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Transcript
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Biology II Living things consist of atoms of different elements. •An ________ is the smallest basic unit of __________. •An ___________ is one type of ____________. •An atom has a _____________ and _______________. –The nucleus has ____________ and ____________. –Electrons are in _____________________________________. Draw the atom identifying the protons, neutrons, & electrons. •Atoms have energy levels… –__________________ the nucleus in which _______________(___) are located •The outer most energy level… –Determines how _________________ or covalent __________ •A compound is made of atoms of __________________________ together. –____________ (_______) –___________________ (______) –many other ______________________ compounds in living things “How are elements different from compounds?” Answer: Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons. •An ion is an atom that has _____________________ one or more _______. –___________ ions –___________ ions •___________ bonds form between _____________________ ions. •Positive ion: –Form when atoms ___________ e–Atoms that have _____________ e–Ex. •Negative ions: –Atoms __________ e–If they have nearly a _____________________ –Ex. Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds. •A ____________ bond forms when atoms __________________ of electrons. –_____________ covalent bonds –_____________ molecules Ex. “What happens to electron in outer energy levels when two atoms form a covalent bond?” Answer: Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water. •Water is a _______________. –Polar molecules have _________________ regions. –Due to ___________ pull of e–________________ molecules do not have charged regions. – ________________ bonds form between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms. •Hydrogen bonds are responsible for ______ important properties of water. –____________________ –must __________________ to change temperature. –____________________ temperature –________________ –Causes ________________ & water ___________ 2 –________________ –Helps _________________ “How are hydrogen bonds silmilar to ionic bonds?” Answer: Many compounds dissolve in water. •A ___________ is formed when one substance dissolves in another. –A solution is a _________________ mixture. –___________________________ substances. –________________________ a solvent. •“_______________________” –Polar solvents dissolve __________________. –Nonpolar solvents dissolve __________________. –Polar substances and nonpolar substances generally ___________ _____________. “What are solvent & solutes in beverages that you drink?” Answer: Some compounds form acids or bases. •An acid releases a ________________ when it dissolves in water. –______________ concentration –pH __________________ •A base __________________________ from a solution. –___________________ concentration –pH ___________________ •A __________________ solution has a pH of 7. •Most organisms need to keep their pH in a ______________. –Human blood pH=______ –Bile pH=______ –Stomach acid ______ –Azalea plants need soil at _____ –Large changes are ___________ 3 “Cells have higher H+ concentration than blood. Which has a higher pH?” Answer: Carbon is special because they have unique bonding properties. •Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four _____________, including other ___________ atoms. •Carbon-based molecules have __________ general types of structures. –__________ chain –__________chain –_________ •Many carbon-based molecules are made of many ________________ bonded together. –_____________ are the individual subunits. –Smaller molecule that is a _____________ in a larger. –______________ are made of many monomers. –(___________________) “Write your own analogy for the formation of a polymer from monomers.” Answer: Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. •Carbohydrates are made of ________________________________ –Carbohydrates include __________ and ___________. –Monosaccharides are ________________. –Ex. –Polysaccharides include ______________, ___________, and glycogen. –Ex. •_______________ is an example of a monomer (__________________) •Starch is polymer (__________________) 4 “Draw a simple monosaccharide & polysaccharide, then label starch or glucose.” Functions: •Carbohydrates can be __________________________________ for cells. •Some carbohydrates are part of ____________________. •Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include _______, _________, and cholesterol. –Many contain __________ chains called _____________. –Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to ____________. •Lipids have several different ________________. –___________________ as a source of ___________ –make up _________________ –used to make _______________ •Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. –_______________ fatty acids –_______________ fatty acids •____________________ make up all cell membranes. –___________ phosphate “________” –___________ fatty acid “_______” “What 4 things make up a phospholipid?” Answer: “What is a phospholipid used for?” Answer: 5 “What 4 things make up a triglyceride?” Answer: “What is a triglyceride used for?” Answer: •Proteins are _______________________ monomers. –Twenty different amino acids are used to _________________ in organisms. –Amino acids differ in ______________, or _____________. –Amino acids are linked by ___________________. •Proteins differ in the ______________ and ___________ of amino acids. –Amino acids interact to give a protein its __________. –Your body only makes ____________ –Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s ___________and __________. –Protein = _______________ Functions: •There are MANY –Can be ______________ –Used for __________________________ –_______________ movement –Function is determined by __________________ •Example… •__________________ are polymers of monomers called _____________. –Nucleotides are made of a __________, __________ group, and a nitrogen base. Function: –___________________ information. –________________ proteins. 6 Bonds break and form during chemical reactions. •Chemical reactions change substances into different ones by __________ and ___________ chemical bonds. –___________ are changed during a chemical reaction. –___________ are made by a chemical reaction. •Bond energy is the amount of energy that ______________. –Energy is _______________ bonds. –Energy is ___________ when bonds form. •A reaction is at _______________ when reactants and products form at the same rate. Reversible reaction (can occur in both directions) •Also depending on _________________ Draw the chemical equation. •When CO2 concentration is high, the reaction moves to the… …___________ & ___________ H2CO3 •When CO2 concentrations is low, the reaction moves to the … … __________ & _____________ H2CO3 “Why is concentration important in chemical reactions?” Answer: Chemical reactions release or absorb energy. •___________________ is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction. •__________________reactions release more energy than they absorb. –Reactants have ___________ bond energies than products. –___________________________ by the reaction. 7 Draw the graph of an exothermic reaction. Label the reactant & product. •__________________ reactions absorb more energy than they release. –Reactants have ____________ bond energies than products. –____________________ by the reaction to make up the difference. Draw the graph of an endothermic reaction. Label the reactant & product. “How is activation energy related to bond energy?” Answer: A catalyst lowers activation energy. •_________________ are substances that speed up chemical reactions. –decrease ___________________________ –increase _____________________ Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions. •_______________ are catalysts in ____________ things. –Enzymes are needed for almost __________________. –Most enzymes are _________________. •________________ in homeostasis can prevent enzymes from functioning. –Enzymes function best in a __________________ of conditions. –Changes in temperature and pH can ____________________ bonds. –An enzyme’s function depends on its _______________. 8 •Enzyme structure & function: –Altered enzyme structure ____________ the enzyme from functioning properly. –Enzymes structure only allows certain reactants to _________ to enzymes. •An enzyme’s structure allows only _____________________ to bind to the enzyme. –_______________ –_______________ •Substrates: –______________ acted upon by an enzyme –__________ to enzyme’s active sites •The ___________________ model helps illustrate how enzymes function. –substrates _______________ –_________ in substrates _____________ •Lock-and-key model: –Only particular substrates (reactants) will bind to _______________. –When bound, enzymes weaken bonds within substrates & ________ ____________________. Draw the 3 steps of the lock-and-key model “What are 2 functions of catalysts in chemical reactions?” Answer: “How does the structure of the enzyme affect its function?” Answer: 9