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"The new excitement about human potential spilled over into many areas of Renaissance
life. It helped to stimulate great artistic and intellectual achievements the European
continent." This is a quote from our seventh grade social studies book and the basis of
this report.
"Painting, sculpture, architecture, and allies arts produced in Europe in the
historical period called the Renaissance. Broadly considered, the period covers the 200
years between 1400 and 1600, although specialists disagree on exact dates. The word
renaissance literally means "rebirth" and is the French translation of the Italian rinascita.
The two principal components of Renaissance style are the following: a revival of the
classical forms originally developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and a renewed
vitality and spirit emphasizing the diverse qualities of humanity. The Renaissance period
in art history corresponds to the beginning of the great Western age of discovery and
exploration, when a general desire developed to examine all aspects of nature and the
world." This information was taken from Funk and Wagnalls New Encyclopedia.
There are many different areas of the Renaissance including the following: The
Renaissance of Italy, The Renaissance in Northern Europe, and The Renaissance in
Spain.
The Renaissance first developed in Italy. "The example of the ancient Greeks and
Romans was constantly available to the Italians- their language, which was only codified
about 1300, had evolved from the Latin of the Romans, and in addition, Italy had on its
man architectural forms were found in almost every town and city. Roman sculpture,
particularly in the form of marble sarcophagi covered with reliefs, had been familiar for
centuries.
The Renaissance in Northern Europe, features late Gothic culture that was coexistent
with the discoveries and changing view toward humans and their world, that were also
characteristics of the Italian Renaissance. In northern countries like Germany and
England, people were slow to accept the new culture of the Renaissance and even slower
still in allowing it to become outdated.
In Spain, painters during the Renaissance never achieved the modernity that had been
found in northern Europe and Italy, even though their art completely relied on theses two
traditions. The Spanish had imported painters and sculptors to work on most of their
important and decorative work. "Even in the 16th century, Titan was the leading painter
of the Spanish court, although he was not actually present there. In their architecture, a
fully renaissance structure wasn't built until late in the century.
In the beginning of Renaissance sculpture sculptors led the way in introducing the new
Renaissance forms early in the 15th century. There were three Florentines, who were
originally goldsmiths, made crucial changes. They were Filippo Brunelleschi, Lorenzo
Ghiberti, and Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi.
Brunelleschi was the eldest of the three, and is known for developing linear perspective.
He later became an architect, the first truly Renaissance builder, and in that capacity
designed a tremendous octagonal dome of Florence Cathedral, one of the most
impressive artistic and engineering feats since the time of the Romans. "Brunelleschi
was responsible for the revival of the classical columnar system, which he studied in
Rome. He introduced into all his public and private structures a new formal spatial
integrity that was unique to the Renaissance."
"Ghiberti is best known for the reliefs he made for two sets of gilded bronze doors,
produced for the Florence Baptistery." His second pair of doors illustrated Old
Testament themes, and was highly praised by Michelangelo, who named them worthy of
the gates of paradise, which they have been called since.Donato di Niccolo di Betto
Bardi, also known as Donatello was one of the most influential artists of the Renaissance,
because of his power of his figures and that he had traveled to many places. His principal
works include the bronze David, an image of the biblical hero with the head of Goliath at
his feet. This was nearly life-size nude figure, was the first such statue since ancient
times. Another one of his major works was Cantoria, or singing gallery, which became
favorite subjects in renaissance art. "Donatello, who also worked in terra-cotta and wood,
made use of Brunelleschi's perspective devices in his reliefs. His dignified freestanding
statues, often representing saints, became a measure of excellence for the next century."
The first painter to use the new techniques was Masaccio. Though he had a short life
(dying at the age of 27,) he, more than any other artist of the Renaissance, affected the
way of art. He used both linear and aerial perspective in his art. His age group, including
Paolo Uccello, who was much taken with the pictorial potentialities of linear perspective,
shared the direction taken by Masaccio.
Florence continued to maintain a commanding position in the flowering of Renaissance
art in Italy, even though other areas provided important masters throughout this period.
Some of the artists of this time include the following: Pisanello, Bellini, Alberti,
Fancesca, and Mantegna.
Pisanello is famous for his bronze portrait medals that were treasured by the aristocrats.
Pisanello's style was highly refined and "more lyric and flowing than Macaccio's."
Bellini is regarded as the founder of Renaissance painting in Venice, which later became
an artistic rival of Florence. His style was very extant and unique in both the number and
complexity, though few of his paintings were ever found. Jacopo was the father of two
Renaissance masters, Bellini and the father in-law of Mantegna.
Another first-generation painter was Francesca. He was an adept on perspective and
mathematics, which his servants wrote about constantly. Francesca's most famous work
is in his cycle the Legend of the True Cross. "His measured, geometric style echoes the
monumentality of Masaccio's art, but it is more abstract and distant. Late in his career,
Francesca began to combine tempera, the usual medium for panel pictures, with oil and
paint, which was adapted from the Flemish and Dutch painters."
The art of the first generation Renaissance can be summed up by the works of Alberti. A
humanist, a Latin scholar, and an abundant writer, Alberti was trained in north Italy after
his family was banned from Florence. Among his most famous works are the facade and
Sant' Andrea. He also made a book and dedicated it to fellow artists including the
following: Ghiberti, Donatello, Lucadella Robbia, and Masaccio.
From the World Book Encyclopedia I was able to find an interesting quote about the
second generation of Renaissance artists, "In the subsequent generation, the innovations
in aerial and linear perspective, the rendition of landscape, and the rigorous compositions
were consolidated and further refined." Some of the artists of this era include the
following: Pollaiuolo, Verrocchio, and Botticelli.
Both Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio explored the complexities of human anatomy, studying
from life. They were both sculptors and painters, with their work depicting the
masculinity of humans. Pollaiuolo is famous for his works "Martyrdom of Saint
Sebastian" and the bronze papal tombs he made for SixtusIV and InnocentVIII, which are
both found in Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome. "Their concerns were later taken up by
Leonardo da Vinci, Verrocchio's greatest pupil, whose scientific and artistic
investigations were among the most important of the Renaissance. Leonardo was active
in all the various arts as well as in a score of other fields." Taken from "The Library of
Great Masters: Leonardo da Vinci."
In north Italy, the leading painters of the second generation were Andrea Mantegna from
Padua and Giovanni Bellini from Venice. Mantegna had a rather severe style, with its
use of muted colors and "sinewy draftsmanship", was equalized by the art of his brotherin-law, Giovanni Bellini, who solely worked in Venice. Bellini was very influential, not
only through his art, but also through being a teacher of many top painters of the next
generation including, Seastiano del Piombo, Giorgione, and Titan. Bellini introduced
bright and vibrant colors into his palette, which became a characteristic that he is known
for. He is most known for his work "San Giobbe Altarpiece" made in 1488. " The strong
color, softened edges, and silent actors encapsulated within a golden atmosphere are
typical of his later style. He is also a consummate painter of landscapes, a genre that
soon became a specialty of Venetian painters. Bellini began to use oil on canvas as his
favored medium, preferring it to tempera on wood pannel; oil on canvas was to become
the common medium by the beginning of the 16th century."
Another great painter of the second generation was Sandro Botticelli. He was favored
frequently by the ruling Medici family in Florence. "His art is lyric, flowing, and often
decorative in appearance, whether on religious or pagan subjects." This quote is taken
from The World Book Encyclopedia. He is most famous for the Birth off Venus and
Primavera.
The next era is Artists of the High Renaissance. Artists of the following generation were
responsible for taking art to a level of noble expression. One of the artists of this era was
Leonardo da Vinci. When he moved back to Florence from Milan he discovered
Michelangelo. Michelangelo is famous statue David, this statue is not only a symbol of
Florence, but it is also a symbol of standard of which other artists strive to achieve.
Leonardo on the other hand is famous for his work The Last Supper. This moment is
taken just after Jesus had said one of them would betray him, symbolizing the salt by
Judas Iscariot. During the High Renaissance, artists tended to reduce their subjects to the
bare essentials. Few irrelevant details or illustrative features were allowed, to make sure
that the viewer's attention would be focused on the main theme of the work.
The center of the High Renaissance began to shift to the court of Pope Julius II, who
hired the leading Italian artists and architects to work on his ambitious projects. Another
famous architect of the High Renaissance was Donato Bramante. He was a painter at
first, but after a long trip to Milan, during which da Vinci was there, Bramante settled in
Rome. Some of his famous works he produced during this time were Tempietto and
House of Raphael. Bramante had a strong influence on later Renaissance artists,
including the Siense Baldassarre Perruzi, who built the Farnesina.
Raphael was born in 1483 in Umbria, was among the painters that were attracted to
Rome. Raphael studied in Florence at the time when Leonardo and Michelangelo were
there, as well. Raphael went to Rome in 1508 and remained there for 12 more years until
his death in 1520. He was the city's leading painter and formed an active shop with many
assistants. In addition to a series of distinguished portraits of Pope Julius II and other
famous people of the time, as well as smaller altarpieces, Raphael's works include fresco
decorations for the Stanza, a suite of four rooms in the Vatican Palace. He made the
Stanze, Segnatura, and the Disputa, which are religious, pictures representing the
sacraments.
Giorgio Barbarella (though the actual name is still in question) had taken a course with
Bellini strived to be a great painter, despite his short lifespan. His art had softened
contours, strong colors, and enigmatic style personalized his subjects. His most famous
work is the Tempest. This picture depicts an idyllic landscape in which a bothersome
storm hovers over the figures of a fine young man seemingly standing guard over a
woman feeding her child.
A follower of Giorgio and a student of Bellini, Tiziano Vercellio, better known as Titan
was the most talented painter of the High Renaissance. He is admired for his early works
Sacred and Profane Love and an allegorical picture which two women one, nude and the
other richly clothed are seated opposite each other in a solemn manner. Throughout his
long career, Titan produced many important works for his patron, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V, who made the painter a member of the nobility. Among these pictures were
several portraits of the Habsburg monarch, including one of the emperor on horseback.
This image became the prototype for the state portraits during the next two centuries.
Titan continued to paint even in his extremely old age, and his acteristic free brushwork,
monumental figure types, free color and masterly idealized landscapes continued to mark
his art. This is most seen in his work Crowning with thorns in which the forms seem
dissolved by a maze of pure light, pigment, and color.
"While Michelangelo, Titan, and Raphael were working in a robust figurative style, other
contemporaries moved in a more lyric and decorative direction, one removed from
classical antiquity and decidedly more unexpected and unpredictable. The work of these
masters shows the beginning of a new style, called Mannerism, heralding a shift away
from the High Renaissance."
Jacopo Carrucci, called Pontormo, was an especially gifted painter who grew up in
Florence under the influence of the master Michelangelo. He had an elegant style, based
on careful drawing, pale unaturalistic, and elongated, harks back to that of Botticelli.
Both artists deemphasized three-dimensional form in favor of a flatter, more decorative
surface activity. One of Pontormo's most famous works was Deposition in the Church of
Santa Felicita in Florence, in which tightly compressed figures are difficult to read at
first. Pontormo's style is different from Michelangelo's, whose art, nevertheless,
influenced him. Portomo's extreme sensitivity bordered on the line of being crazy, and in
his own life he was aloof and antisocial.
In the next generation, younger artists began to reject the seemingly unsurpassable
models left by earlier artists such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titan in order to find
different avenues of artistic expression. The extreme individuality found in both Rosso
(who was a similar artist to Pontormo, except for the fact that he traveled a lot) and
Pontormo became popular. "In the period from about 1530-following the sack of Rome
in 1527- until the end of the 16th century, Italian art developed in a less coherent fashion.
During this Mannerist, or late Renaissance, period a number of distinguished masters
emerged in all the arts.
Among the architects of this period there was one that stood above all, his name was
Andrea Palladio. He was trained as a stone carver in his native city of Vicenza. he
became an architect only about halfway through his life. He is famous for a series of
country villas in the area around Venice called the Veneto. Particularly significant is the
Villa Rotonda, or Villa Capra, near Vicenza. "Built on a slight rise, the domed building
has identical facades on all four sides, complete with imposing flights of steps and a sixcolumn temple-front porch. More than any other of his buildings, the Villa Rotonda was
the inspiration for Palladianism, the English architectural movement that dominated
building design in the 18th century in England and its American colonies. Palladio's plan
for the church of II Redentore in Venice involved using two sets of superimposed orders
on the facade, a treatment that became important in the 17th century."
Another architect of the late Renaissance was Jacopo Sansovino. He was active in
Venice a few decades before Palladio. He was trained in sculpture in Florence, and his
best known work in that medium of art is the Bacchus. Sansovino's Lieria Vecchia in the
Piazzetta San Marco in Venice is the most admired Renaissance building of its kind. An
analogous structure in Florence, the Uffizi was designed by Giorgio Vasari to house the
Medici family's administrative office; it is now a museum. Vasari was in charge of the
fresco decoration of the gigantic dome of Florence Cathedral and of the refurbishing of
Palazzo Vecchio interiors.
The last person I would like to cover is Benvenuto Cellini. He was one of the leading
sculptors and goldsmiths of the late Renaissance. He is famous for his autobiography
about his adventurous life. Cellini's most successful work is his heroic bronze statue
Perseus and Medusa. The nude, muscular hero holds the bloody severed head of Medusa
high in the air as he looks over the Piazza della Signoria, the man square in Florence. He
is also famous for his work The Rape of the Sabine Woman.
"In Italy, before the middle of the 16th century, the purely Renaissance forms of painting,
sculpture, and architecture were gradually giving way either to academic repetition or to a
renewed monumentality that was to become the hallmark of baroque are and
architecture."
The Renaissance is a period of European history-considered by modern scholars as that
between 1300 and 1600-in which the fragmented feudal society of the Middle Ages, with
its agricultural economy and church-dominated intellectual and cultural life, was
transformed into a society increasingly dominated by central political institutions, with an
urban, commercial economy and lay patronage of education, the arts, and music.
This is my report on the art and architecture of the period known as the Renaissance.
Keywords:
excitement about human potential spilled over into many areas renaissance life helped
stimulate great artistic intellectual achievements european continent this quote from
seventh grade social studies book basis this report painting sculpture architecture allies
arts produced europe historical period called renaissance broadly considered period
covers years between although specialists disagree exact dates word renaissance literally
means rebirth french translation italian rinascita principal components style following
revival classical forms originally developed ancient greeks romans renewed vitality spirit
emphasizing diverse qualities humanity period history corresponds beginning great
western discovery exploration when general desire developed examine aspects nature
world this information taken from funk wagnalls encyclopedia there many different areas
including following italy northern europe spain first developed italy example ancient
greeks romans constantly available italians their language which only codified about
evolved from latin romans addition italy architectural forms were found almost every
town city roman sculpture particularly form marble sarcophagi covered with reliefs been
familiar centuries northern europe features late gothic culture that coexistent with
discoveries changing view toward humans their world that were also characteristics
italian northern countries like germany england people were slow accept culture even
slower still allowing become outdated spain painters during never achieved modernity
that been found even though their completely relied theses traditions spanish imported
painters sculptors work most important decorative work even century titan leading
painter spanish court although actually present there architecture fully structure wasn
built until late century beginning sculpture sculptors introducing forms early century
there three florentines originally goldsmiths made crucial changes they filippo
brunelleschi lorenzo ghiberti donato niccolo betto bardi brunelleschi eldest three known
developing linear perspective later became architect first truly builder capacity designed
tremendous octagonal dome florence cathedral most impressive artistic engineering feats
since time brunelleschi responsible revival classical columnar system which studied rome
introduced into public private structures formal spatial integrity unique ghiberti best
known reliefs made sets gilded bronze doors produced florence baptistery second pair
doors illustrated testament themes highly praised michelangelo named them worthy gates
paradise which they have been called since donato niccolo betto bardi also known
donatello most influential artists because power figures traveled many places principal
works include bronze david image biblical hero with head goliath feet nearly life size
nude figure first such statue since ancient times another major works cantoria singing
gallery became favorite subjects donatello also worked terra cotta wood made perspective
devices reliefs dignified freestanding statues often representing saints became measure
excellence next painter techniques masaccio though short life dying more than other artist
affected used both linear aerial perspective group including paolo uccello much taken
pictorial potentialities linear shared direction taken masaccio florence continued maintain
commanding position flowering though other areas provided important masters
throughout some artists time include following pisanello bellini alberti fancesca
mantegna pisanello famous bronze portrait medals treasured aristocrats pisanello style
highly refined more lyric flowing than macaccio bellini regarded founder painting venice
later artistic rival style very extant unique both number complexity paintings ever found
jacopo father masters bellini father mantegna another generation painter francesca adept
mathematics servants wrote about constantly francesca famous work cycle legend true
cross measured geometric echoes monumentality masaccio more abstract distant late
career francesca began combine tempera usual medium panel pictures paint adapted
flemish dutch painters generation summed works alberti humanist latin scholar abundant
writer alberti trained north after family banned among famous facade sant andrea book
dedicated fellow artists including ghiberti donatello lucadella robbia world book
encyclopedia able find interesting quote second generation subsequent innovations aerial
rendition landscape rigorous compositions consolidated further refined some include
pollaiuolo verrocchio botticelli both pollaiuolo verrocchio explored complexities human
anatomy studying they sculptors depicting masculinity humans pollaiuolo martyrdom
saint sebastian papal tombs sixtusiv innocentviii saint peter basilica rome concerns later
leonardo vinci verrocchio greatest pupil whose scientific investigations among important
leonardo active various arts well score other fields library great masters leonardo vinci
north leading second andrea mantegna padua giovanni venice rather severe muted colors
sinewy draftsmanship equalized brother giovanni solely worked venice very influential
only through through being teacher next seastiano piombo giorgione titan introduced
bright vibrant colors into palette characteristic giobbe altarpiece strong color softened
edges silent actors encapsulated within golden atmosphere typical consummate
landscapes genre soon specialty venetian began canvas favored medium preferring
tempera wood pannel canvas become common medium beginning another sandro
botticelli favored frequently ruling medici family lyric flowing often decorative
appearance whether religious pagan subjects quote encyclopedia birth venus primavera
next high responsible taking level noble expression vinci when moved back milan
discovered michelangelo michelangelo statue david statue only symbol symbol standard
strive achieve hand last supper moment just after jesus said them would betray
symbolizing salt judas iscariot during high tended reduce subjects bare essentials
irrelevant details illustrative features allowed make sure viewer attention would focused
main theme center high began shift court pope julius hired leading italian architects
ambitious projects architect donato bramante after long trip milan during bramante settled
rome some produced time tempietto house raphael bramante strong influence siense
baldassarre perruzi built farnesina raphael born umbria among attracted raphael studied
when well went remained years until death city formed active shop assistants addition
series distinguished portraits pope julius people well smaller altarpieces fresco
decorations stanza suite four rooms vatican palace stanze segnatura disputa religious
pictures representing sacraments giorgio barbarella actual name still question course
strived despite short lifespan softened contours strong colors enigmatic personalized
tempest picture depicts idyllic landscape bothersome storm hovers over figures fine
young seemingly standing guard over woman feeding child follower giorgio student
tiziano vercellio better titan talented admired early sacred profane love allegorical picture
women nude richly clothed seated opposite each solemn manner throughout long career
patron holy roman emperor charles member nobility these pictures several portraits
habsburg monarch emperor horseback image prototype state portraits centuries continued
paint extremely acteristic free brushwork monumental figure types free color masterly
idealized landscapes continued mark seen crowning thorns seem dissolved maze pure
light pigment color while working robust figurative contemporaries moved lyric
decorative direction removed classical antiquity decidedly unexpected unpredictable
these shows called mannerism heralding shift away jacopo carrucci pontormo especially
gifted grew under influence master elegant based careful drawing pale unaturalistic
elongated harks back botticelli deemphasized three dimensional form favor flatter surface
activity pontormo deposition church santa felicita tightly compressed figures difficult
read pontormo different whose nevertheless influenced portomo extreme sensitivity
bordered line being crazy aloof antisocial younger reject seemingly unsurpassable models
left earlier such order find different avenues expression extreme individuality rosso
similar artist except fact traveled popular sack until less coherent fashion mannerist
number distinguished emerged arts architects stood above name andrea palladio trained
stone carver native city vicenza architect halfway through series country villas area
around veneto particularly significant villa rotonda villa capra near vicenza built slight
rise domed building identical facades four sides complete imposing flights steps column
temple front porch than buildings villa rotonda inspiration palladianism english
architectural movement dominated building design england american colonies palladio
plan church redentore involved using sets superimposed orders facade treatment jacopo
sansovino active decades before palladio trained best bacchus sansovino lieria vecchia
piazzetta marco admired building kind analogous structure uffizi designed giorgio vasari
house medici family administrative office museum vasari charge fresco decoration
gigantic dome cathedral refurbishing palazzo vecchio interiors last person would like
cover benvenuto cellini goldsmiths autobiography adventurous cellini successful heroic
perseus medusa nude muscular hero holds bloody severed head medusa looks piazza
della signoria square rape sabine woman before middle purely painting architecture
gradually giving either academic repetition renewed monumentality become hallmark
baroque european history considered modern scholars between fragmented feudal society
middle ages agricultural economy church dominated intellectual cultural transformed
society increasingly dominated central political institutions urban commercial economy
patronage education music report
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