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Notes: Gerunds and Infinitives Part 1: GERUNDS When a noun looks like a verb with -ing, it is called a gerund. The base form of a verb + -ing. Can be the subject of a sentence: Jogging is good exercise. Can be the object of a verb: I like reading books. Can be the object of a preposition: We are talking about swimming in English class. If you want to use an action word in a place that requires a noun, you can usually use a verb with an -ing ending. For example: Fishing is fun. Hiking is difficult. That is ballet dancing. In these sentences, fishing, hiking, and dancing look like verbs, but they are not verbs. They are nouns. When a noun looks like a verb with -ing, it is called a gerund. When the action happened in the past, a gerund is usually used. Past Action Gerund Monika has studied German. Studying German was easy for her. This action happened in the past. Therefore, use a gerund. Using an infinitive to refer to a past action is not as common and natural as using a gerund. Notes: Gerunds and Infinitives Part 2: INFINITIVES When a noun looks like a verb with the word “to” in front of it, it is called a infinitive. To + the base form of a verb. For example: To sleep To wash To love Infinitives and infinitive phrases can be both subjects and objects in sentences. Subject: To study hard will increase your chances of getting into college. Object: Kathy wants to study with her friends. Infinitives in the subject position are often used for general or habitual actions. Here are some examples: To live a happy life is everyone’s deepest desire. To err is human, to forgive, divine. (Shakespeare) To fix a car requires a lot more than a screwdriver. Gerunds and infinitives can use the same verb. However, the way the verb is used in each part of speech can change the meaning of the sentence. Gerund Infinitive Example Louise stopped drinking soda. Louise stopped to drink soda. Meaning She doesn’t drink soda anymore. She stopped doing an activity because she wanted to drink soda. Practice: Identify each of the following as a gerund or infinitive. Notes: Gerunds and Infinitives I I I I forget locking the door. _________________ forgot to lock the door. _________________ stopped drinking soda. _________________ stopped to drink soda. __________________ Part 3: PARTICIPLES A PARTICIPLE is a word formed as a verb that can be used as an adjective. There are two main types of participles: 1. Present Participle-ends in –ing 2. Past Participle-ends in –ed, -en Verb rise boil break cook Past Participle the risen sun the boiled water the broken news the cooked ham Present Participle the rising sun the boiling water the breaking news the cooking ham **Note: Each of these are used to describe (adjective) not as an action (verb).