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Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Biology is the study of living Biology is the study of living organisms organisms Common features: Common features: - are made of cells - are made of cells - carry own information - carry their their own information - reproduce - reproduce - evolve - evolve What they do: - convert What theymacromolecules do: - extract energy - convert macromolecules - self-regulate - extract energy What they look like - self-regulate - megadiverse from outside - more and more similar as you go inside What they look like - diverse from outside - more and more similar as you go All living forms are made of one or more cells (viruses do not, but are they alive?) are made of cells…. The same apply for plant cells A cell: -Carries its own genetic information encoded in DNA -Translates this information in structural or effector elements, generally proteins -(divides to form a pluricellular animal, if it’s the case) -Reproduces The cell is made of water, an inf inite number of small molecules, lipids, glucides, and so forth, although bioinformatics mostly deals with DNA and proteins. Monomers and polymers -Fats -Glucides (many monosaccarids) -Proteins (20 aminoacids) -Nucleic acids (4+1 nucleotides) What’s about polymers - Simplicity, many combinations with few building blocks - Economy, building blocks can be reused DNA replication The double helix is unwound by a helicase and topoisomerase one DNA polymerase produces the leading strand copy. Another DNA polymerase binds to the lagging strand. This enzyme makes discontinuous segments (called Okazaki fragments) before DNA ligase joins them together. In summary, in DNA: -Building blocks and their assembly into DNA is conserved. Bioinformatics involves manipulation, searching, -Sequence is allthe that matters. and data mining of biological data, and this includes DNA sequence data. -Three-dimensional structure is The development of techniques to store and search DNA sequences have led to widely applied advances in constant. computer science, especially string searching algorithms, machine learning and database theory. Databases report DNA In summary, in proteins: -Building blocks and their assembly into proteins is conserved. -Sequence is variable and important. -Three-dimensional structure can vary and it does matter as well. Databases report protein sequences (e.g. GenBank) Others contain three dimensional structures (e.g. PDB) The genetic code