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GEOGRAPHY
SEA
 NO ONE PLACE IN GREECE WAS FURTHER THAN 50
MILES FROM THE SEA.
 No navigable rivers, so they used the sea
 Greece itself was poor in resources
 VITAL FOR TRADE WITH OTHER NATIONS, AND
TRANSPORTATION BETWEEN ISLANDS.
 Provided source of income for Grecians
 JOBS - FISHERS, TRADERS, AND PIRATES!
LAND
 3/4TH OF GREECE IS COVERED ON
MOUNTAINS
 MADE UP OF A PENINSULA & MANY ISLANDS
 Impacted what they ate
 The land lacked the ability to support cattle or
flocks of sheep. Limited amount of meat.
 MOST VALUABLE RESOURCE & FORM OF
WEALTH
 Wealthy aristocratic leaders monopolized the
best farmland
CLIMATE
MODERATE TEMPERATURES AND
RAIN ONLY IN THE WINTER
OUTDOOR LIFE FOR MEN – many
aspects of life done outside because
of moderate weather
Marketplace, gymnasium, theatre,
civil/religious celebrations
CITY-STATES
 BECAUSE GREECE IS MADE UP OF MANY ISLANDS
& HAS MANY TALL MOUNTAINS, THE GREEKS
BEGAN TO BUILD CITY-STATES INSTEAD OF ONE
COUNTRY.
 CITY-STATE (POLIS): A CITY WITH ITS OWN LAWS,
RULERS & MONEY
 City States were CITIES THAT ACTED LIKE
COUNTRIES
 CITIZENS WERE NOT BOUND TO THE CITY-STATE
 MAJOR CITY-STATES: ATHENS & SPARTA
CITY-STATES
 BECAUSE GREECE IS MADE UP OF MANY ISLANDS
& HAS MANY TALL MOUNTAINS, THE GREEKS
BEGAN TO BUILD CITY-STATES INSTEAD OF ONE
COUNTRY.
 CITY-STATE (POLIS): A CITY WITH ITS OWN LAWS,
RULERS & MONEY
 City States were CITIES THAT ACTED LIKE
COUNTRIES
 CITIZENS WERE NOT BOUND TO THE CITY-STATE
 MAJOR CITY-STATES: ATHENS & SPARTA
SPARTA
SOCIAL CLASSES
 1ST: ONLY MEN BORN IN SPARTA WERE
CITIZENS
 Women were not allowed to become citizens.
However, women were allowed to own land and
businesses, which gave them more freedom than
other Greek city-states.
 2nd: PEOPLE WHO CAME FROM OTHER CITYSTATES OR OTHER COUNTRIES.
 They could own businesses but not become citizens.
 3rd: SLAVES
WARRIORS
TRAINING TO BECOME GOOD
SOLDIERS WAS IMPORTANT
Learning to read and write took a backseat
YOUNG BOYS WERE TAKEN FROM
THEIR PARENTS & TRAINED TO BE
SOLDIERS as well as good in sports like
running.
Girls were also trained to be good in sports.
ATHENS
LIFE IN ATHENS
 The people of Athens wanted to rule themselves and
not have a king or queen.
 BECAME THE WORLD’S FIRST DEMOCRACY
AROUND 508 B.C.
 PERICOLES
 LEADER IN CREATING DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS
 HAD BUILDINGS LIKE THE PARTHENON & THE
ACROPOLIS BUILT
 Advocate of art and education
ACROPOLIS
MEANS ‘UPPER CITY’
CENTER OF ATHENS BUILT ON ELEVATED LAND
PARTHENON
TEMPLE
DEDICATED TO
THE GODDESS
ATHENA
EDUCATION
VERY IMPORTANT IN ATHENS
BOYS: WENT TO SCHOOL TO LEARN
HOW TO READ, WRITE, AND PLAY
MANY SPORTS.
GIRLS: NOT ALLOWED TO GO TO
SCHOOL OR LEARN HOW TO PLAY
SPORTS
GOVERNMENT
CITIZENSHIP
TO BE A CITIZEN YOU MUST BE:
FREE (NOT A SLAVE)
ADULT
MALE
BORN IN THE CITY-STATE
SLAVERY
VIRTUALLY ALL JOBS WERE DONE BY
SLAVES
Did not have to pay them or keep track of
their time worked
Cheaper to force labor than to pay (when
money existed)
THE LESS FREE PEOPLE, THE LESS
INPUT IN DEMOCRACY – LEFT THE
DECISIONS TO THE RICH MEN
DEMOCRACY
A FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH
ALL CITIZENS TOOK PART
Important matter of the Polis (city-state)
were DEBATED BETWEEN ALL
CITIZENS
VOTE TAKEN TO DECIDE OUTCOME
OR LAW
DEMOCRACY CONT
 BENEFITS:
 Direct democracy = Polis was ruled by assembly of all
citizens
 CITIZENS HAD RIGHT AND DUTY TO GOVERN
 CITIZENS HAD EQUAL RIGHTS UNDER THE LAW
 CITIZENS WERE RESPONSILBLE FOR JUSITICE
 Any citizen could bring charges against another
person/citizen
 If a citizen saw a crime committed against a slave, the
citizen could bring a charge even though slave could
not
DEMOCRACY CONT
LIMITATIONS:
 ONLY 1/5 OF PEOPLE WERE CITIZENS
 Women, slave and foreigners were not citizens and
had few rights
 1/3 OF THE POPULATION OF ATHENS WAS SLAVES
 The rich owned approx. 50 slaves each
 WOMEN
 Need to go to market? Go with men or wear a veil
 WOMEN CAN NOT INHERIT LAND & ALL ARE
EDUCATED AT HOME
WARRING CITY-STATES
A NEW KIND OF ARMY
CHEAPER IRON REPLACES BRONZE
MADE ARMOR LIGHTER AND CHEAPER
NEW ARMY INCLUDES PEOPLE FROM ALL
CLASSES
 Soldiers were called hoplites
PHALANX
FORMATION OF SOLDIERS WITH SPEARS
AND SHIELDS
FEARED BY ALL
PHALANX
THE PERSIAN WARS
 BETWEEN GREECE AND PERSIAN EMPIRE
 BEGAN IN IONIA AT THE BATTLE AT
MARATHON
 PERSIAN ARMY ATTACKS ATHENS
 PERSIANS OUTNUMBERED GREEKS 25,000 to
10,000
 GREEKS DEFEAT THE PERSIANS
 RUNNER SENT FROM MARATHON TO ATHENS TO
TELL OF VICTORY
 Announced victory then died.
 Distance: 26.2 Sound familiar?
RESULT OF THE PERSIAN WARS
SEVERAL GREEK CITY-STATES FORMED THE
DELIAN LEAGUE FOR PROTECTION
ATHENS USES ITS POWER TO CONTROL
OTHER LEAGUE MEMBERS
ATHENS USES MILITARY FORCE AGAINST
MEMBERS WHO CHALLENGED THEIR
AUTHORITY
ATHENS OVER CONFIDENCE LEADS TO
MILITARY CONFLICT (WARS) WITH OTHER
CITY-STATES
THE PELOPONNESIAN WARS
 BETWEEN ATHENS AND PELOPONNESIAN
LEAGUE (SPARTA)
 USUALLY DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS
1. ARCHIDAMIAN WAR – Sparta attacks Attica Athens
raids Peloponnese. Treaty signed.
2. SECOND ATTACK OF PELOPONNESE BY
ATHENS – Syracuse, Sicily, failed, destruction of
entire force
3. DECELEAN WAR A.K.A. IONIAN WAR – Sparta
supported by Persia, cut off Athens’ navy, defeat of
navy brought end of war. Athens surrendered.
RESULT OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WARS
ATHENS AFFECTED GREATLY
POWER REDUCED – Strongest city-state
prior to wars. Sparta becomes leader.
ECONOMIC COSTS
 WIDESPREAD POVERTY
 COMPLETELY DEVISTATED AND NEVER
RECOVERED PRE-WAR PROSPERITY
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
EARLY LIFE
 GREW UP IN ATHENS; TUTORED BY ARISTOTLE;
A fan of homer’s the Iliad & the Odyssey
HOW HE ROSE TO POWER
 338 BC: KING PHILIP II (ALEX’S FATHER) – KING
OF MACEDONIA – DEFEATS GREECE
 336 BC King Philip murdered; HIS SON ALEXANDER
NAMED KING OF MACEDONIA AT THE AGE OF
21 – BECOMES KNOWN AS ALEXANDER THE
GREAT
ALEXANDER’S CONQUESTS
 After becoming king and with Greece under his
control, Alex headed east using his military genius to
win battle after battle
 ORDER OF CONQUESTS:
 ASIA MINOR & WHAT IS TODAY TURKEY
 SYRIA- Defeating the Persian army
 Conquered EGYPT AND EST. ALEXANDRIA AS THE
CAPITAL
 BABYLONIA AND PERSIA, including Susa
 MOVED THROUGH PERSIA, HE HEADED TO INDIA
ALEXANDER’S CONQUESTS
RESULT
 Alex accumulated ONE OF THE LARGEST EMPIRES
IN HISTORY
 HIS SOLDIERS THREATENED REVOLT - they were
ready to see their wives and children – ALEX TURNED
HIS ARMY BACK HOME
 On the way home, ALEX BECAME SICK AND DIED
IN BABYLON
 Many suspect poison others say Malaria
 EMPIRE DIVIDED UP AMONGST HIS GENERALS,
The Diadochi.
 The Diadochi fought for years as the empire fell apart.
FUN FACTS:
 He was supposedly related to the Greek heroes Hercules
from his father's side and Achilles from his mother's side.
 When Alexander was 16, his father left the country to do
battle, leaving Alexander as regent, or temporary ruler of
Macedonia.
 He tamed a wild horse named Bucephalus when he was a
kid. It was his main horse until it died of old age. Alexander
named a city in India after his horse.
 He never lost a single battle.
 Legend has it that the Temple of Artemis burnt down the
day of Alexander's birth because Artemis was busy
attending the birth.
 His best friend and second in command was the general
Hephaestion.
ECONOMY OF GREECE
FISHING
METALLURGY
TRADE
GREEK
ECONOMY
AGRICULTURE
CRAFT WORK
AGRICULTURE
 SOIL:
 ALONG COAST: NOT FERTILE
 PLAINS: MORE FERTILE
 USED IRRIGATION TO GET WATER
 PEOPLE IN COUNTYSIDE WORKED SMALL FARMS
VERY POOR
 GREW: OLIVES, GRAPES, FIGS, & WHEAT FOR
BREAD
 GOATS FOR CHEESE & MILK
 RARELY ATE MEAT OTHER THAN FISH & SEAFOOD
TERRACING: SAVES
WATER & SOIL IN
MOUNTAINS
CRAFT WORK
 POTTERY
 MANY SHAPES AND SIZES
 DECORATED WITH SCENES OF DAILY LIFE
 MANY USES:
 Agriculture, Death & Burial, Washing,
Cooking, Religious Ceremonies, Etc.
 EXPORTED FOR TRADE
 Also worked with LEATHER AND TEXTILES
TRADE
LONG DISTANCE TRADE
RICH MERCHANTS HAD SHIPS SAILED SEAS
GREEK PRODUCTS SOLD
FOOD, WOOD AND COPPER IMPORTED
(BROOUGHT INTO GREECE)
USED SILVER COINS – EACH POLIS (CITYSTATE) HAD ITS OWN CURRENCY
LOCAL TRADE IN GREECE
SMALL SHOPS IN CITIES
PEASANTS WENT TO
CITIES TO SELL THEIR
CROPS
CRAFTSMEN SOLD THEIR
PRODUCTS IN THEIR
WORKSHOPS
THE OLYMPICS
ORGINS OF THE OLYMPICS
 STARTED IN 776 BC IN THE POLIS
OLYMPIA
 THREE-PART GOAL:
1. CITY-STATES COULD SHOW
PHYSICAL SUPREMACY
2. FURTHER MILITARY TRAINING
3. GOOD RELATIONS BETWEEN
POLIS
 EVERY 4 YEARS
 WOMEN NOT ALLOWED
GAMES AND RELIGION
 FESTIVALS TO HONOR ZEUS
 WINNERS WERE CHOSEN, WHILE
OTHERS WERE DENIED BY THE
GODS
 PROVING THE POWER &
INFLUENCE OF THE SUPREME
GOD, ZEUS
 Opening and closing ceremony
devoted to Zeus included sacrifices
ORIGINAL OLYMPIC EVENTS
FIRST OLYMPICS LASTED ONE DAY BUT
GREW TO ONE WEEK COMPETITION
BEGAN WITH JUST RUNNING then added:
WRESTLING
JUMPING
BOXING
DISCUS & JAVELIN THROWING
Also included non-sporting events – discussions
of ideas & advice giving
BANNED AND RETURNED
394 AD: ROMAN EMPORER
BANNED GAMES
Believed games had no place in
the Christian world
NO GAMES FOR 1500 YEARS
1896: 1ST MODERN OLYMPIC
IN ATHENS
Continued every 4 years
OLYMPICS TODAY
WINTER OLYMPICS ADDED 1924
Approx. 2600 – 11,000 Athletes
85 – 202 Countries Participate
Winners receive metals
SUMMER & WINTER GAMES
ALTERNATE EVERY 2 YEARS
THINK – PAIR – SHARE
THINK – (JOT DOWN YOUR RESPONSES):
WHY HAVE THE OLYMPICS ENDURED OVER
TIME?
PAIR
SHARE
THE MESA HIGH
OLYMPIC GAMES
PRE-GAMES PREP
AS A TEAM
1. Pick a leader
 Leader: Guides team through the
competition keeping everyone involved
and on-task
Determine which city-state you are
representing (Page 121)
3. Make a team motto – Write it down.
4. Add a flag, color, anything that
represents your team!
2.
PAGE 121
Rules of the Games
1. Everyone participates
2. Yell out answers &
loose points
3. Have fun as a team
EVENTS
TRIVIA
BOXING
JAVELIN THROW
GREAT THINKERS
Aristotle
Plato
Pythagoras
Homer
Socrates
PYTHAGORAS
 LIVED IN THE 500’S BC
 MATHMETICIAN - PYTHAGOREAN THEORY
 GROUP OF FOLLOWERS CALLED PYTHAGOREAN
BROTHERHOOD
 Followed Pythagoras around teaching others his
mathematical theories
INFLUENCED PLATO & ARISTOTLE
HOMER
 POET
 TWO EPIC POEMS THE ILIAD AND THE
ODYSSEY
 BOTH RETALE THE STORY OF THE TROJAN
WAR.
 SOME CONSIDER HOMER TO BE ONE OF
WORLD’S GREATEST POETS.
 OBSESSED WITH THE TROJAN WAR & REREAD
THE POEMS OVER AND OVER, reliving the glory
of victory over Troy
PLATO
 PHILOSOPHER, MATHEMATICIAN
 STUDENT & FOLLOWER OF SOCRATES
 WROTE IN DIALOGUE
 Allowed him to express different sides of an argument and
introduce new ideas
 Often wrote about Socrates, much of what is known about
Socrates philosophes is from Plato’s dialogues
 MOST FAMOUS WRITING, THE REPUBLIC
 Discusses the meaning of justice and how it relates to
happiness
 Wrote that a king needs to be a philosopher to be a good king
PLATO CONT
 FOUNDER OF THE ACADEMY
 IN ATHENS
 Plato and other scholars taught subjects such as
mathematics, philosophy, biology, and astronomy
 MOST FAMOUS STUDENT, ARISTOLE who was a
student at the academy for 20 years
 LEGACY
 HIS WRITINGS STUDIED FOR THE LAST 2000 YEARS
 STILL STUDIED IN UNIVERSITIES
SOCRATES
 PHILOSOPHER
 469 – 399 BC ATHENS, GREECE
 DIDN’T WRITE HIS THOUGHTS AND IDEAS
 WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT SOCRATES IS DUE TO HIS
STUDENTS, PLATO & XENOPHON
 PLATO’S DIALOUGUE
 XENOPHON’S HISTORIAN OF SOCRATES LIFE
 HELPED FORM THE FOUNDATION OF WESTERN
PHILOSOPHY
SOCRATES CONT
 Soldier in Peloponnesian War
 Noted for his courage and valor
 FOCUSED ON ETHICS & HOW PEOPLE BEHAVE
RATHER THAN THE PHYSICAL WORLD
 HE SAID THAT HAPPINESS CAME FROM LEADING A
MORAL LIFE RATHER THAN MATERIAL
POSSESSIONS.
 Seek justice and goodness rather than wealth and
power
SOCRATES CONT
 THE SOCRATIC METHOD
 METHOD OF TEACHING THROUGH DISCUSSION
 Teacher/leader asks questions that have multiple
answers then allows students/participants to discuss
to discover the answers
 TRIAL AND DEATH
 ACCUSED OF CORRUPTING THE YOUTH & FAILING TO
ACKNOWLEDGE THE GODS OF THE CITY
 CONVICTED BY JURY & SENTENCED TO DEATH BY
DRINKING POISON
FUN FACTS ABOUT SOCRATES
 Unlike many other teachers of his day, Socrates didn't
charge his students fees.
 Socrates was married to Zanthippe and had three sons.
 He could have likely escaped from Athens and avoided the
death sentence, but instead chose to stay and face his
accusers.
 He once said that "the unexamined life is not worth living."
 At his trial Socrates suggested that, instead of being given
the death sentence, the city should pay him a wage and
honor him for his contributions.
ARISTOTLE
PHILOSOPHER & SCIENTIST
 384 – 322 BC
STUDENT OF PLATO & TEACHER OF ALEX THE
GREAT
Son to the doctor of the King of Macedonia;
peaked his interest in nature and anatomy
EDUCATION & ARTS VERY IMPORTANT TO
HIM
ARISTOTLE
 JOINED PLATO’S ACADEMY AT 17
 LEARNED PHILOSOPHY & LOGICAL THINKING
 STAYED FOR 20 YEARS AS STUDENT THEN TEACHER
 STUDENTS WOULD DISCUSS VARIOUS TOPICS AND
DEBATE
 Through his travels he became very interested in
the differences in animals
 HE WAS THE FIRST TO BEGIN GROUPING ANIMALS
& FIGURE OUT FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS ORGANS
ARISTOTLE
 343 BCE BEGAN TUTORING ALEXANDER THE GREAT
 FOLLOWERS CALLED PERIPATETICS
 OPENS LYCEUM - SCHOOL IN ATHENS
 LOGICS, PHYSICS, PUBLIC SPEAKING, POLITICS,
PHILOSOPHY
 Ideas:
 Believed Earth was round but stationary
 The ‘mean’- best way for people to live was to avoid
extremes
SHORT WRITE
Paragraph #1: Which of the five Great Greek
Thinkers do you think is the most influential today?
Why? Cite details from your notes and or the
textbook.
Paragraph #2: Which of the five Great Greek
Thinkers do you feel has been most influential in
your life? Why? Cite information about the person
either from your notes or the text book.
ART
THEATER
ARCHITECTURE
ART
 THREE PERIODS OF GREEK ART
 ARCHAIC: 700 – 480 BC
 CLASSICAL: 480 – 323 BC
 HELLENISTIC: 323 – 21 BC
 INFLUENCED BY HELLENISM - THE
COMBINATION OF GREEK, PERSIAN,
EGYPTIAN, & INDIAN INFLUENCES
 SCULPTURES BECOME MORE AND MORE
REALISTIC THROUGH THE THREE PERIODS
ARCHAIC: 700 – 480 BC
SCULPTURES OF MEN CALLED
KOUROI AND WOMEN CALLED KORAI
SIMILAR FEATURES AND STIFF ARMS
AT THEIR SIDES
ARCHAIC
PERIOD
SCULPTURE
CLASSICAL: 480 – 323 BC
SCULPTURES OF PEOPLE MORE
RELAXED POSTURES & ACTION
SCENES
FAMOUS WORKS: ZEUS AT OLYMPIA &
ATHENA AT PARTHENOS
CLASSICAL
PERIOD
SCULPTURE
ZEUS OF
ARTEMISION
DISCOBOLOS
DISCUS
THROWER
ATHENA
AT
PARTHENOS
HELLENISTIC: 323 – 21 BC
SCULPTURES BECAME INFLUENCED BY THE
CULTURES OF THE PEOPLE ALEX THE GREAT
HAD CONQUERED
NEW SUBJECTS: WOMEN, CHILDREN AND
COMMON PEOPLE
FAMOUS WORKS: VENUS DE MILO, THE DYING
GAUL & NIKE OF SAMOTHRACE
HELLENISTIC
PERIOD
SCULPTURE
NIKE OF
SAMOTHRACE
HELLENISTIC: 323 – 21 BC
BOY
JOCKEY
AND
HORSE
ARTEMIS
AND A
DEER
THEATER
 FIRST TO WRITE PLAYS THAT FEATURED ACTORS
AND MUSIC
 ONLY MEN PREFORMED AND THEY WORE MASKS
TO SHOW EXPRESSIONS
 TWO TYPES OF DRAMA
 COMEDIES: AMUSING PLAYS, OFTEN MADE FUN
OF IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN THE CITY-STATE
 TRAGEDIES: SERIOUS PLAYS WITH THEMES OF
LOVE AND WAR
THEATER CONT
Used special effects to enhance their plays.
Creating sounds such as rain, thunder, and
horses hooves.
MOST FAMOUS GREEK PLAYWRIGHTS:
AESCHYLUS, SOPHOCLES, EURIPIDES, AND
ARISTOPHANES
AMPHITHEATERS – BUILT SPECIFICALLY FOR
PLAYS
GREEK
DRAMA
MASKS
GREEK DRAMA MASKS
GREEK AMPHITHEATER
GREEK AMPHITHEATER
ARCHITECTURE
 USE OF THE COLUMN IN THREE ORDERS
 DORIC, IONIC, & CORITHIAN
 MOST FAMOUS BUILDING IS THE PARTHENON
LOCATED IN ATHENS
 BUILDING TODAY ARE STILL CONSTRUCTED USING
PARTS OF THE GREEK STYLE
 MANY GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS IN THE UNITED
STATES ARE MODELED AFTER GREEK TEMPLES
DORIC
ORDER
IONIC
ORDER
CORINTHIAN
ORDER
PARTHENON
ACROPOLIS OF ATHENS