Download Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Structure and Pollen Grains Development... Chenopodium Album L. Leila Amjad

2011 International Conference on Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics
IPCBEE vol.5 (2011) © (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore
Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Structure and Pollen Grains Development in
Chenopodium Album L.
Leila Amjad
Mahsa Shafighi
Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic
Azad University- Esfahan- Iran.
[email protected]
Young Researchers Club, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic
Azad University- Esfahan- Iran.
[email protected]
cause deformation inside grain through compression or
tension of particular layers [6]. On the other hand, it has been
proved that the electromagnetic field inhibited the biological
properties of the membrane protein [7], [8], [9]. Need to
create these components, incorporating the applicable criteria
that follow. Also, redistributions of membrane proteins by 50
Hz electromagnetic fields is reported by Bersani et al. [10].
Studies on the meristem cells of the plants have shown
that magnetic field is an element that affects normal cell
metabolisms and also has impacts on the cell division [11].
In numerous experiments, it has been investigated that
electromagnetic field's effects on organisms vary depending
on the intensity of the magnetic field, frequency, exposure
duration to electromagnetic field, genotype of organisms and
the biological system [11].
Abstract—The role of the pollen grain, with to the reproductive
process of higher plants, is to deliver the spermatic cells to the
embryo sac for egg fertilization. The aim of this project was
study the effect of electromagnetic fields on structure and
pollen grains development in Chenopodium album. Anthers of
Chenopodium album L. were collected at different stages of
development from control (without electromagnetic field) and
plants grown at 10m from the field sources. Structure and
development of pollen grains were studied and compared. The
studying pollen structure by Light and Scanning electron
microscopy showed that electromagnetic fields reduction of
pollen grains number and male sterility, thus , in some anthers,
pollen grains were attached together and deformed compared
to control ones. The data presented suggest that prolonged
exposures of plants to magnetic field may cause different
biological effects at the cellular tissue and organ levels.
Keywords-Electromagnetic
album L.
I.
fields;
pollen;
II.
Chenopodium
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Buds and open flowers of Chenopodium album were
collected at different developmental stages from control area
(without electromagnetic radiation) and plants grown at 10m
from the field sources (64 KV/m) in June 2009. The climatic
and edaphic conditions in the 2 regions were the same.
Sample were fixed in FAA (formalin: acetic acid: alcohol
ethyl 96° 2: 1: 17) dehydrated in a graded alcohol series and
embedded in paraffin. Serial section of 7 – 10 µm were
prepared and examined by Light microscopy (LM).Anthers
was studied by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Control and treatment under samples were coated with
gold; these samples were analyzed using a Scanning electron
microscope (Model SEM – x 130, Philips, Netherland).
INTRODUCTION
Pollen grains are essential for correct fertilization and
therefore plant fertility. Fertility decreases under various
stresses due to the direct and indirect effects on the
reproductive apparatus [1].
Chenopodium album L. of the family Chenopodiaceae is
an annual weed of cultivated fields, especially on rich soils
and old manure heaps [2]. This plant is a wild neglected herb
which has various pharmacological properties such as
antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic,
antiseptic and immunomodulating activity [3].The effect of
electromagnetic field on living cells during decades is mainly
attributed to its guide in throwing light on major unsolved
biological problems such as morphology, uncoiling immune
defense and regulation of the cell division [4]. These electric
fields are, practically, produced in all places by humorous
sources, including nearby high voltage transmission lines,
primary and secondary overhead utility distribution lines and
the electrical grounding system.
Electromagnetic field is one kind of stress, which can
affect directly or indirectly the plant exposed to it. Plant
species vary in their sensitivity and response to
environmental stresses because they have various capabilities
for stress perception, signaling and response [5].
Several researches tried to define the effect of such field
on the growth rate of the plant. Electromagnetic field can
III.
RESULTS
Results obtained by Scanning electron microscopy
indicate that on the surface of control pollen grains have 50 –
70 apertures. Sculpturing was finely, granular pollen grains
were generally circular and pollen grains size was almost 2 –
5 µm (Fig 1, 2).
After contamination with electromagnetic fields, pollen
grains become abnormal, also degeneration and fragile of
exine surface (Fig 3, 4).
Study of anatomical structure of mature anthers collected
from control area showed that these anthers contain
polypantaporate, granular, spherical and normal pollens with
a thick relatively exine. The exine surface is more or less
rough, crenellate (Fig 5, 6). But those collected from
83
treatment under area contain shrinked, destroyed, defective
and fragile pollen. Also, degradation of exine surface was
observed (Fig 7).
Therefore, electromagnetic fields reduction of pollen
grains number and male sterility (Fig 8). Thus in some
anthers, pollen grains were attached together and deformed
compared to control ones (Fig 9).
IV.
to the environmental. Hence, it is recommended to insert
such transmission lines under the ground to minimize their
hazardous effects.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by Young Researchers Club
that depended on Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan
Branch. The authors also thank Dr. Monajjemi and Ms.
Emami from the Department of biology, Islamic Azad
University, Falavarjan Branch for their aid.
DISCUTION
Studies the effect of electromagnetic fields on pollen
grains showed changes in structure and viability pollen. If a
plant grows in the high voltage transmission lines, its
physiologic function may change such as: high frequency of
chromosomal abnormality, increase in the frequency of the
nonviable pollen grains, increase in the stem length, decrease
the number of grains in the spike, increase in the total
chlorophyll content and the total carbohydrate in the grains,
decrease the amount of protein in grains [4].
These results are similar to findings of our research.
Studies of Germana, 2007 showed that exposure to
electromagnetic fields to modify the biological behavior of
seeds, roots, pollen grains and buds of several plants [9].
Thus Dattilo et al, 2004 showed that Actinidia deliciosa
(Kiwi fruit) pollen grains were germinated in the presence of
an alternating magnetic field (50 Hz). Therefore, pollen tube
growth is affected by magnetic fields, but, the analyses of the
observed anomalies in the pollen tube appear to be the result
of changes in the ionic charges within the pollen tube
cytoplasm [12].
Vashisth and Nagarajan reported on increase in speed of
germination, seedling length and seedling dry weight for
Cicer arietinum l. with static magnetic field of 50 mT for 1-4
h [13]. In another research on magnetic field's effect on
potato, it was concluded that magnetic field had positive
effects on the root length, tuber formation and root weights
[11].
The data presented suggest that prolonged exposures of
plants to weak magnetic field may cause different biological
effects at the cellular, tissue and organ levels.
They maybe related to systems that regulated plant
metabolism including the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis
[14] ,[15]. Ca2+ ions are in particular essential regulatory
components of all organisms. Being a second messenger,
Ca2+ is involved in regulation at all stages of plant growth
and development, therefore, Ca2+ is the most investigated ion
for the ion cyclotron resonance effect. Sharp resonances
were taken as evidence, that ion cyclotron resonance links
electromagnetic fields and cell transport processes [10].
Theoretical considerations on molecular level focus on ionic
interactions with water related to models using quantum
electrodynamics [16].
In summary, an increased desiccation of the
Chenopodium plants exposed to the ion cyclotron resonance
condition for Ca2+ could explain the different effects
observed.
From the present work, it is concluded that growing
plants under high voltage transmission lines change their
growth characteristics and also decreases plant yield.
Therefore, the electromagnetic field is considered pollutant
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Scanning electron micrographs of pollen grains of plant grown under condition of control
(The pollen grains and exine are circular and regular)
Figure. 3, 4.
Scanning electron micrographs of pollen grains of plant grown under condition of electromagnetic fields.
(The pollen grains are abnormal, degeneration and fragile of exine surface)
85
Figure 5, 6.
Light microscopy photographs of pollen obtained from control area
(Mature pollen grains, ×1000 and × 400)
Figure 7. Light microscopy photographs of pollen obtained from plant grown under condition electromagnetic fields.
(Degradation and shrinked of exine surface, ×400)
86
Figure 8.
Light microscopy photographs of pollen obtained from plant grown under condition electromagnetic fields.
(Reduction of pollen grains number, ×100)
Figure 9. Light microscopy photographs of pollen obtained from plant grown under condition electromagnetic fields.
(Abnormality of pollen, note to irregular size and fragility of pollen, ×400)
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