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PHRASES Prepositional Appositive Verbals Syntax and Diction Syntax-the arrangement of words and the order of grammatical elements in a sentence or the way in which words are put together to make meaningful elements, such as phrases, clauses, and sentences Diction-word choice Why is this important? • As a reader, it is important to note how writers are playing around with words to create a stylistic effect. • As a writer, it is important to know how to use a variety of sentences to enhance your writing and how to punctuate correctly. Do You Remember the Parts of Speech? • • • • • • • Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections Phrase: a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech; it will be missing either a subject or a verb—or both; not a complete sentence; clarify meaning by adding information or by describing the subject, the actions, or other nouns in a sentence Prepositional Phrase: group of words that begins with a preposition and usually ends with a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition • This was a day for singing, a warm winter day, when the touch of the sun upon the back belied the snow high on the distant mountains. • • • • • Objects of Prepositions: for singing of the sun upon the back on the distant mountains Appositive : noun or pronoun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify or give additional information Appositive Phrase: appositive plus any words that modify it • Susan, my best friend, told me about her favorite vacation place. • A talented artist, Miles would like to become an illustrator of children’s books. Where do I put the comma in an appositive? • In some cases, the noun being explained is too general without the appositive; the information is essential to the meaning of the sentence. When this is the case, do not place commas around the appositive; just leave it alone. If the sentence would be clear and complete without the appositive, then commas are necessary; place one before and one after the appositive. Examples • My cousin Johnny likes to swim. – General to Specific with no comma • Johnny, my cousin, likes to swim. – Specific to General with comma • The girl with the brown hair, Lydia, has a crush on Johnny. – General to Specific but needs comma for understanding Verbals : verb form that functions in a sentence as a noun, adjective, or adverb Verbal Phrase: verbal plus any complements and modifiers (stops after the verb or at the end of the sentence) Participles and Participial Phrases Gerunds and Gerund Phrases Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases Participle: verb form that acts as an adjective Participial Phrase: contains participle plus any complements and modifiers • (Present Participles always end in –ing) • The freezing rain slowly turned to hail. • The heated argument occurred among the losing players. • The married couple finally took a vacation after 12 years. • Pete Sampras, playing tennis, draws large crowds. • Sitting quietly during one of his games, Pete’s fans watch him intently. Identify the participle or participial phrase: Americans, looking for more variety, often adopt the fashions of other countries. 1. Americans often adopt 2. looking for more variety 3. often adopt the fashions 4. of other countries 0% Americans often a... looking for more ... often adopt the f... of other countries Identify the participle or participial phrase: Chinese textile mills export silk decorated by hand. ts ilk 0% ex po r d ed ra t de co m ills ha n em te xt il ne se Ch i 0% ill an d by h te d de co ra sil k 0% s 0% by 1. silk decorated by hand 2. Chinese textile mills 3. decorated by hand 4. mills export silk Gerund: verb form that acts as a noun Gerund Phrase: contains gerund plus any complements and modifiers Note: gerunds always end in -ing • Gerund as Subject: Reading is my favorite pastime. • Gerund as Direct Object: I enjoy reading. • Gerund as Object of Prep: I devote hours to reading. • Gerund as Predicate Nominative: My favorite pastime is reading. • Gerund as Appositive: My favorite hobby, reading, is extremely relaxing. Gerund: verb form that acts as a noun Gerund Phrase: contains gerund plus any complements and modifiers Note: gerunds always end in -ing • Gerund Phrase as Subject: Reading murder mysteries is one of my favorite pastimes. • Gerund Phrase as Direct Object: I enjoy reading murder mysteries. • Gerund Phrase as Object of Prep: I devote hours to reading murder mysteries. • Gerund Phrase as Predicate Nominative: My favorite pastime is reading murder mysteries. • Gerund Phrase as Appositive: My favorite hobby, reading murder mysteries, is extremely relaxing. Identify the gerund or gerund phrase: Surviving is a challenge for the Yanomamo, a people from the tropical forests of South America. 1. Surviving is a challenge 2. Surviving 3. for the Yanomamo 4. from the tropical forests 0% Surviving is a ch... Surviving for the Yanomamo from the tropical... Identify the gerund or gerund phrase: Contracting unfamiliar illnesses is becoming all too common among the Yanomamo. 1. Contracting unfamiliar illnesses 2. is becoming all too common 3. among the Yanomamo 4. becoming all too common 0% Contracting unfam... is becoming all t... among the Yanomamo becoming all too ... Infinitive: verb form that is usually preceded by to acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb (to is part of the infinitive) Infinitive Phrase: contains infinitive plus any complements and modifiers Infinitives as Nouns: • Infinitive as Subject: To sleep is relaxing. • Infinitive as Direct Object: Everyone needs to sleep. • Infinitive as Predicate Nominative: Her wish is to travel. • • • • Infinitives as Adjectives: He has a tendency to doze. Infinitives as Adverbs: Stella was eager to rest. Infinitives Phrases: To hike the Appalachian Trail is my dream. (noun) The committee decided to appoint Amber president. (noun) Identify the infinitive phrase: One of the most remarkable figures to join the American labor movement was Mary Harris Jones. 0% Am th eA th e jo in to bo r.. . 0% la m er ica n er ic an la to .. . .. . bl e re m ar ka m os t he of t 0% jo in 0% jo in 1. of the most remarkable figures 2. to join 3. to join the American labor movement 4. join the American labor movement Identify the infinitive: Her custom was to travel from place to place in a black gown and bonnet. 1. was to travel 2. to travel from place to place 3. to travel 4. to place 5. to travel; to place 0% was to tra... to travel ... to travel to place to travel;... Parenthetical Expressions • add voice to writing as they add editorial comments to the text • always need commas placed around them – The headmistress has been in India, I suppose, fifteen years or so, but she still smiled her helpless inability to cope with Indian names. – I tell you, I had to go to the dictionary.