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Imagina: Leccion 3 Nombre____________________ Vocabulario, Gramatica: subjuntivo, mandatos, pronombres LOS MEDIOS el acontecimiento el/la oyente la actualidad el anuncio la censura Internet los medios de comunicación la parcialidad la publicidad el radio la radioemisora el reportaje el sitio web la temporada enterarse (de) navegar la red opinar ser parcial tener buena/mala fama actualizado/a destacado/a en directo/vivo imparcial influyente GENTE EN LOS MEDIOS el/la actor/actriz el/la cantante el/la crítico/a de cine el/la directora(a) la estrella (de cine) el/la fotógrafo/a el/la locutor(a) de radio el/la periodista el público el/la redactor(a) el/la reportero/a el/la televidente EL CINE Y LA TELEVISIÓN la banda sonora la cadena el documental los efectos especiales la emisión el estreno la pantalla la película los subtítulos la telenovela la televisión el video musical entretener entrevistar filmar/rodar grabar trasmitir LA PRENSA la crónica deportiva la crónica de sociedad el horóscopo la libertad de prensa las noticias locales/ internacionales/nacionales el periódico/el diario la portada la prensa (sensacionalista) CULTURA la revista el bajo la tira cómica el crecimiento el titular el estilo investigar el éxito publicar la fama la flauta CORTOMETRAJE el género el alma la guitarra el ángel la letra el arma la pista de baile el Diablo el ritmo el disparo el sintetizador la encrucijada el tambor la fantasía la trompeta el fenómeno el violonchelo el pasamontañas desarrollar los rasgos golpear el robo salir a la venta la sangre tocar el ser humano controvertido/a el suceso adivinar LITERATURA arrepentirse el canal castigar la imagen cometer (un crimen) el programa convocar el televisor engañar colocar firmar señalar robar hondo/a apenas redondo/a por primera/última vez The Past Subjunctive--Formation First of all, let's remember how we formed the present subjunctive: basically, we started with the first person singular of the present (hablo, como, vivo, digo, conozco), took off the 'o', and then added the 'opposite endings'. Now with the past subjunctive, we're going to go through a similar process, but now, instead of beginning with the first person singular of the present, we use the third person plural of the preterite (simple past). So now our starting point will be, for example: hablaron, comieron, vivieron, dijeron, conocieron. But this time we are going to remove -ron, so we end up with the following stems: habla-, comie-, vivie-, dije-, conocie-). Up to this point in Spanish we've only had to learn one set of verb endings; now there are two sets! And the funny thing is that there is no difference in meaning between one and the other! But let's also look on the positive side of things: they are the same endings whether we are dealing with -ar, -er, or -ir verbs. Here they are: -ra -ras -ra -ramos -rais -ran The following is a seldom-used form of this tense that is used primarily in literature. It is rarely heard in speech. It is conjugated as above, except the -ra becomes -se. It normally is not necessary to memorize this form, but you should be able to recognize it when you see it. -se -ses -se -semos -seis -sen So the verbs cited above will look like this: hablar hablara hablaras hablara habláramos hablarais hablaran hablase hablases hablase hablásemos hablaseis hablasen comer comiera comieras comiera comiéramos comierais comieran comiese comieses comiese comiésemos comieseis comiesen vivir viviera vivieras viviera viviéramos vivierais vivieran viviese vivieses viviese viviésemos vivieseis viviesen decir dijera dijeras dijera dijéramos dijerais dijeran dijese dijeses dijese dijésemos dijeseis dijesen conocer conociera conociéramos conocieras conocierais conociera conocieran conociese conociésemos conocieses conocieseis conociese conociesen The imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood is used to express the same subjectivity as the present subjunctive, but in the past. The imperfect subjunctive has three main uses: 1. Express subjectivity in the past after the same verbs, impersonal expressions, and conjunctions as the present subjunctive (all those WEIRDOS). For the imperfect subjunctive to be needed, the verb in the main clause has to be in one of the following tenses/moods: preterite, imperfect, conditional, or pluperfect (aka past perfect, había +ado, ido). Quería que lo hicieras. I wanted you to do it. Fue una lástima que no pudiera venir. It was too bad that he couldn't come. Yo iría al banco para que tuviéramos dinero. I would go to the bank so that we'd have money. 2. Make a very polite request or suggestion (only with the verbs deber, poder, and querer). Quisiera dos libros, por favor. I'd like two books, please. ¿Pudiera Ud. ayudarnos? Could you (possibly) help us? 3. In conditional sentences (si clauses/ contrary to fact clauses) and with the conjunction como si. Si tuviera dinero, iría contigo. If I had money, I would go with you. Me escucha como si fuera su profesor. He listens to me as if I were his teacher. Use imperfect subjunctive (past subjunctive) in the same situations as present subjunctive, but when referring to past events: Quiero que juegen esta tarde. -- I want now, thus present subjunctive. Quería que jugaran por la tarde. -- I wanted, thus past subjunctive. This is like correspondence of tenses in English -- after a past tense (either Preterit or Imperfect) in an independent clause, one should use a imperfect (past) subjunctive. Also when discussing situations in the present or future that are contrary to the fact or very unlikely. Si lloviera, no saldría. Here are the 4 main cases of subjunctive: Present hable Emotions today and tomorrow about Subjunctive something being done today or tomorrow. (I hope he speaks.) Imperfect hablara/hablase Emotions yesterday about something done Subjunctive before yesterday; (I was hoping he spoke.) Conditional sentences referring to something unreal today or tomorrow. (“If” clause sentences) (If I were you, I would say nothing.) Present Perfect haya comido Emotions today and tomorrow about Subjunctive something done yesterday. (I hope he ate yesterday.) Pluperfect hubiera/hubiese Conditional sentences referring to something Subjunctive comido unreal yesterday. (If he had been here, he would have eaten.) Note that emotion is expressed by one person, while action is being done by another: Ella teme que el gobierno no haga nada. -- two subjects, thus subjunctive She fears that the government doesn’t do anything. Ella teme no hacer nada. -- one subject: no subjunctive. She’s afraid of not doing anything. 3 types of hypothesizing. Structures in Spanish are very similar to those in English: 1. Hypothetical situations in the future and the present: the present indicative Si + present indicative a future tense command no salgo saldré/voy a salir/estaré Si llueve, saliendo no salgas! I don't go out If it rains (it may or may will not go out/am not going not), out don't go out! 2. Hypothetical situations in the future and the present that are contrary to fact or very unlikely: Si + imperfect subjunctive conditional Si lloviera, no saldría. If it rained (it does not), I would not go out. 3. Hypothetical situations in the past that are contrary to fact: Si + pluperfect subjunctive conditional perfect Si hubiera llovido, no habría salido. If it had rained (it did not), I would not have gone out.