Download Classical Civilizations – Rome

World History
Fall Semester
Content Parameters
Updated June 2010
World Religions (2-2)
Classical Civilizations – Greece (2-3)
Classical Civilizations – Rome (2-3)
Fall of Rome/World in Transition (3-1)
Middle Ages (3-4)
The Renaissance (4-1)
Protestant and Catholic Reformation (4-3)
Age of Exploration (5-1)
Absolute Monarchies (6-1)
Enlightenment (6-3)
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World Religions
State Standard: WH2-2
Concept: Early Civilization
Performance Objective: Analyze the development and historical significance of
Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islam.
Content Parameters:
1. Hinduism (Hindu)
 Origin of Hinduism
o India (Asia) – Most historians agree that the origin of Hinduism began in
what is today India.
 Basic beliefs
o Brahmin - a member of the highest, or priestly, class among the Hindus.
o Karma
o Reincarnation
o Vedas – Sacred writings of the Indo-Aryans, which the Hindu religion is
based on.
2. Judaism (Jew)
 Origins of Judaism
o Judea (Modern day Israel)
o Patriarch - Abraham
 Basic beliefs
o Torah – The sacred text of Judaism. The first five books of the Hebrew
bible, it is considered the most sacred texts of the Jewish faith.
o Ten Commandments – Basic laws of moral behavior
3. Buddhism (Buddhist)
 Origins of Buddhism
o India – It began in India and spread throughout Asia.
o Based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha or
Enlightened One)
 Basic beliefs
o Four Noble Truths
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Suffering is a part of human life. No one can escape suffering
while alive.
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Suffering comes from people’s desires for pleasure and material
goods.
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Overcoming of these desires during life eventually brings
suffering to an end.
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Desires can be overcome by following the Eightfold Path.
o Eightfold Path – a series of steps that Buddhists believe leads to
Enlightenment and salvation. The Middle Way and part of the Four
Noble Truths that the Buddha taught as the means to nirvana or
enlightenment.
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o Nirvana
o Middle Way – Basic Buddhist teachings of the Eightfold Path, it advises
people to live in moderation, avoiding the extremes or either comfort or
discomfort in the search for nirvana.
4. Christianity (Christian)
 Origins of Christianity
o Based on the teachings of Jesus – Jesus of Nazareth is viewed as
the messiah (chosen one) and Paul (apostle) worked to spread
Christianity throughout the Roman Empire.
o Judea (Modern day Israel)
 Basic Beliefs
o Bible - Old and New Testament
o Ten Commandments – Basic laws of moral behavior
5. Islam (Muslim)
 Origins of Islam
o Based on the teachings of Muhammad
o Mecca and Medina (Modern day Saudi Arabia or the Middle East)
 Basic Beliefs
o Five Pillars of Islam – practices/code of conduct for Muslims
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Profession of Faith – There is only one true god, Allah, and
Muhammad is his prophet.
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Alms – Giving money to the poor.
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Prayer – You must pray five times a day facing the holy city of
Mecca (East).
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Pilgrimage (Hajj) – Visiting Mecca at least once in your lifetime if
you do not live in the Middle East. You are expected to visit
once a year if you live in the Middle East.
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Fasting – You are expected to fast from sunset to sundown
during the holy month of Ramadan.
o Qur’an (Koran) – The holy book of Islam.
o Jihad – Struggle for faith; it can be thought of as an individual or
communal struggle; as the latter, the term embraces notions of defending
the Muslim community and Holy War.
o Prohibits the consumption of alcohol, eating of pork, and offers guidelines
for relationships among people. The Qur’an also prohibits murder, lying,
and stealing.
People:
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Abraham – Patriarch of Judaism.
Moses – Hebrew lawgiver (Ten Commandments).
Siddhartha Gautama – Founder of Buddhism
Jesus – Jesus of Nazareth is viewed as the messiah (chosen one). His
teachings form the basis of Christianity.
Mohammed – Prophet of Islam whom Muslims recognize as Allah’s
messenger to all humankind. His teachings form the basis of Islam.
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Vocabulary:
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Caste System – Rigid and complex social structure in which Hindus are divided.
Enlightenment – A state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic truths
about the universe.
Karma – In Hinduism, the totality of a person’s good and bad deeds and how
they affect that person’s fate in the afterlife.
Monotheistic – belief in one God.
Nirvana – The release from the world and the achievement of peace and
enlightenment.
Polytheistic – belief in many gods.
Reincarnation – In Hinduism the belief that after one dies, the soul is reborn into
a different form.
Content Summary
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Compare and contrast religions
o Polytheistic religions vs. Monotheistic religions
Origins of 5 world religions
o Christianity, Islam, and Judaism were founded in the Middle East
o Buddhism and Hinduism were founded in India
Explain the importance of religion in the establishment of ethics and
morality code
o Religion was created for establishing moral and ethical codes of
conduct.
Icons and symbols related to each religion
o Cross/Crucifix – Christianity
o Star of David – Judaism
o Star and Crescent – Islam
o Buddha – Buddhism
o Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma – Hinduism
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Classical Civilizations – Greece
State Standard: WH2-3
Concept: Early Civilization
Objectives: Analyze the Greek contributions and their impact on later civilizations.
Content Parameters:
1. Developments of concepts of government and citizenship
2. Government
o Athens-birthplace of Democracy
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Created a legal system in which all citizens could serve on
a jury and expanded citizenship in Athens
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Reformed government, all male citizens’ right to participate
in the assembly, begin practice of ostracism, enlarged the
assembly
3. Government in Sparta – Military city-state ruled by kings
4. Scientific and cultural advancements
o Olympics
o Art and architecture
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Temples and government buildings, use of the column,
Parthenon ( A questions from here would be a photograph).
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Lifelike, yet idealistic form of the body
o Literature and theatre
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Homer: Iliad and the Odyssey
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Tragedies and comedies
o Mathematics
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Euclidian Geometry
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Pythagoras-the study of triangles
o Philosophy
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Love of wisdom
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Logic: rational thinking
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Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (tested collectively, not as
individuals)
 Hellenistic Culture
 Due to the conquests of Alexander the Great, there was a blending of
cultures (cultural diffusion). The cultures that were blended were (P.I.G.E.)
Persian, Indian, Greek and Egyptian.
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People:
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Alexander the Great - King of Macedonia, son of Phillip, conquer with the
lasting achievement was the spreading of Greek culture.
Aristotle - Favored rule by a single strong and virtuous leader; people should live
in moderation.
Herodotus - Father of History; tried to write without bias.
Homer - Wrote epic poetry: Iliad and the Odyssey.
Pericles - All male citizens could hold public office. (worked to spread
democracy)
Plato - Emphasized rational thought to discover ethical values, recognize beauty
and organize society; distrusted democracy.
Socrates - Developed philosophy of arriving at the truth through questioning.
Thucydides - Wrote a history of the Peloponnesian War, vividly describing both
sides.
Vocabulary:
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City-State: political unit made up of a city and surrounding lands.
Comedy - Play that mocked people or social customs.
Democracy - Government in which free citizens rule themselves.
Direct Democracy - A system of government in which citizens participate
directly in the day to day affairs of government rather than through elected
representatives.
Jury - A panel of citizens who have the final authority to make the final
judgment in a trial.
Tragedy - Play focusing on human suffering and often ending in disaster.
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Classical Civilizations – Rome
State Standard: WH2-3
Concept: Early Civilization
Objectives: Analyze the Roman contributions and their impact on later civilizations
Content Parameters:
1. Developments of concepts of government and citizenship
 Development of Republic
o Evolution from direct democracy with small population to
representative democracy with a large population
o Consuls and Senate
o Assassination of Julius Caesar was the end of the Republic
 Development of Empire
o Under Octavian (Augustus), Roman Republic too big, he formally
ended the republic and created the Empire
o He still let the Senate exist, asked for advice from the Senators, let them
rule provinces and let them have their own treasury
o Took complete control of the army, gave large bonuses to the men, as
well as land
o Granted citizenship to more people in the Provinces (conquered lands)
 Roman law/Written law
o Twelve Tables
 Based on reason and justice and should protect citizens and
their property
 Laws of the Nations: a citizen was not any nationality other than
Roman, no matter the Province they lived in
o Julius Caesar
 Reorganized government, lowered taxes, made citizenship
easier
2. Scientific and cultural advancements
 Network of roads
o Built throughout the empire to facilitate troop movements
o Roman engineering led roads to survive through the present
 Aqueducts- used arches and engineering to bring water from the outlying
areas to the cities
 Art and architecture
o Emphasis on grandeur
 Coliseum (photo would be used)
o Utilized concrete
o Realism, portrays the subjects as they actually were
 Literature
 Poetry and History
 Philosophy
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People:
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Julius Cesar - A member of the First Triumvirate that shared power over
Rome; popular General because of his victories in Gaul and Britain; later
became the sole ruler and Dictator of Rome. He was assassinated by a
group of Senators because of his growing power.
Octavian/Augustus - Adopted son of Julius Caesar, partnered with Antony to
defeat the Senators who assassinated Julius Caesar, later he fought Antony over
the control of Rome. Upon the defeat of Antony, he became the Emperor of
Rome. His Rule marks the beginning of the Pax Romana.
Vocabulary:
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Consuls - 2 Patricians elected by the Senate.
Empire - group of states or territories controlled by one ruler.
Patricians - Member of the landholding upper-class in ancient Rome.
Pax Romana - A 200 year span of “Roman peace”-Roman rule brought
peace, order, unity, and prosperity.
Plebeian - Member of the lower-class in ancient Rome, including farmers,
merchants, artisans, and traders.
Provinces - Captured lands under Roman control.
Republic - Government without the rule of a king or queen, and the citizens
elect their leaders or representatives.
Senate - 300 member council of patricians, most powerful part of the
government.
Twelve Tables - 450 BCE, Roman law written down on twelve stone tablets.
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Fall of Rome/World in Transition
State Standard: WH3-1
Concept: World in Transition
Performance Objective: Contrast the fall of Rome with the development of the
Byzantine and Arab Empires (e.g., religion, culture, language, governmental structure)
Content Parameters:
1. Fall of Rome
 Causes of the Fall of Rome
o Corruption
o Economic and social decay
o Military Collapse (Barbarians)
o Political Turmoil
o Bureaucracy
 Religion at the fall-Christianity
o Rise of Christianity centered in Rome
 Rome was divided in two empires (Western and Eastern) in 285 CE
o Western Roman Empire Fell in 476 CE
2. Development of the Byzantine Empire
 The Byzantine Empire preserved Greco-Roman culture in the Mediterranean.
 Roman capital moved to Byzantium and called Constantinople
 Constantine legalized Christianity.
o Split with western church due to the collapse of the Western Empire;
Greek and Russian Orthodox
 Economic strength from central location
 Military strength
 Strong central government that later weakened
3. Achievements of the Byzantine Empire
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The Byzantine Empire preserved Greco-Roman culture in the
Mediterranean.
Justinian’s Code: preserved Roman Law
4. Development of the Arab Empire
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Division between Sunni and Shia Muslims – The main division between
these two groups dates back to shortly after the death of the Prophet
Muhammad and the question of who was to take over the leadership of the
Muslim nation.
o Sunni – (85-90% of the Muslims in the world) They thought the new
leader should be elected from those qualified for the job. This is what was
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done and the Prophet’s close friend and advisor, Abu Bakr, became the
first caliph of the Islamic Nation.
o Shia – They thought that leadership should have passed directly to
Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, Ali. Throughout history, Shia
Muslims have not recognized the authority of Muslim leaders, choosing
instead to follow a line of Imams, which they believe have been appointed
by Muhammad or God himself.
Arab empire develops under Islam
Development of libraries as centers of learning
International trade networks
Arabic language of the Quran unites
Orderly system of administration
By 1566, the Ottoman Empire stretched across western Asia, Northern Africa,
and southeastern Europe.
Art, literature and architecture flourished.
People:
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Allah, God of Abraham - Muslim name for the one and only God.
Constantine - 288?–337 CE, Roman emperor from 324–337CE: the new capital
of the Roman Empire was named Constantinople. He legally sanctioned
Christian worship in the Roman Empire.
Justinian - Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire
against the Persians; codified Roman law in 529CE; his general Belisarius
regained North Africa and Spain (483-565 CE).
Muhammad - Arab prophet of Islam. At the age of 40 he began to preach as
God's prophet of the true religion. Muhammad established a theocratic state at
Medina after 622CE and began to convert Arabia to Islam.
Vocabulary:
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Dark Ages – Time period after the fall of the Roman Empire, now more
commonly referred to as the early Middle Ages, where peoples’ lives were
marked by suffering and hardship. Christianity offered comfort and
community and began to spread throughout Europe.
Emperor - The male sovereign or supreme ruler of an empire.
Icon – A representation of some sacred personage, as Christ or a saint or angel,
painted usually on a wood surface and venerated itself as sacred.
Ottoman Empire – It existed from 1299 to 1923. At its height in the mid-1500s,its
territory included the Middle East, parts of North Africa, and much of southeastern Europe.
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Middle Ages
State Standard:
Concept:
WH3-4
World in Transition
Performance Objective:
Describe the interaction of European and Asian civilizations
from the 12th to the 16th centuries.
Content Parameters:
1. Establishment of feudalism
 Feudal System: a political and social system based on the granting of land
in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services
 Manor Economy
 Established to defend against invaders (Early Middle Ages)
 Feudalism leads to the development of nation-states (Late Middle Ages)
2. Charlemagne
 Holy Roman Empire and the Unification of Western Europe
 Expanded Christianity under his empire
o Church’s power and influence expands
3. Crusades
 Goal: To reclaim the Holy Land from the Muslims
 Who’s Fighting: European Christians vs. Seljuk Turks(Muslims)
 First Crusade
o 1096-1099
o Pope Urban II calls the crusaders to fight for the Holy Land. In exchange,
anyone who dies while fighting was assured a place in heaven.
o Crusaders mostly came from France, Germany and Italy
 Result: The Crusaders were successful in gaining temporary
control of Jerusalem
 Second Crusade
o 1147-1149
o Organized to recapture the city of Edessa from Muslims
o Result: Europeans lose control of Jerusalem
 Third Crusade
o 1189-1191
o Fought to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims
o Led by Philip II(France), Frederick I(Germany) and Richard the LionHearted(England)
o Result: Ends in a truce
o Muslims are still in control of the Holy Land, but unarmed Christian
pilgrims can freely visit the holy city (Jerusalem)
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4. Commerce and the Silk Road
 The desire for material goods led to the development of long-distance trade
routes. In turn, trade caused cultural diffusion.
 Silk Road connects trade between Europe and Asia
 Silk, gold and spices were the main products traded along the Silk Road
 Ideas, cultures and religions were also exchanged along the Silk Road
(map)
 Effects of the Silk Road
5. Impact on Culture
 Diffusion of culture/religion/goods/knowledge/disease
 Power of church began to be questioned
o Effects of the Crusades
 Diffusion of culture/religion/goods/knowledge/disease
6. Plague
 Bubonic Plague, also known as the Black Death, swept throughout Europe
between 1347-1351
 Plague began in Asia and spread along the busy trade routes
 Was carried on flea-infested rats that were found on the trade ships
 An estimated 25 million people in Europe died in these four years-about 1/3 of
the total population
 Results: The church lost power; relations between the upper classes and
lower classes change
7. Hundred Years War
 war fought between France and England for control of the French throne
 Strengthens absolute monarchies and idea of nationality
 Joan of Arc
People:
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Joan of Arc - peasant girl from France who took up men’s dress and fought in the
Hundred Years War, which was against her parents’ wishes
Pope Urban II - In power during the late 1000’s. Was eager to regain the Holy
Land from the Muslims. He called on Christians to launch the First Crusade.
Richard the Lion-Hearted-King of England who fought Saladin in the Third
Crusade and then settled for a truce with him
Saladin - Muslim leader of the Seljuk Turks who was in control of Jerusalem
during the Third Crusade
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Vocabulary:
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Commerce-sales and purchases having the objective of supplying goods and
services
Crusade - An expedition by the Christians to regain the Holy Land from the
Muslims
Culture-beliefs, knowledge, and patterns of living that a group of people acquire
by living together.
Cultural diffusion - spread of culture from one area of the world to another.
Feudal System: a political and social system based on the granting of land
in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services
Holy Land - Land located in the Middle East, modern day Israel, that
contains the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem (sacred cities to Judaism,
Islam, and Christianity). Has been a major source of conflict for thousands
of years.
Silk Road - A trade route connecting Asia to Europe. It originates in China
and proceeds west to the Black Sea.
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The Renaissance
State Standard: WH4-1
Concept: Renaissance
Parameters Objective: Analyze the results of Renaissance thoughts and theories
Content Parameters:
1. Birth of Renaissance - Rebirth of Greek and Roman ideas (such as art and
architecture), mathematics, and science
 Location of Italy allowed for increased trade with Asia, growth of merchant
class.
 Growth of cities.
 Italian Renaissance
 Northern Renaissance
2. Humanism and its emphasis on individual potential and achievements
 new techniques
 new architectural forms
 The Prince
 The Renaissance Man
3. Middle Eastern contributions (e.g., mathematics and science)
 Arabic numerals and the concept of zero
 Medicine
 Writing of Ancient Greeks were translated into Arabic (returned to west through
cultural contact, Crusades and trade)
People:
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Nicolaus Copernicus – Polish scientist showed that the Earth revolved
around the sun, heliocentric theory.
Galileo Galilei -- perfected the telescope and declared that the planets
revolved around the sun. His observations threatened the beliefs of the
Catholic Church and he was put on trial. When threatened with death if he
did not publicly admit his errors, he stated that his ideas were wrong.
Johann Guttenberg -- Given credit for the development of the first movable
type printing press and printed the “Gutenberg Bible,” utilizing the
vernacular.
Niccoló Machiavelli -- Humanist, writer, political philosopher, author of The
Prince. He explained how he believed a Prince should rule in an effective
government. He argued that the “end justifies the means” and the ruler should do
whatever was necessary to maintain the state.
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Medici Family -- Florentine family that organized a successful banking business
and became patrons of the arts; ruled Florence for many years. Members of the
family came to rule other countries and dominate the Papacy.
Michelangelo -- Renaissance artist from Italy, famous for his sculptures
“David” and “the Pieta”. One of his greatest works is the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel.
Isaac Newton – English scientist, mathematician, proved the ideas of
Galileo, invented calculus and defined the laws of Physics, showed how
the sun’s gravity holds the planets within their orbits.
Shakespeare -- English author during the Elizabethan Era. He is known for
writing sonnets and plays that included Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Julius
Caesar, he expanded the English language with use of many new words.
Leonardo da Vinci -- Italian “Renaissance Man” gifted in the arts and
sciences. He is known for his designs for canals, weapons, buildings and
flying machines as well as his study of anatomy. Kept extensive notebooks
of his scientific observations. His masterpieces include the Mona Lisa and
the Last Supper, which demonstrate the technique of perspective.
Vocabulary:
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City-state -- A country composed of an individual city and its surrounding
territory, ruled as a single political unit.
Geocentric Theory – Scientific theory that has the Earth as the center of the
Universe with the Sun and stars revolving around it.
Heliocentric Theory – Scientific theory that has the Sun as the center of the
universe with the Earth rotating around the Sun. Proposed by Copernicus.
Humanism -- Intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that
focused on worldly subjects, poetry, philosophy, and human potential and
achievements, rather than on religious issues.
Patron -- A person who supplies financial support for the arts such as the Medici
and Sforza families of Italy.
Perspective -- Artistic technique used to give paintings and drawing a threedimensional effect.
Renaissance -- Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture with an emphasis on
humanism.
Scientific Method – A method of inquiry that promotes observing, measuring,
explaining, and verifying as a way to gain scientific knowledge.
Scientific Revolution -- New technology and methods of research in the
1500s & 1600s utilizing the scientific method, which led to an explosion of
knowledge, changed the way Europeans viewed the world and laid the
foundation for modern science.
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Protestant and Catholic Reformation
State Standard: WH4-3
Concept: Renaissance and Reformation
Project Objective: Explain how the ideas of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic
Reformation affected society (e.g., secular authority, individualism, migration, literacy
and vernacular, the arts).
Content Parameters:
Causes of the Reformation
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Martin Luther: German monk who started the Protestant Reformation by
posting his 95 Theses which causes people to question religious authority.
Catholic Church corruption.
o Financial Corruption- Bankrupting the treasury on lavish gifts and
constructing St. Peter’s Basilica. This led to adopting the sale of
indulgences. Heavy taxes placed on the middle class and peasants.
o Abuse of Power- In addition to the power of the purse, the Holy
Roman Empire controlled most of Western Europe. England and
France were under control of Catholic Church. Europe was
essentially a theocracy under control of the Church.
Secular authority
o Nationalism (devotion to a nation or state) emerges out of people’s
frustration with Church practices
o Struggle between the political and religious leaders increases after
German princes take Luther’s side instead of the Catholic Church
Individualism
o Personal relationship with God; individuals are allowed to read and
interpret the Bible by themselves (Luther cites Christ’s teachings). This
undermined Church authority
Migration
o Migration due to religious intolerance (e.g., Queen Mary persecutes
Protestants, Elizabeth persecutes Catholics in England)
Literacy and vernacular
o Bibles translated and printed from Latin into the everyday language of
different ethnic groups. This was brought about by the invention of the
printing press and led to an increase in literacy throughout Europe.
The arts
o Artwork is realistic and three dimensional (perspective)
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People:
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Martin Luther - German monk who started the Protestant Reformation by
posting his 95 Theses
John Calvin - Protestant reformer who based his ideas on predestination, and
taught moral living, hard work and thrift
Johannes Gutenberg - Credited with the invention of the printing press
Henry VIII - King of England who establishes the Church of England so he could
divorce his wife, to try and produce a male heir
Vocabulary:
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Catholic (Counter) Reformation- The Catholic Church’s series of reforms in
response to the spread of Protestantism in the mid-1500s to the early
1600s. It was led by conservative forces who wanted both to reform the
Church and to secure its traditions against the changes of Protestant
theology and the more liberalizing effects of the Renaissance. (p.456)
Indulgences – pardons issued by the Pope that could reduce a soul’s time
in purgatory. From the 1100’s to the 1500’s, indulgences could be
purchased, which led to corruption. (p. 450)
Persecution - to oppress or harass with ill treatment based on race, religion,
gender, sexual orientation or beliefs (* not defined in new text)
Predestination - the idea that God has predetermined who will be saved and who
won’t before you are even born (p. 452)
Sects - small religious groups (* not defined in new text)
Theocracy - a government ruled by religious leaders who claim God’s
authority. (p. 66, 452)
Vernacular - translating in the native language (*not present in new text)
95 Theses - the 95 arguments against the Catholic church that Martin
Luther posted, which started the Protestant Reformation (pp. 451-452)
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Age of Exploration
State Standard: WH5-1
Concept: Encounters and Exchange
Parameter Objective: Describe the religious, social, and political interactions among
civilizations that resulted from early explorations:
Content Parameters:
1. Reasons for European exploration
 Trade – Columbian Exchange
 Religion – sparked by Reformation and Counter-Reformation
 Wealth – Europeans wanted goods from other lands as well as fame and
glory
 Land – establish colonies and empires (started by Spain and Portugal)
2. Navigational Technology
 Caravel - a light, fast sailing ship that was highly maneuverable and was
able to sail directly into a headwind.
 Compass - allowed sailors to find North.
 Astrolabe –allowed sailors to calculate position based on the sun or stars
 Sails –triangular lateen sails were used to catch wind in any direction.
3. Impact of expansion and colonization on Europe
 established settlements in the Americas
 discovery of trade routes to the East
 discovery of valuable resources in the New World
 increase in world trade leads to the growth of capitalism and the Commercial
Revolution
 cultural changes – new foods, art, religion, music, new diseases, mercantilism,
growth in European cities
 spread Christianity
 increase in power
4. Impact of expansion and colonization on Africa, the Americas and Asia
 Slave trade created and increased – Middle Passage
 Spanish hacienda system
 Encomienda system – a Spanish system where a colonist was given land,
Native American workers, and was expected to teach their workers about
Christianity. This system was disastrous for Native Americans.
 New trade markets – triangular trade
 market for slaves increased
 racial prejudice
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5. Role of disease in conquest
 smallpox
 Also measles, influenza, and malaria
 Native populations decimated by European expansion which increased the
slave trade between Africa and the Americas
6. Role of trade
 Trading empires established
 Variety of goods increased leading to consumerism
7. Portugal –the first country to launch large- scale voyages of exploration
People:
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Prince Henry the Navigator– Started the world’s first school of navigation.
Francisco Pizarro – Conquered the Incas.
Christopher Columbus - Italian navigator in the service of Spain who
accidentally sailed to the “New World” in 1492, while looking for Asia.
Bartolomeu Diaz - Portuguese explorer who rounded the tip of Africa and found
a sea route to Asia.
Vasco de Gama - Portuguese navigator who discovered a route from Europe to
India by sailing around southern Africa.
Vasco de Balboa - Spanish explorer who was the first European to visit the
Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan - Portuguese navigator the first to sail around the
world.
Samuel de Champlain - French explorer who founded Quebec.
Hernando Cortes - Spanish soldier who conquered Mexico.
Vocabulary:
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British East India Company - Established in 1600 as a private business with a
special English government charter.
Commercial Revolution - Changes in the European economy brought about by
an increase in money and trade from the colonies overseas.
Mercantilism - The economic system of Europe in the 1500’s and 1600’s,
which favors exporting more than you import.
Middle Passage - the leg of the triangular trade route on which slaves were
transported from Africa to the Americas.
Northwest Passage - Sea route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
along the north coast of North America.
Triangular Trade - colonial trade routes among Europe and its colonies, the
West Indies, and Africa in which goods were exchanged for slaves.
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Absolute Monarchies
State Standard: WH6-1
Concept: Absolute Monarchies
Performance Objective: Contrast the development of representative, limited
government in England with the development of absolute monarchies in other European
nations.
•
Absolute monarchies (Louis XIV, Philip II, Peter the Great, Frederick I/II, James I,
Charles I)
•
The Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and parliamentary government
Content Parameters
1. Magna Carta - It protected the rights of the king’s subjects. Habeas Corpus
was introduced in this document. It was caused by the abuse of powers of
King John.
2. Divine Right
3. Spain
 Spanish Armada: Signifies the beginning of Spain’s decline and England’s
incline.
o Philip II and Elizabeth I – Due to intense competition for domination of the
seas, Philip II of Spain and Elizabeth I of England fought a naval battle to
determine this dominance. England came out the victors.
 Inquisition – Spanish monarchs use of the Catholic Church to persecute Jews,
Muslims, and Protestants.
4. France
 Louis XIV – the sun king who built the Palace of Versailles which led to increased
French debt.
3.
England
 Elizabeth I – She challenged Spain for control of the oceans and helps to
begin England’s golden age.
 (Note: A timeline of monarchs could be fair game on the test).
 James I
o Clashed with Parliament on money, foreign policy
 Charles I – divine Right
o Dissolved Parliament triggering the English Civil War.
 English Civil War (Cavaliers/Roundheads)
o Charles I executed
o Commonwealth
 Cromwell – Leader of the Roundheads (Puritans) who
eliminates the monarchy and establishes his own absolute
rule.
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4.
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5.
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Restoration
o Charles II – Son of Charles I that was asked to reclaim the monarchy.
Glorious Revolution
o James II –Catholic
o Parliaments invitation to William and Mary (daughter of James II)
o Shift of power from James II to William and Mary without loss of life
o English Bill of Rights
Limited Monarchy
o Superiority of Parliament over the Monarchy
o Magna Carta, Glorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights
Russia
Peter the Great
o Westernized Russia
Austria/Prussia
Hapsburg family
o Maria Teresa – Divine Right (Austria)
Hohenzollern family
o Frederick I and II (Prussia)
Vocabulary:
 Absolute Monarch – A king or queen who has total power.
 Armada – Spanish fleet of ships that were defeated by Britain.
 Divine Right – The belief that a rulers authority comes directly from God.
 Habeas Corpus – where a prisoner has the right to be brought before the
court so that the court can determine whether that person is serving a
lawful sentence or should be released from custody.
 Limited Monarchy – Where a monarch is limited by Parliament.
 Magna Carta – 1215 The Magna Carta required the king to respect certain
legal procedures and accept that the will of the king could be bound by law.
 Parliament – A legislative governing body who began to share power with
the monarch.
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Enlightenment
State Standard Code: WH6-3
Concept: Age and Revolution
Performance Objective: Explain how the Enlightenment ideas influenced political
thought and social change.
Content Parameters:
1. Role of women
 Women gained prominence in France by holding salons.
 First movement for equality of men and women
2. Political thought
 The theory of representative governments
 Natural rights are guaranteed to all citizens (Locke revisited, 6-1)n – life,
liberty, and property
 Rulers who violate these rights may be replaced (Locke)
3. Social change
 Individual thinking; logic and reasoning
 Questioning of authority
 Education is the tool for people to improve their lives and society
People:
 Baron de Montesquieu - Checks and Balances
 Thomas Hobbes - Social Contract
 Jean Jacques Rousseau - The Social Contract (wrote that government
should work for the benefit of the common good, all people were equal and
that people should give up some of their freedoms for the good of the
whole community)
 John Locke - Natural Rights
 Mary Wollstonecraft - demanded equal rights for women, especially in
education
 Voltaire - Natural Rights, especially freedom of speech
Vocabulary:
 Deism - The belief, based solely on reason, that God was no longer involved in
the universe after he created it.
 Enlightenment: Age of Reason - the transition of the people’s focus on the
“here and now” rather than the afterworld, characterized by logic,
reasoning and the questioning of authority.
 Natural Rights -“Life, liberty and property”; rights that you receive
automatically at birth and cannot be taken away
 Philosophers (Philosophes) - the great thinkers of the Enlightenment
 Social Contract - an agreement between a people and their government
where the people agree to give up some freedoms in exchange for their
government providing them with peace and security
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