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Creative Listening 1306 Study Guide I Unit I–Elements of Music Terminology Pitch: The highness or lowness of a tone. Dynamics: The loudness or softness of sound. Tone: A sound with a definite pitch. Sharp: A pitch that is to be played 1/2 step higher Flat: A pitch that is to be played 1/2 step lower Contour: Shape or outline of a melody formed by its notes Tune: A melody that is easily recognized, memorized, and sung. Scale: An ascending or descending pattern of half and/or whole steps. Key: The tonic (or first) note, and the major or minor scale, upon which a composition is based. Harmony: The simultaneous sounding of two or more different tones. Chord: A meaningful combination of three or more tones. Texture: The manner in which melodic lines are used in music. Color: The qualities of sound that is characteristic of a particular voice, instrument or ensemble. Also referred to as Timbre. Form: The organization and design of an artwork. Movement: A section of a complete work that has a formal design and a degree of independence. Repetition: Provides unity, symmetry, and balance to form. Stophic form: A song form based on repetition–A A A Theme and Variations: An instrumental form based on repetition–A A’ A’’ Through composed form: A song form based on contrast–a b c d e Binary form: A form based on contrast–A B Ternary form: A form that balances repetition and contrast– A B A Rhythm Melody Harmony Meter Accents Tempo Phrase Contour Scales Consonance/Dissonance Chords Tonality/key Textures Monophonic Homophonic Polyphonic Dynamics–Levels of Volume Italian abbreviation English meaning pianissimo piano mezzo piano mezzo forte forte fortissimo pp p mp mf f ff very soft soft moderately soft moderately loud loud very loud Process of changing volume crescendo=becoming louder decrescendo=becoming softer diminuendo=becoming softer Common Tempo Markings largo–slow; broad adagio–slow; at ease andante–moderately slow moderato–moderately allegro–fast; cheerful presto–very fast molto–very non troppo–not to much con brio– with spirit Vocal classifications soprano–High female singing voice mezzo soprano–medium-range female voice alto–low female voice tenor–high male voice baritone–medium-range male voice bass–low male voice Orchestra: An instrumental ensemble consisting of members of the four families of instruments. The strings are the backbone of the orchestra. String instrument–orchestral string instruments include the violin, viola, cello, and string bass (double bass). Woodwinds–common woodwinds include the piccolo, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and saxophone. Brass–includes the trumpet, trombone, horn (French) and tuba. Percussion–All instruments which may be played by shaking, rubbing, or striking the instrument itself. These in the timpani, drums, chimes, tambourine, triangle, cymbals, xylophone, marimba, bells. Percussion can be classified as pitched or non-pitch instruments. Attending Performances Concerts vs Recitals: concert usually refer to a “concerted” effort of a large group, and a recital to a performance by a soloist or a small ensemble. Concerts are usually held in a large hall that can seat many people and in which the sound of a band or an orchestra carries effectively. Recitals are often presented in smaller rooms, providing a more intimate setting and a better environment for the smaller sound of solo voices and instruments. Concertmaster/mistress: The conductor’s assistant, and the orchestra’s first or principal violinist. Band: An instrumental ensemble containing woodwind, brass, and percussion sections. Chorus or Choir: a) A group of singers; b) A composition sung by a choir or chorus. Chamber music: Music for a small instrumental ensemble with one instrument per line of music. Symphony: A multimovement orchestral form. Concerto: A multimovement work for orchestra and an instrumental soloist. Program Music: Instrumental music that purports to tell a stroy or describe a scene, idea, or event. Absolute music: “Music” for music sake. Instrumental music based upon abstract principles of music theory and form rather thatn upon an extramusical program. Dance: Movement organized and accompanied by music. Music Theatre: Dramatic performances including instrumental and vocal music, and sometimes dance. Opera; A drama, acted out on stage, with music throughout. Generally, all of the word are sung rather than spoken. Musical: A play with music of a popular nature. Operetta: A musical play with proportionately more music than an musical.