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1 Spring 2013 French Intermediate II Prof. Karen Santos Da Silva Review Sheet Les Pronoms: Pronoms Objet Direct Objet Indirect Pronoms Disjoints Pronoms Doubles, “Y” and “En.” I. Table of Personal Pronouns Subject Reflexive Direct Indirect Prepositional (Stress, Disjunctive, Toniques) Je me me me moi Tu te te te toi Il se le lui lui Elle se la lui elle Nous nous nous nous nous Vous vous vous vous vous Ils se les leur eux Elles se les leur elles II. Direct Object Pronouns: (me (me), te (you), le/la (him/her/it), nous (us), vous (you), les/les (them)) 1. Basic Rule: The Direct Object Pronoun replaces the person or thing that serves as a complement to the verb and is connected directly to the verb, WITHOUT a preposition. Those are the people or things that receive an action from the verb. To find your COD, think of it this way---Answers the following Questions: WHO? WHAT? Ex.: Je vois Paul---Je le vois Je vois QUI? –Paul. Paul is your COD and can thus be replaced by its corresponding pronoun—masculin/singulier “le” 2 2. Where to place the direct object pronoun? : a. BEFORE the conjugated verb b. When a verb is followed by an infinitive, BEFORE the infinitive: Ex : Tu peux conduire Cécile en ville?—Non, je ne peux pas la conduire. c. In compound tenses, BEFORE the auxiliary. NOTE that because the Direct Object Pronoun is placed BEFORE the auxiliary, this means that the COD is now placed BEFORE the auxiliary, which does engender an AGREEMENT in gender and number in the Past Participle. Ex.: Où as-tu mis les letters? (HERE, the COD is after the verb, thus NO accord). Now, let’s use a Direct Object Pronoun: Je les ai mises sur la table 3. THINGS to THINK about when confronted with the Direct Object pronoun….: a. Singular object pronoun (me, te, le, la) become m’, t’, and l’ before a word beginning with a vowel. b. In a negative sentence, the “ne” comes before the object pronoun, the “pas” is in its usual position after the verb. II. Indirect Object Pronouns: (me (me), te (you), lui (him/her), nous (us), vous (you), leur (them)) 1. FIRST STEP: Some Verbs in French Take Indirect Objects and their Preposition “à” indicating the arrival of an …indirect object often does…. NOT translate into English….so do LEARN the Verbs….p. 198. 2. Spot them….Ask the Following Question: TO/FOR WHOM? Or WHAT? A General Rule: Indirect Objects are preceded by a preposition…most often “à” or “pour.” IMPORTANT POINT: Indirect Object Pronoun replaces a person or an animate noun (person or animal) NOT a thing! When it is an indirect object that happens to be a thing….THINK Adverbial Pronouns “Y.” Ex.: Pay attention to him-- Fais attention à lui. Pay attention to the step / Pay attention to it—Fais-y attention. 3. WHERE to place them…SAME rules as DIRECT Object Pronouns apply. Ex.: Il obéit à ses parents. Say we want to replace the COI…indeed, we spotted a preposition…now, to confirm, we ask “to/for whom? Or what? Il obéit à qui? à ses parents is our COI. It is masculine and plural—our pronoun object indirect is thus “leur” Il leur obéit. When in compound verbs, even if your object is placed before the auxiliary, there is NO accord, because it is an Indirect Object NOT a Direct Object. 4. Where it gets tricky: Some Verbs DO NOT allow a Preceding Indirect Object Pronoun, so we go with an alternative. Our alternative is to keep the preposition and to add a “stressed” pronoun also known as “disjunctive” or “pronoms toniques” 3 Learn these Verbs and think of it this way: With the following verbs, Grammar takes control even if “under stress” with a “tonic attitude!” Those stressful verbs….that won’t allow a preceding Indirect Object: en appeler à to appeal to, address avoir affaire à to have to deal with avoir recours à to have recourse to croire à être à to believe in to belong to faire allusion à faire appel à to allude to to appeal to, address faire attention à s'habituer à penser à to pay attention to to get used to to think of, about recourir à to have recourse to renoncer à to give up, renounce revenir à rêver à songer à to come back to to dream of to think, dream of tenir à to be fond of, care about venir à to come to Note: One way to think of it is that verbs of communication take regular indirect object pronouns. Other verbs (that are not verbs of communication) usually take stress pronouns. Let’s see how that works. Ex.: Je pense à mes parents. COI is à mes parents Masculin Pluriel. Our Indirect Object pronoun is thus “leur”------BUT the Verb is “penser à” –A VERB that DOES NOT Allow the Indirect Object pronoun to do its job at its place before the verb. So we 4 cannot say “Je leur pense” BUT we KNOW an alternative. KEEP the preposition and ADD a “stressed pronoun” Je pense à eux. OTHER Restrictions on the Use of Object Pronouns: 1. Me, te, nous, vous, lui, leur (all referring to animate nouns) cannot follow a reflexive pronoun. Here, we also use the preposition à+ disjunctive pronoun. Ex.: Se fier. Je me fie à ce docteur. Je me fie à lui. If the noun is inanimate, use “y.” 2. “En” cannot replace de+animate noun when ‘de” is part of a verbal expression---“avoir peur de” or “s’approcher de” Instead, use a disjunctive pronoun after “de.” Ex : Nous nous approchons de la ville. Nous nous en approchons. BUT Nous nous approchons de notre frère. Nous nous approchons de lui. III. “Y” and “En”…..Adverbial Pronouns…..Keep them in the back of your mind….because they will come in handy when we Indirect and Direct Object Pronouns are NOT an option. And that’s when…? : Y: First construction to remember “Il y a” (There is) Other uses: a. Replaces prepositional sentences of location—signal prepositions are the following: (à, en, dans, sur, sous, devant, derrière) NEVER “de” b. Will stand for the Indirect Object pronoun when that object is not a person or an animal. Ex.: Elle répond à la lettre. NOT Elle lui répond BUT Elle y répond. c. When “y” replaces a phrase telling the name of a place, think “there.” d. When “y” stands for a thing or an idea and follows a verb that requires “à” think “it” or “them” ex.: Il obéit aux lois—Il y obéit (translation: He obeys the laws. He obeys them) EN: replaces a prepositional phrase introduced by “de.” Can be translated as “of it,” “of them,” from it,” from them,” “from there,” “some” or “any.” “De” introduces different kind of sentences. a. In a prepositional sense: Nous venons de New york. Nous en venons. We come from New York. We come from there. b. Partitive sense: J’ai du pain. J’en ai. I have some bread. I have some. 5 c. With expressions followed by “de”: Elle parle de ce livre. Elle en parle. She speaks about this book. She speaks about it. d. Expressions of quantity: Elle a plusieurs CD. Elle en a plusieurs. She has several CDs. She has several (of them). IV. Les Pronoms Disjoints: Moi, toi, lui/elle, nous, vous, eux/elles 1. WHEN to use them…: a. To emphasize a noun or a pronoun that is used as a subject or as an object, or to replace a noun that is used as a subject or as an object. Unlike a subject or an object, however a disjunctive pronoun can also stand alone. Ex.: Moi, je parle le Français. I do speak French. Emphasis on “I” Qui fait la cuisine ici? Moi. Pas eux. Me. Not them. b. Use after “c’est” and “ce sont.” c. After a preposition: Elle parle de lui. She speaks about him. Nous partons avec elles. We are going with them. (Remember than when the object of a preposition is a thing rather than a person, you will use “y” or “en.”) Je pense aux examens. J’y pense. Je parle de mon voyage. J’en parle. d. Use after “ne….que” (only): Elle n’aime que lui. e. After a comparison: Elle est plus gentille que lui. f. In combination with “même”: moi-même (myself) Je le ferai moi-même. I will do it myself. NOTE that “soi” is used when the subject is general: on, chacun, nul, personne. Chacun pour soi. V. Pronoms Doubles: Me Te Se Nous vous VI. le BEFORE la les Lui BEFORE Leur BEFORE y BEFORE en Affirmative Commands: 1. In affirmative commands (Verbe à l’impératif), the pronouns follow the verb and are attached to it and to each other with a hyphen. Le, la, les precede me, te, nous, vous, lui and leur. All precede y and y precedes en. Ex.: Donne le jouet au bébé! Donne-le-lui! 6 NOTE: me becomes moi and te becomes toi. Moi+en=m’en and Toi+en=t’en Donne-la-moi! BUT Donnez-m’en Achète-le-toi! BUT Achète-t’en! NOTE: all commands that end in a vowel add “s” whe followed by the pronouns “y” or “en” Ex : Donne du pain. Donnes-en. Va au parc. Vas-y. NOTE: “y” is replaced by “là” or “là-bas” only after me/moi, te/toi, le, la and provided that “y” refers to a place. Ex : Tu vas aller à l’opéra? Oui, rejoins-moi “là-bas”