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Early Greece and Beyond Be able to Know What are the most important contribution that ancient Greece has given to the world and what impact did it have on later civilizations? What are the main differences between Athens and Sparta? What was the Hellenistic Age, how did it lead to cultural diffusion and what advances were produced as a result of it? Greece physical geography: located in the eastern Mediterranean mainland and many islands Archipelago A large group of islands Peninsula A body of land surrounded by water on three sides. Geographic Characteristics Greece is surrounded by the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea. Geographic Characteristics Greece has rough mountains, narrow valleys, and no navigable rivers. The mountains and seas divide Greece into many small sections. It was difficult for people to travel from one part of Greece to another. This also helps to explain why early Greece was divided into individual City-States Minoans (c. 2500 – c. 1450 BC) on Crete and nearby islands Greece’s 1st civilization seafaring traders wealthy weakened by a massive volcano and later earthquakes Mycenaeans (c. 1600 – c. 1150 BC) Greece’s 1st mainland civilization glorified warfare overtook the Minoans as the dominant power in the eastern Mediterranean Mycenae Reconstruction of Mycenae Troy city in Asia Minor German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovered ruins in the late 1800s site of the Trojan War Troy VI from the North In Search of the Trojan War, pp. 204 Trojan War (c. 1200 BC) war between Trojans and mainland Greeks during the Mycenaean period. The Greeks tricked the Trojan Army with the Trojan Horse. The Greeks won the war and burnt Troy to the ground. Homer (8th century BC) Greek poet blind (according to legend) composed the Iliad and the Odyssey Iliad epic poem by Homer tells of a 50-day period in the 10th (final) year of the Trojan War topic: the rage of Achilles Odyssey epic poem by Homer topic: Odysseus’ 10-year journey home from the Trojan War Mythology mythology ancient Greek religion collection of stories about Greek gods and heroes Greek gods are human-like Reside on Mt. Olympus Greek Life Greece has a Mediterranean climate, mild or temperate temperatures. The Greek way of life was primarily outdoors Men gathered at the agora, or market to discuss politics, theater, and civic and religious celebrations. Taking a part in civic life was both a duty and a virtue. Greek Schools The Greeks believed that educated people made good citizens. But only Greek men were allowed to be citizens. Education in Greece was mainly for boys. The Greek schools were private, and families had to pay to have their sons attend school. Boys attended school from age six to age fourteen. They learned reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry, music, and athletics. If a boy’s family was rich, he continued his studies with a private teacher and learned geometry, astronomy, grammar, and public speaking. After finishing these studies, a young Greek was ready to become a useful and active citizen of his city-state. Greek Government Greece is divided into many very small nations, or city-states or Polis. Each city-state was like a small nation. It had its own king, laws, and army of free citizens. The Greeks who lived in these city-states thought of themselves as citizens of their own city, not as citizens of Greece. Architecture Greek Columns The Acropolis of Athens GREEK PHILOSOPHY philosophy the word means “love of wisdom” before philosophy, people appealed to the gods for explanations based on the idea that the universe is logical and understandable nearly all fields of study developed from philosophy Socrates (470-399 BC) Greek philosopher from Athens considered one of the most influential thinkers in history famous for the Socratic Method ask questions and pointed out flaws in the answers left no writings trial of Socrates (399 BC) Socrates was put on trial in Athens at age 70 official charges: corrupting the youth neglecting the gods real motives: scapegoat for Athens’ defeat in the Peloponnesian War important men of Athens did not like him found guilty and executed (Hemlock – poison) Plato (428-347 BC) Greek philosopher from Athens student of Socrates most of what we know about Socrates and many of the preSocratic philosophers is thanks to Plato founded the world’s 1st university called the Academy wrote The Republic The Academy (487 BC – AD 526) The Republic Plato’s most important book discusses the ideal society: rejects democracy as the best form of government Aristotle (384-322 BC) Greek philosopher from Macedonia student of Plato (at the Academy) founded a university in Athens called the Lyceum teacher of Alexander the Great taught that the way to find truth was through a combination of the minds and the senses Olympics OLYMPIC GAMES (776 B.C. to about 400 A.D.) Held every four years in honor of Zeus Cultural interaction between city-states Athletes came to Greece from all over to compete at the Olympia. Games lasted five days, the pentathlon was the supreme event (five events total: broad jump, discus hurl, javelin throw, stadium sprint, and a wrestling match.) Olive wreath for each winner Winners received odes; cash; pensions; statues; triumphal processions at city-states Drama drama invented in Athens world’s first actor: Thespis two main categories: tragedy comedy Drama - Greek plays were presented in large, outdoor theaters. - The comedies were plays that made fun of leading Greek citizens. - The tragedies were plays that dealt with serious matters, such as the meaning of life and the struggle between good and evil. Athens Greek city-state gained wealth through trading olive oil birthplace of democracy center for the arts and philosophy powerful navy democracy rule by the people directly or through representatives decisions made by voting invented in Athens only Citizens were allowed to participate Citizenship requirements were: 1. had to be male 2. both parents Athenian born Only about 10% of the population qualified for citizenship. Direct Democracy Citizens rule directly without representatives Pericles (495-429 BC) greatest political leader of Athens during the “Golden Age” (5th century BC) perhaps the greatest period of achievement in the history of civilization promoted the arts and great building projects responsible for the construction of the Parthenon Pericles had three main goals: to strengthen Athenian democracy 2. to build a commercial empire 3. to glorify Athens. 1. Sparta Greek city-state Not all city-states became a democracy. Sparta was ruled by two kings and a Council of noblemen. militaristic government powerful army phalanx Greek military formation soldiers stood side-by-side holding shields and spears enabled smaller Greek forces to defeat much larger enemy forces Phalanx Hoplite Athenian Spartan Persian Wars Persian Empire (550-330 BC) Persia powerful ancient empire invaded Greece in the early 5th century BC 2 wars in early 5th century BC the Greek city-states united to stop the invasion of the Persians the “Golden Age” of Greece began as a result of the Greek victory over the Persians Themistocles (c. 527 – 460 BC) Athenian general and political leader the person most responsible for the Greek victory in the 2nd Persian War prepared Athens by building a great navy devised the strategy that brought victory at the Battle of Salamis BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE(300) Thermopylae was narrow pass through mountains Greeks hoped it would nullify Persian numerical advantage 7000 men held pass commanded by King Leonidas of Sparta Persians could not make any headway against Greeks for several days Greek traitor led Persians around pass and they came in behind Greeks Eventually wiped out by Persians Heroic Battle BATTLE OF SALAMIS Athens evacuated population to nearby seaside fort of Salamis Persians hesitated to attack because Bay of Salamis was full of Athenian ships Athenians tricked Persians into entering bay with their navy Smaller, more maneuverable Athenian ships then destroyed Persian fleet PROBLEMS AMONG THE GREEKS Sparta should have led an alliance designed to protect Greece But this did not happen Persians still a Threat Naval power required to handle this threat Athens therefore became the head of new Greek alliance Known as Delian League Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) 27-year war between Athens and Sparta Athens was weakened by a plague Sparta eventually won Athens was no longer the dominant city-state history the Greeks were the first to write history world’s first historians: Herodotus (484–c. 425 BC) considered the father of history wrote the history of the Persian Wars Thucydides (c. 460–c. 400 BC) wrote the history of the Peloponnesian War Greek Conquest Philip (382-336 BC) king of Macedonia conquered Greece in the 4th century BC father of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) son of Philip of Macedonia taught by Aristotle conquered the largest empire in history (up to that time) many consider him the greatest general in history spread Greek culture throughout his empire(Cultural Diffusion) died at age 32 Hellenistic Hellenistic period The Hellenistic age is the period between the death of Alexander the Great and the rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus improvements in areas of science and art. arts: sculptures became more realistic philosophy became accessible to a much wider audience than it had previously been. Hippocrates (c. 460–c. 370) Greek physician from Athens considered the father of medicine his basic statement on medical ethics, the Hippocratic Oath, is still used today Euclid (c. 287-212 BC) Greek mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt considered the father of geometry Archimedes (c. 325–c. 265 BC) Greek mathematician, physicist, and engineer from Sicily some consider him to be the most influential mathematician in history Ptolemy (c. AD 90–c. 168) Greek astronomer who lived in Alexandria, Egypt believed in a geocentric (earthcentered) universe his view of the universe was accepted for over 1000 years Pythagoras philosopher and mathematician In geometry the great discovery was the Pythagorean theorem. a² + b² = c² Greek contributions on later peoples Architecture Art Democracy Drama History Literature Mathematics Pythagorean Theorem: a² + b² = c² Mythology Olympics Philosophy Science