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Biol. 2401 Exam # 2 (10-15-11)
Chapter 3 . Cellular Level of Organization
1. What is cytology? How does somatic cells differ from sex cells?
2. Functions of the P.M. (page 63).
3. Components of the P.M.: Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Glycolipids, Glycoproteins.
4. Kinds of the membrane proteins and carbohydrates. Their functions (pages 66 and 67)
5. Three types of surface extensions of P.M.: Microvilli, Cilia, Flagella. Their functions.
6. Describe the cell organelles and list their functions. How will you distinguish between
(structure and function) smooth and rough E.R., free and bound ribosomes, nucleus and
nucleolus, lysosome and peroxisome, microtubule and microfilament, mitochondria and
chloroplast. What is the function of Golgi apparatus?
7. How will you describe the structure of Nucleus? What are histones, nucleosomes,
chromatin and chromosome?
8. The role of gene activation in protein synthesis (page 81). Explain: coding and template
strands, introns, exons, transcription, translation. Describe the sequence of events leading
to protein synthesis. What are the roles of the 3 RNA’s (mRNA, rRNA and tRNA) in
protein synthesis?
9. Diffusion, Osmosis, Tonicity. Explain each. What do you mean by isotonic? Explain hemolysis and
crenation (page 89)
10. What is meant by: ‘Active Transport’, Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Endocytosis, Exocytosis?
11. Describe DNA replication and cell division. Describe the various steps of mitosis prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis). What are stem cells?
12. List 2 growth factors that control cell life cycle. (page. 100). What are telomeres?
13. What are tumors (neoplasm)? How will you distinguish benign and malignant tumors?
14. What are oncogenes? Explain metastasis.
Sample questions: (circle one)
Cell surface receptors are usually : Phospholipids. Glycoproteins. Cholesterol
Sperms swim forward with the help of: Cilia.
Microvilli.
Flagellum
Cells will shrink in a solution which is: Isotonic Hypertonic
Most human cells have a diameter of: 1-15 mm.
Hypotonic
10-15 nm
10-15µm
Site of ATP production: lysosomes
Golgi complex
Mitochondria
Taking in of fluid substance by a cell;
Phagocytosis
Transcytosis Pinocytosis
75% of lipids in the plasma membrane are: Cholesterol.
In our cells energy from ATP is used for: Osmosis
Cells take in LDL by: Active Transport
Cytoskeleton is made of: Small tiny bones
Glycolipid
Diffusion
Phospholipids
Active Transport
Diffusion Receptor mediated endocytosis
Protein filaments
Many cells
Cells can digest itself with enzymes present in: .Mitochondria Lysosomes Ribosomes
Chapter 4
1. What is histology?
2. List important features of the epithelial tissue (page 109).
3. Intercellular connections: tight junction, gap junction and desmosomes. What are
CAMs?
4. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands. Explain the 3 modes of
secretion and give an example of a gland for each (page 118).
5. Describe the basement membrane. (where found, chemical ingredients).
6. List the different kinds of epithelia and an organ where each is located.
7. How does connective tissue differ from epithelial tissue?
8. What are the functions of connective tissue?
9. List the components of the connective tissue: Cells (6 types), fibers (3 types),
chemical components (3 types). All the types may not be present in every tissue.
10. Name a connective tissue that has all the 6 types of cells in them).
11. Distinguish between tendon and a ligament.
12. Distinguish between a cartilage and a bone.
13. Describe adipose tissue. What are types of cells in blood?
14. Why are nerves and muscles called excitable tissues?
15. What are the 2 kinds of cells that compose nerve tissue? Draw and label a neuron.
16. Skeletal muscles usually attach to bones. Give some exceptions (sphincter
muscles).
17. Distinguish the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles (location, and ultrastructure).
18. Describe Desmosomes and hemi-desmosomes (where you find them and
functions).
19. List 4 types of membranes (page 131)
20. Define: Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, neoplasia, atrophy, necrosis, apoptosis.
21. Distinguish the tissue repairs: regeneration vs. fibrosis.
22. What is the sequence of events happening during the healing of a wound?
Chapter 5.
1. Define Dermatology.
2. List seven functions of the skin (pages. 145 – 146).
3. List 5 types of cells found in Epidermis and the function of each.
4. What are the layers of epidermis? Mitosis occurs in which layer? Why?
5. Briefly describe the life history of keratinocytes.
6. What constitute the epidermal water barrier?
7. What pigments and environmental factors contribute to the skin color?
8. List three types of hair that grow on our body over the course of our life (page 157).
9. Draw the structure of a human hair and label the parts: bulb, root, shaft, dermal papilla
and hair matrix.
10. Three developmental stages of a hair: anagen, catagen and telogen
11. What do you mean by alopecia and hirsutism.
12. What are the parts of a growing nail?
13. What is the bases of classifying glands as Merocrine, Apocrine and Holocrine. Give an
example of each.
14. Name the 2 kinds of sweat glands on the skin. How do they differ?
15. Describe Sebaceous and Ceruminous glands: locations and their secretions.
16. Describe the secretion from Mammary gland.
17. Skin cancers: list the kinds of skin cancers and their differences (page 151).
18. Distinguish the first, second and third degree burns (page 163).
19. Draw a cross section of human skin and label the important types of cells/structures and
glands.