Download biology Ch. 13 Notes Part A Evolution __________________________________________________.

biology
Ch. 13 Notes Part A
Evolution
13.1 Briefly summarize the history of evolutionary thought.
• Evolution:
_______________________________________________________________________________________.
• Modern definition: a _________ change in the characteristics within a ___________ from one generation to the next.
• Idea as old as ancient____________.
Charles Darwin
• 18___, ____ years old
• Served on H.M.S. _________: “Ship’s Naturalist”
• Around-the-world voyage lasting ______ years.
• Aristocrat so could socialize with ______.
• • Despised by the____________________.
Sought to provide evidence and mechanism for evolution
13.1 Explain how Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle influenced his thinking.
Geology (Rock Strata or layers)
• Cuvier (anatomist/archeologist)
reassembled fossil bones
o Stated:
o Past organisms differed greatly from any living species.
o o Some organisms had become ___________.
Deeper, older strata hold fossils that are increasingly different from living species.
o • “C____________”: sudden geologic catastrophes caused extinction of large groups of organisms at certain
points in the past. (Geologic change and extinction occurred).
Lyell (geologist)
o Shared some of Cuvier’s ideas
o Laws of nature in past same as today:
o o “____________________”
Lyell’s geologic evidence fit with Darwin’s evidence from biology.
Biology
• Lamarck’s Ideas on Evolution
o Died the year Darwin set sail.
o Supported change over time.
o Spontaneous generation for simple life.
o Simple life becomes more complex.
o Acquire Traits thru experience or behavior then pass those traits on to offspring.
o “Inheritance of ______________ Characteristics”
Darwin’s Competition:
Scientists don’t argue that evolution occurs, but HOW it happens or it’s mechanism.
• 1830-1835 Voyage of the Beagle
• 1830 _______ ________ _________turns 7 years old, grows up to be a biologist and also sails around the world.
• Both Darwin and _______ arrive at the same conclusions.
• 1858 Both present ideas to scientists in London.
• 1859 Darwin publishes: “_________________________”
• 1835 " 1858 = 23 years
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13.1 Describe the ideas and events that led to Darwin’s 1859 publication of The Origin of Species.
http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_6/83/21320/5458063.cw/index.html
13.2 Explain how the work of Thomas Malthus and the process of artificial selection influenced Darwin’s
development of the idea of natural selection.
Thomas Malthus: Wrote an essay on ________ populations: More individuals are born than can ________to __________.
Artificial Selection: ______________________________________________________________________________.
13.2 Describe Darwin’s observations and inferences in
developing the concept of natural selection.
Observation #1: Variation within a population
Observation #2: more offspring produced than can survive
Inference #1: Must fit in and survive, reproduce, pass on genes
Inference #2: Unequal survival rate causes favorable traits to
accumulate, “survival of the fitness”
13.2 Explain why individuals cannot evolve and why evolution does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms.
Individuals do not evolve:
• They can ___________________to
• ________ _____________with…
• varying degrees of success: “____________”
Evolution does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms:
• Not ________ oriented
• NS results from environmental factors that vary
• from _______ to ______ and ________ to _________
• “____________” will vary
• Adaptations are _________________
• ex. blue-footed boobie’s feet
o work great in water
o clumsy on land
13.3 Describe two examples of natural selection known to occur in
nature. Notes three key points about how natural selection works.
Thousands of experiments document evolution in action.
Example #1: Ground Finches’ beaks
• 20 year study
• changes in beak size
• eat small seeds
• in dry years, fewer seeds, birds eat more large seeds
• birds with larger, stronger beaks have the advantage
• average beak size in population increases.
• during wet years, opposite happens.
Example #2: Pesticide resistance
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Three Key points:
1. N.S. is ___________ not ____________.
2. Contingent on time and space: N.S. favors characteristics that fit _________, ___________ environment.
3. _______________ evolutionary change can occur in a _________ time.
13.4 Explain how fossils form, noting examples of each process.
Fig. 13.4 A-F
A. Skull of H. erectus:
actual remains
B. Ammonite casts:
minerals replace
organic molecules,
harden, refilled,
hardens, turned out of
a mold.
Petrified trees.
C. Dinosaur tracks: trace
fossils: footprints,
burrows, other traces
that represent
behavior.
D. Fossilized organic
matter of a leaf: actual
remains preserved by omitting bacteria and fungi
from growing.
E. Insect in amber: fossilized tree sap (actual)
F. Ice Man: frozen (actual)
G. La Brea tar pits (actual)
H. Peat bogs: Tolund Man (actual)
13.4 Explain how the fossil record provides some
of the strongest evidence of evolution.
The Fossil Record: the sequence in which fossils appear within layers of sedimentary
rocks.
✍ Strata: layers
✍ Superposition: oldest is________, youngest is __________
✍ Fossilization is a __________ event
o hard parts fossilize best and most often
o soft parts (skin, feathers) fossilize least often.
✍ Speciation requires __________ time (on geologic time scale)
✍ Fossil record is ______________as one should expect.
✍ ________________ is oldest fossilized life form
✍ Transitional fossils: fig. 13.4H
o Terrestrial mammals to whales
o Vestigial pelvis
o Shared ankle bone design
unique to: pigs, hippos, cows,
camels, and deer.
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