bright and vibrant colors into his palette, which became a characteristic that he is known for. He is most known for his work "San Giobbe Altarpiece" made in 1488. " The strong color, softened edges, and silent actors encapsulated within a golden atmosphere are typical of his later style. He is also a consummate painter of landscapes, a genre that soon became a specialty of Venetian painters. Bellini began to use oil on canvas as his favored medium, preferring it to tempera on wood pannel; oil on canvas was to become the common medium by the beginning of the 16th century." Another great painter of the second generation was Sandro Botticelli. He was favored frequently by the ruling Medici family in Florence. "His art is lyric, flowing, and often decorative in appearance, whether on religious or pagan subjects." This quote is taken from The World Book Encyclopedia. He is most famous for the Birth off Venus and Primavera. The next era is Artists of the High Renaissance. Artists of the following generation were responsible for taking art to a level of noble expression. One of the artists of this era was Leonardo da Vinci. When he moved back to Florence from Milan he discovered Michelangelo. Michelangelo is famous statue David, this statue is not only a symbol of Florence, but it is also a symbol of standard of which other artists strive to achieve. Leonardo on the other hand is famous for his work The Last Supper. This moment is taken just after Jesus had said one of them would betray him, symbolizing the salt by Judas Iscariot. During the High Renaissance, artists tended to reduce their subjects to the bare essentials. Few irrelevant details or illustrative features were allowed, to make sure that the viewer's attention would be focused on the main theme of the work. The center of the High Renaissance began to shift to the court of Pope Julius II, who hired the leading Italian artists and architects to work on his ambitious projects. Another famous architect of the High Renaissance was Donato Bramante. He was a painter at first, but after a long trip to Milan, during which da Vinci was there, Bramante settled in Rome. Some of his famous works he produced during this time were Tempietto and House of Raphael. Bramante had a strong influence on later Renaissance artists, including the Siense Baldassarre Perruzi, who built the Farnesina. Raphael was born in 1483 in Umbria, was among the painters that were attracted to Rome. Raphael studied in Florence at the time when Leonardo and Michelangelo were there, as well. Raphael went to Rome in 1508 and remained there for 12 more years until his death in 1520. He was the city's leading painter and formed an active shop with many assistants. In addition to a series of distinguished portraits of Pope Julius II and other famous people of the time, as well as smaller altarpieces, Raphael's works include fresco decorations for the Stanza, a suite of four rooms in the Vatican Palace. He made the Stanze, Segnatura, and the Disputa, which are religious, pictures representing the sacraments. Giorgio Barbarella (though the actual name is still in question) had taken a course with Bellini strived to be a great painter, despite his short lifespan. His art had softened contours, strong colors, and enigmatic style personalized his subjects. His most famous work is the Tempest. This picture depicts an idyllic landscape in which a bothersome storm hovers over the figures of a fine young man seemingly standing guard over a woman feeding her child. A follower of Giorgio and a student of Bellini, Tiziano Vercellio, better known as Titan was the most talented painter of the High Renaissance. He is admired for his early works Sacred and Profane Love and an allegorical picture which two women one, nude and the other richly clothed are seated opposite each other in a solemn manner. Throughout his long career, Titan produced many important works for his patron, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who made the painter a member of the nobility. Among these pictures were several portraits of the Habsburg monarch, including one of the emperor on horseback. This image became the prototype for the state portraits during the next two centuries. Titan continued to paint even in his extremely old age, and his acteristic free brushwork, monumental figure types, free color and masterly idealized landscapes continued to mark his art. This is most seen in his work Crowning with thorns in which the forms seem dissolved by a maze of pure light, pigment, and color. "While Michelangelo, Titan, and Raphael were working in a robust figurative style, other contemporaries moved in a more lyric and decorative direction, one removed from classical antiquity and decidedly more unexpected and unpredictable. The work of these masters shows the beginning of a new style, called Mannerism, heralding a shift away from the High Renaissance." Jacopo Carrucci, called Pontormo, was an especially gifted painter who grew up in Florence under the influence of the master Michelangelo. He had an elegant style, based on careful drawing, pale unaturalistic, and elongated, harks back to that of Botticelli. Both artists deemphasized three-dimensional form in favor of a flatter, more decorative surface activity. One of Pontormo's most famous works was Deposition in the Church of Santa Felicita in Florence, in which tightly compressed figures are difficult to read at first. Pontormo's style is different from Michelangelo's, whose art, nevertheless, influenced him. Portomo's extreme sensitivity bordered on the line of being crazy, and in his own life he was aloof and antisocial. In the next generation, younger artists began to reject the seemingly unsurpassable models left by earlier artists such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titan in order to find different avenues of artistic expression. The extreme individuality found in both Rosso (who was a similar artist to Pontormo, except for the fact that he traveled a lot) and Pontormo became popular. "In the period from about 1530-following the sack of Rome in 1527- until the end of the 16th century, Italian art developed in a less coherent fashion. During this Mannerist, or late Renaissance, period a number of distinguished masters emerged in all the arts. Among the architects of this period there was one that stood above all, his name was Andrea Palladio. He was trained as a stone carver in his native city of Vicenza. he became an architect only about halfway through his life. He is famous for a series of country villas in the area around Venice called the Veneto. Particularly significant is the Villa Rotonda, or Villa Capra, near Vicenza. "Built on a slight rise, the domed building has identical facades on all four sides, complete with imposing flights of steps and a sixcolumn temple-front porch. More than any other of his buildings, the Villa Rotonda was the inspiration for Palladianism, the English architectural movement that dominated building design in the 18th century in England and its American colonies. Palladio's plan for the church of II Redentore in Venice involved using two sets of superimposed orders on the facade, a treatment that became important in the 17th century." Another architect of the late Renaissance was Jacopo Sansovino. He was active in Venice a few decades before Palladio. He was trained in sculpture in Florence, and his best known work in that medium of art is the Bacchus. Sansovino's Lieria Vecchia in the Piazzetta San Marco in Venice is the most admired Renaissance building of its kind. An analogous structure in Florence, the Uffizi was designed by Giorgio Vasari to house the Medici family's administrative office; it is now a museum. Vasari was in charge of the fresco decoration of the gigantic dome of Florence Cathedral and of the refurbishing of Palazzo Vecchio interiors. The last person I would like to cover is Benvenuto Cellini. He was one of the leading sculptors and goldsmiths of the late Renaissance. He is famous for his autobiography about his adventurous life. Cellini's most successful work is his heroic bronze statue Perseus and Medusa. The nude, muscular hero holds the bloody severed head of Medusa high in the air as he looks over the Piazza della Signoria, the man square in Florence. He is also famous for his work The Rape of the Sabine Woman. "In Italy, before the middle of the 16th century, the purely Renaissance forms of painting, sculpture, and architecture were gradually giving way either to academic repetition or to a renewed monumentality that was to become the hallmark of baroque are and architecture." The Renaissance is a period of European history-considered by modern scholars as that between 1300 and 1600-in which the fragmented feudal society of the Middle Ages, with its agricultural economy and church-dominated intellectual and cultural life, was transformed into a society increasingly dominated by central political institutions, with an urban, commercial economy and lay patronage of education, the arts, and music. This is my report on the art and architecture of the period known as the Renaissance. Keywords: excitement about human potential spilled over into many areas renaissance life helped stimulate great artistic intellectual achievements european continent this quote from seventh grade social studies book basis this report painting sculpture architecture allies arts produced europe historical period called renaissance broadly considered period covers years between although specialists disagree exact dates word renaissance literally means rebirth french translation italian rinascita principal components style following revival classical forms originally developed ancient greeks romans renewed vitality spirit emphasizing diverse qualities humanity period history corresponds beginning great western discovery exploration when general desire developed examine aspects nature world this information taken from funk wagnalls encyclopedia there many different areas including following italy northern europe spain first developed italy example ancient greeks romans constantly available italians their language which only codified about evolved from latin romans addition italy architectural forms were found almost every town city roman sculpture particularly form marble sarcophagi covered with reliefs been familiar centuries northern europe features late gothic culture that coexistent with discoveries changing view toward humans their world that were also characteristics italian northern countries like germany england people were slow accept culture even slower still allowing become outdated spain painters during never achieved modernity that been found even though their completely relied theses traditions spanish imported painters sculptors work most important decorative work even century titan leading painter spanish court although actually present there architecture fully structure wasn built until late century beginning sculpture sculptors introducing forms early century there three florentines originally goldsmiths made crucial changes they filippo brunelleschi lorenzo ghiberti donato niccolo betto bardi brunelleschi eldest three known developing linear perspective later became architect first truly builder capacity designed tremendous octagonal dome florence cathedral most impressive artistic engineering feats since time brunelleschi responsible revival classical columnar system which studied rome introduced into public private structures formal spatial integrity unique ghiberti best known reliefs made sets gilded bronze doors produced florence baptistery second pair doors illustrated testament themes highly praised michelangelo named them worthy gates paradise which they have been called since donato niccolo betto bardi also known donatello most influential artists because power figures traveled many places principal works include bronze david image biblical hero with head goliath feet nearly life size nude figure first such statue since ancient times another major works cantoria singing gallery became favorite subjects donatello also worked terra cotta wood made perspective devices reliefs dignified freestanding statues often representing saints became measure excellence next painter techniques masaccio though short life dying more than other artist affected used both linear aerial perspective group including paolo uccello much taken pictorial potentialities linear shared direction taken masaccio florence continued maintain commanding position flowering though other areas provided important masters throughout some artists time include following pisanello bellini alberti fancesca mantegna pisanello famous bronze portrait medals treasured aristocrats pisanello style highly refined more lyric flowing than macaccio bellini regarded founder painting venice later artistic rival style very extant unique both number complexity paintings ever found jacopo father masters bellini father mantegna another generation painter francesca adept mathematics servants wrote about constantly francesca famous work cycle legend true cross measured geometric echoes monumentality masaccio more abstract distant late career francesca began combine tempera usual medium panel pictures paint adapted flemish dutch painters generation summed works alberti humanist latin scholar abundant writer alberti trained north after family banned among famous facade sant andrea book dedicated fellow artists including ghiberti donatello lucadella robbia world book encyclopedia able find interesting quote second generation subsequent innovations aerial rendition landscape rigorous compositions consolidated further refined some include pollaiuolo verrocchio botticelli both pollaiuolo verrocchio explored complexities human anatomy studying they sculptors depicting masculinity humans pollaiuolo martyrdom saint sebastian papal tombs sixtusiv innocentviii saint peter basilica rome concerns later leonardo vinci verrocchio greatest pupil whose scientific investigations among important leonardo active various arts well score other fields library great masters leonardo vinci north leading second andrea mantegna padua giovanni venice rather severe muted colors sinewy draftsmanship equalized brother giovanni solely worked venice very influential only through through being teacher next seastiano piombo giorgione titan introduced bright vibrant colors into palette characteristic giobbe altarpiece strong color softened edges silent actors encapsulated within golden atmosphere typical consummate landscapes genre soon specialty venetian began canvas favored medium preferring tempera wood pannel canvas become common medium beginning another sandro botticelli favored frequently ruling medici family lyric flowing often decorative appearance whether religious pagan subjects quote encyclopedia birth venus primavera next high responsible taking level noble expression vinci when moved back milan discovered michelangelo michelangelo statue david statue only symbol symbol standard strive achieve hand last supper moment just after jesus said them would betray symbolizing salt judas iscariot during high tended reduce subjects bare essentials irrelevant details illustrative features allowed make sure viewer attention would focused main theme center high began shift court pope julius hired leading italian architects ambitious projects architect donato bramante after long trip milan during bramante settled rome some produced time tempietto house raphael bramante strong influence siense baldassarre perruzi built farnesina raphael born umbria among attracted raphael studied when well went remained years until death city formed active shop assistants addition series distinguished portraits pope julius people well smaller altarpieces fresco decorations stanza suite four rooms vatican palace stanze segnatura disputa religious pictures representing sacraments giorgio barbarella actual name still question course strived despite short lifespan softened contours strong colors enigmatic personalized tempest picture depicts idyllic landscape bothersome storm hovers over figures fine young seemingly standing guard over woman feeding child follower giorgio student tiziano vercellio better titan talented admired early sacred profane love allegorical picture women nude richly clothed seated opposite each solemn manner throughout long career patron holy roman emperor charles member nobility these pictures several portraits habsburg monarch emperor horseback image prototype state portraits centuries continued paint extremely acteristic free brushwork monumental figure types free color masterly idealized landscapes continued mark seen crowning thorns seem dissolved maze pure light pigment color while working robust figurative contemporaries moved lyric decorative direction removed classical antiquity decidedly unexpected unpredictable these shows called mannerism heralding shift away jacopo carrucci pontormo especially gifted grew under influence master elegant based careful drawing pale unaturalistic elongated harks back botticelli deemphasized three dimensional form favor flatter surface activity pontormo deposition church santa felicita tightly compressed figures difficult read pontormo different whose nevertheless influenced portomo extreme sensitivity bordered line being crazy aloof antisocial younger reject seemingly unsurpassable models left earlier such order find different avenues expression extreme individuality rosso similar artist except fact traveled popular sack until less coherent fashion mannerist number distinguished emerged arts architects stood above name andrea palladio trained stone carver native city vicenza architect halfway through series country villas area around veneto particularly significant villa rotonda villa capra near vicenza built slight rise domed building identical facades four sides complete imposing flights steps column temple front porch than buildings villa rotonda inspiration palladianism english architectural movement dominated building design england american colonies palladio plan church redentore involved using sets superimposed orders facade treatment jacopo sansovino active decades before palladio trained best bacchus sansovino lieria vecchia piazzetta marco admired building kind analogous structure uffizi designed giorgio vasari house medici family administrative office museum vasari charge fresco decoration gigantic dome cathedral refurbishing palazzo vecchio interiors last person would like cover benvenuto cellini goldsmiths autobiography adventurous cellini successful heroic perseus medusa nude muscular hero holds bloody severed head medusa looks piazza della signoria square rape sabine woman before middle purely painting architecture gradually giving either academic repetition renewed monumentality become hallmark baroque european history considered modern scholars between fragmented feudal society middle ages agricultural economy church dominated intellectual cultural transformed society increasingly dominated central political institutions urban commercial economy patronage education music report Keywords General: Essay, essays, termpaper, term paper, termpapers, term papers, book reports, study, college, thesis, dessertation, test answers, free research, book research, study help, download essay, download term papers