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GEOGRAPHY SEA NO ONE PLACE IN GREECE WAS FURTHER THAN 50 MILES FROM THE SEA. No navigable rivers, so they used the sea Greece itself was poor in resources VITAL FOR TRADE WITH OTHER NATIONS, AND TRANSPORTATION BETWEEN ISLANDS. Provided source of income for Grecians JOBS - FISHERS, TRADERS, AND PIRATES! LAND 3/4TH OF GREECE IS COVERED ON MOUNTAINS MADE UP OF A PENINSULA & MANY ISLANDS Impacted what they ate The land lacked the ability to support cattle or flocks of sheep. Limited amount of meat. MOST VALUABLE RESOURCE & FORM OF WEALTH Wealthy aristocratic leaders monopolized the best farmland CLIMATE MODERATE TEMPERATURES AND RAIN ONLY IN THE WINTER OUTDOOR LIFE FOR MEN – many aspects of life done outside because of moderate weather Marketplace, gymnasium, theatre, civil/religious celebrations CITY-STATES BECAUSE GREECE IS MADE UP OF MANY ISLANDS & HAS MANY TALL MOUNTAINS, THE GREEKS BEGAN TO BUILD CITY-STATES INSTEAD OF ONE COUNTRY. CITY-STATE (POLIS): A CITY WITH ITS OWN LAWS, RULERS & MONEY City States were CITIES THAT ACTED LIKE COUNTRIES CITIZENS WERE NOT BOUND TO THE CITY-STATE MAJOR CITY-STATES: ATHENS & SPARTA CITY-STATES BECAUSE GREECE IS MADE UP OF MANY ISLANDS & HAS MANY TALL MOUNTAINS, THE GREEKS BEGAN TO BUILD CITY-STATES INSTEAD OF ONE COUNTRY. CITY-STATE (POLIS): A CITY WITH ITS OWN LAWS, RULERS & MONEY City States were CITIES THAT ACTED LIKE COUNTRIES CITIZENS WERE NOT BOUND TO THE CITY-STATE MAJOR CITY-STATES: ATHENS & SPARTA SPARTA SOCIAL CLASSES 1ST: ONLY MEN BORN IN SPARTA WERE CITIZENS Women were not allowed to become citizens. However, women were allowed to own land and businesses, which gave them more freedom than other Greek city-states. 2nd: PEOPLE WHO CAME FROM OTHER CITYSTATES OR OTHER COUNTRIES. They could own businesses but not become citizens. 3rd: SLAVES WARRIORS TRAINING TO BECOME GOOD SOLDIERS WAS IMPORTANT Learning to read and write took a backseat YOUNG BOYS WERE TAKEN FROM THEIR PARENTS & TRAINED TO BE SOLDIERS as well as good in sports like running. Girls were also trained to be good in sports. ATHENS LIFE IN ATHENS The people of Athens wanted to rule themselves and not have a king or queen. BECAME THE WORLD’S FIRST DEMOCRACY AROUND 508 B.C. PERICOLES LEADER IN CREATING DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS HAD BUILDINGS LIKE THE PARTHENON & THE ACROPOLIS BUILT Advocate of art and education ACROPOLIS MEANS ‘UPPER CITY’ CENTER OF ATHENS BUILT ON ELEVATED LAND PARTHENON TEMPLE DEDICATED TO THE GODDESS ATHENA EDUCATION VERY IMPORTANT IN ATHENS BOYS: WENT TO SCHOOL TO LEARN HOW TO READ, WRITE, AND PLAY MANY SPORTS. GIRLS: NOT ALLOWED TO GO TO SCHOOL OR LEARN HOW TO PLAY SPORTS GOVERNMENT CITIZENSHIP TO BE A CITIZEN YOU MUST BE: FREE (NOT A SLAVE) ADULT MALE BORN IN THE CITY-STATE SLAVERY VIRTUALLY ALL JOBS WERE DONE BY SLAVES Did not have to pay them or keep track of their time worked Cheaper to force labor than to pay (when money existed) THE LESS FREE PEOPLE, THE LESS INPUT IN DEMOCRACY – LEFT THE DECISIONS TO THE RICH MEN DEMOCRACY A FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH ALL CITIZENS TOOK PART Important matter of the Polis (city-state) were DEBATED BETWEEN ALL CITIZENS VOTE TAKEN TO DECIDE OUTCOME OR LAW DEMOCRACY CONT BENEFITS: Direct democracy = Polis was ruled by assembly of all citizens CITIZENS HAD RIGHT AND DUTY TO GOVERN CITIZENS HAD EQUAL RIGHTS UNDER THE LAW CITIZENS WERE RESPONSILBLE FOR JUSITICE Any citizen could bring charges against another person/citizen If a citizen saw a crime committed against a slave, the citizen could bring a charge even though slave could not DEMOCRACY CONT LIMITATIONS: ONLY 1/5 OF PEOPLE WERE CITIZENS Women, slave and foreigners were not citizens and had few rights 1/3 OF THE POPULATION OF ATHENS WAS SLAVES The rich owned approx. 50 slaves each WOMEN Need to go to market? Go with men or wear a veil WOMEN CAN NOT INHERIT LAND & ALL ARE EDUCATED AT HOME WARRING CITY-STATES A NEW KIND OF ARMY CHEAPER IRON REPLACES BRONZE MADE ARMOR LIGHTER AND CHEAPER NEW ARMY INCLUDES PEOPLE FROM ALL CLASSES Soldiers were called hoplites PHALANX FORMATION OF SOLDIERS WITH SPEARS AND SHIELDS FEARED BY ALL PHALANX THE PERSIAN WARS BETWEEN GREECE AND PERSIAN EMPIRE BEGAN IN IONIA AT THE BATTLE AT MARATHON PERSIAN ARMY ATTACKS ATHENS PERSIANS OUTNUMBERED GREEKS 25,000 to 10,000 GREEKS DEFEAT THE PERSIANS RUNNER SENT FROM MARATHON TO ATHENS TO TELL OF VICTORY Announced victory then died. Distance: 26.2 Sound familiar? RESULT OF THE PERSIAN WARS SEVERAL GREEK CITY-STATES FORMED THE DELIAN LEAGUE FOR PROTECTION ATHENS USES ITS POWER TO CONTROL OTHER LEAGUE MEMBERS ATHENS USES MILITARY FORCE AGAINST MEMBERS WHO CHALLENGED THEIR AUTHORITY ATHENS OVER CONFIDENCE LEADS TO MILITARY CONFLICT (WARS) WITH OTHER CITY-STATES THE PELOPONNESIAN WARS BETWEEN ATHENS AND PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE (SPARTA) USUALLY DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS 1. ARCHIDAMIAN WAR – Sparta attacks Attica Athens raids Peloponnese. Treaty signed. 2. SECOND ATTACK OF PELOPONNESE BY ATHENS – Syracuse, Sicily, failed, destruction of entire force 3. DECELEAN WAR A.K.A. IONIAN WAR – Sparta supported by Persia, cut off Athens’ navy, defeat of navy brought end of war. Athens surrendered. RESULT OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WARS ATHENS AFFECTED GREATLY POWER REDUCED – Strongest city-state prior to wars. Sparta becomes leader. ECONOMIC COSTS WIDESPREAD POVERTY COMPLETELY DEVISTATED AND NEVER RECOVERED PRE-WAR PROSPERITY ALEXANDER THE GREAT EARLY LIFE GREW UP IN ATHENS; TUTORED BY ARISTOTLE; A fan of homer’s the Iliad & the Odyssey HOW HE ROSE TO POWER 338 BC: KING PHILIP II (ALEX’S FATHER) – KING OF MACEDONIA – DEFEATS GREECE 336 BC King Philip murdered; HIS SON ALEXANDER NAMED KING OF MACEDONIA AT THE AGE OF 21 – BECOMES KNOWN AS ALEXANDER THE GREAT ALEXANDER’S CONQUESTS After becoming king and with Greece under his control, Alex headed east using his military genius to win battle after battle ORDER OF CONQUESTS: ASIA MINOR & WHAT IS TODAY TURKEY SYRIA- Defeating the Persian army Conquered EGYPT AND EST. ALEXANDRIA AS THE CAPITAL BABYLONIA AND PERSIA, including Susa MOVED THROUGH PERSIA, HE HEADED TO INDIA ALEXANDER’S CONQUESTS RESULT Alex accumulated ONE OF THE LARGEST EMPIRES IN HISTORY HIS SOLDIERS THREATENED REVOLT - they were ready to see their wives and children – ALEX TURNED HIS ARMY BACK HOME On the way home, ALEX BECAME SICK AND DIED IN BABYLON Many suspect poison others say Malaria EMPIRE DIVIDED UP AMONGST HIS GENERALS, The Diadochi. The Diadochi fought for years as the empire fell apart. FUN FACTS: He was supposedly related to the Greek heroes Hercules from his father's side and Achilles from his mother's side. When Alexander was 16, his father left the country to do battle, leaving Alexander as regent, or temporary ruler of Macedonia. He tamed a wild horse named Bucephalus when he was a kid. It was his main horse until it died of old age. Alexander named a city in India after his horse. He never lost a single battle. Legend has it that the Temple of Artemis burnt down the day of Alexander's birth because Artemis was busy attending the birth. His best friend and second in command was the general Hephaestion. ECONOMY OF GREECE FISHING METALLURGY TRADE GREEK ECONOMY AGRICULTURE CRAFT WORK AGRICULTURE SOIL: ALONG COAST: NOT FERTILE PLAINS: MORE FERTILE USED IRRIGATION TO GET WATER PEOPLE IN COUNTYSIDE WORKED SMALL FARMS VERY POOR GREW: OLIVES, GRAPES, FIGS, & WHEAT FOR BREAD GOATS FOR CHEESE & MILK RARELY ATE MEAT OTHER THAN FISH & SEAFOOD TERRACING: SAVES WATER & SOIL IN MOUNTAINS CRAFT WORK POTTERY MANY SHAPES AND SIZES DECORATED WITH SCENES OF DAILY LIFE MANY USES: Agriculture, Death & Burial, Washing, Cooking, Religious Ceremonies, Etc. EXPORTED FOR TRADE Also worked with LEATHER AND TEXTILES TRADE LONG DISTANCE TRADE RICH MERCHANTS HAD SHIPS SAILED SEAS GREEK PRODUCTS SOLD FOOD, WOOD AND COPPER IMPORTED (BROOUGHT INTO GREECE) USED SILVER COINS – EACH POLIS (CITYSTATE) HAD ITS OWN CURRENCY LOCAL TRADE IN GREECE SMALL SHOPS IN CITIES PEASANTS WENT TO CITIES TO SELL THEIR CROPS CRAFTSMEN SOLD THEIR PRODUCTS IN THEIR WORKSHOPS THE OLYMPICS ORGINS OF THE OLYMPICS STARTED IN 776 BC IN THE POLIS OLYMPIA THREE-PART GOAL: 1. CITY-STATES COULD SHOW PHYSICAL SUPREMACY 2. FURTHER MILITARY TRAINING 3. GOOD RELATIONS BETWEEN POLIS EVERY 4 YEARS WOMEN NOT ALLOWED GAMES AND RELIGION FESTIVALS TO HONOR ZEUS WINNERS WERE CHOSEN, WHILE OTHERS WERE DENIED BY THE GODS PROVING THE POWER & INFLUENCE OF THE SUPREME GOD, ZEUS Opening and closing ceremony devoted to Zeus included sacrifices ORIGINAL OLYMPIC EVENTS FIRST OLYMPICS LASTED ONE DAY BUT GREW TO ONE WEEK COMPETITION BEGAN WITH JUST RUNNING then added: WRESTLING JUMPING BOXING DISCUS & JAVELIN THROWING Also included non-sporting events – discussions of ideas & advice giving BANNED AND RETURNED 394 AD: ROMAN EMPORER BANNED GAMES Believed games had no place in the Christian world NO GAMES FOR 1500 YEARS 1896: 1ST MODERN OLYMPIC IN ATHENS Continued every 4 years OLYMPICS TODAY WINTER OLYMPICS ADDED 1924 Approx. 2600 – 11,000 Athletes 85 – 202 Countries Participate Winners receive metals SUMMER & WINTER GAMES ALTERNATE EVERY 2 YEARS THINK – PAIR – SHARE THINK – (JOT DOWN YOUR RESPONSES): WHY HAVE THE OLYMPICS ENDURED OVER TIME? PAIR SHARE THE MESA HIGH OLYMPIC GAMES PRE-GAMES PREP AS A TEAM 1. Pick a leader Leader: Guides team through the competition keeping everyone involved and on-task Determine which city-state you are representing (Page 121) 3. Make a team motto – Write it down. 4. Add a flag, color, anything that represents your team! 2. PAGE 121 Rules of the Games 1. Everyone participates 2. Yell out answers & loose points 3. Have fun as a team EVENTS TRIVIA BOXING JAVELIN THROW GREAT THINKERS Aristotle Plato Pythagoras Homer Socrates PYTHAGORAS LIVED IN THE 500’S BC MATHMETICIAN - PYTHAGOREAN THEORY GROUP OF FOLLOWERS CALLED PYTHAGOREAN BROTHERHOOD Followed Pythagoras around teaching others his mathematical theories INFLUENCED PLATO & ARISTOTLE HOMER POET TWO EPIC POEMS THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY BOTH RETALE THE STORY OF THE TROJAN WAR. SOME CONSIDER HOMER TO BE ONE OF WORLD’S GREATEST POETS. OBSESSED WITH THE TROJAN WAR & REREAD THE POEMS OVER AND OVER, reliving the glory of victory over Troy PLATO PHILOSOPHER, MATHEMATICIAN STUDENT & FOLLOWER OF SOCRATES WROTE IN DIALOGUE Allowed him to express different sides of an argument and introduce new ideas Often wrote about Socrates, much of what is known about Socrates philosophes is from Plato’s dialogues MOST FAMOUS WRITING, THE REPUBLIC Discusses the meaning of justice and how it relates to happiness Wrote that a king needs to be a philosopher to be a good king PLATO CONT FOUNDER OF THE ACADEMY IN ATHENS Plato and other scholars taught subjects such as mathematics, philosophy, biology, and astronomy MOST FAMOUS STUDENT, ARISTOLE who was a student at the academy for 20 years LEGACY HIS WRITINGS STUDIED FOR THE LAST 2000 YEARS STILL STUDIED IN UNIVERSITIES SOCRATES PHILOSOPHER 469 – 399 BC ATHENS, GREECE DIDN’T WRITE HIS THOUGHTS AND IDEAS WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT SOCRATES IS DUE TO HIS STUDENTS, PLATO & XENOPHON PLATO’S DIALOUGUE XENOPHON’S HISTORIAN OF SOCRATES LIFE HELPED FORM THE FOUNDATION OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY SOCRATES CONT Soldier in Peloponnesian War Noted for his courage and valor FOCUSED ON ETHICS & HOW PEOPLE BEHAVE RATHER THAN THE PHYSICAL WORLD HE SAID THAT HAPPINESS CAME FROM LEADING A MORAL LIFE RATHER THAN MATERIAL POSSESSIONS. Seek justice and goodness rather than wealth and power SOCRATES CONT THE SOCRATIC METHOD METHOD OF TEACHING THROUGH DISCUSSION Teacher/leader asks questions that have multiple answers then allows students/participants to discuss to discover the answers TRIAL AND DEATH ACCUSED OF CORRUPTING THE YOUTH & FAILING TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE GODS OF THE CITY CONVICTED BY JURY & SENTENCED TO DEATH BY DRINKING POISON FUN FACTS ABOUT SOCRATES Unlike many other teachers of his day, Socrates didn't charge his students fees. Socrates was married to Zanthippe and had three sons. He could have likely escaped from Athens and avoided the death sentence, but instead chose to stay and face his accusers. He once said that "the unexamined life is not worth living." At his trial Socrates suggested that, instead of being given the death sentence, the city should pay him a wage and honor him for his contributions. ARISTOTLE PHILOSOPHER & SCIENTIST 384 – 322 BC STUDENT OF PLATO & TEACHER OF ALEX THE GREAT Son to the doctor of the King of Macedonia; peaked his interest in nature and anatomy EDUCATION & ARTS VERY IMPORTANT TO HIM ARISTOTLE JOINED PLATO’S ACADEMY AT 17 LEARNED PHILOSOPHY & LOGICAL THINKING STAYED FOR 20 YEARS AS STUDENT THEN TEACHER STUDENTS WOULD DISCUSS VARIOUS TOPICS AND DEBATE Through his travels he became very interested in the differences in animals HE WAS THE FIRST TO BEGIN GROUPING ANIMALS & FIGURE OUT FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS ORGANS ARISTOTLE 343 BCE BEGAN TUTORING ALEXANDER THE GREAT FOLLOWERS CALLED PERIPATETICS OPENS LYCEUM - SCHOOL IN ATHENS LOGICS, PHYSICS, PUBLIC SPEAKING, POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY Ideas: Believed Earth was round but stationary The ‘mean’- best way for people to live was to avoid extremes SHORT WRITE Paragraph #1: Which of the five Great Greek Thinkers do you think is the most influential today? Why? Cite details from your notes and or the textbook. Paragraph #2: Which of the five Great Greek Thinkers do you feel has been most influential in your life? Why? Cite information about the person either from your notes or the text book. ART THEATER ARCHITECTURE ART THREE PERIODS OF GREEK ART ARCHAIC: 700 – 480 BC CLASSICAL: 480 – 323 BC HELLENISTIC: 323 – 21 BC INFLUENCED BY HELLENISM - THE COMBINATION OF GREEK, PERSIAN, EGYPTIAN, & INDIAN INFLUENCES SCULPTURES BECOME MORE AND MORE REALISTIC THROUGH THE THREE PERIODS ARCHAIC: 700 – 480 BC SCULPTURES OF MEN CALLED KOUROI AND WOMEN CALLED KORAI SIMILAR FEATURES AND STIFF ARMS AT THEIR SIDES ARCHAIC PERIOD SCULPTURE CLASSICAL: 480 – 323 BC SCULPTURES OF PEOPLE MORE RELAXED POSTURES & ACTION SCENES FAMOUS WORKS: ZEUS AT OLYMPIA & ATHENA AT PARTHENOS CLASSICAL PERIOD SCULPTURE ZEUS OF ARTEMISION DISCOBOLOS DISCUS THROWER ATHENA AT PARTHENOS HELLENISTIC: 323 – 21 BC SCULPTURES BECAME INFLUENCED BY THE CULTURES OF THE PEOPLE ALEX THE GREAT HAD CONQUERED NEW SUBJECTS: WOMEN, CHILDREN AND COMMON PEOPLE FAMOUS WORKS: VENUS DE MILO, THE DYING GAUL & NIKE OF SAMOTHRACE HELLENISTIC PERIOD SCULPTURE NIKE OF SAMOTHRACE HELLENISTIC: 323 – 21 BC BOY JOCKEY AND HORSE ARTEMIS AND A DEER THEATER FIRST TO WRITE PLAYS THAT FEATURED ACTORS AND MUSIC ONLY MEN PREFORMED AND THEY WORE MASKS TO SHOW EXPRESSIONS TWO TYPES OF DRAMA COMEDIES: AMUSING PLAYS, OFTEN MADE FUN OF IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN THE CITY-STATE TRAGEDIES: SERIOUS PLAYS WITH THEMES OF LOVE AND WAR THEATER CONT Used special effects to enhance their plays. Creating sounds such as rain, thunder, and horses hooves. MOST FAMOUS GREEK PLAYWRIGHTS: AESCHYLUS, SOPHOCLES, EURIPIDES, AND ARISTOPHANES AMPHITHEATERS – BUILT SPECIFICALLY FOR PLAYS GREEK DRAMA MASKS GREEK DRAMA MASKS GREEK AMPHITHEATER GREEK AMPHITHEATER ARCHITECTURE USE OF THE COLUMN IN THREE ORDERS DORIC, IONIC, & CORITHIAN MOST FAMOUS BUILDING IS THE PARTHENON LOCATED IN ATHENS BUILDING TODAY ARE STILL CONSTRUCTED USING PARTS OF THE GREEK STYLE MANY GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS IN THE UNITED STATES ARE MODELED AFTER GREEK TEMPLES DORIC ORDER IONIC ORDER CORINTHIAN ORDER PARTHENON ACROPOLIS OF ATHENS