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THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN
3 year B.Sc. Physics (Honours) Course
Course Structure
Part-I (1 year) (Total Marks: 200)
Paper I: Full Marks – 100
Mathematical Methods – I
Mechanics – I
Electrostatics
Paper II: Full Marks – 50
General Properties of Matter
Thermal Physics
Paper III: (Practical Paper) Full Marks – 50
(Experiments on G.P.M., Heat etc.)
Part- II (1 year) Total Marks : 200
Paper IV: Full Marks- 100
Electronics- I
Ray Optics
Electrodynamics – I
Paper V: ( practical Paper) Full Marks - 50
Paper VI: (Practical Paper) Full Marks - 50
(Electrical, Electronics experiments in Paper V and VI)
Part-III (1 year) Total Marks: 400
Paper VII: Full Marks - 100 Mathematical Methods – II
Mechanics – II
Statistical Mechanics
Solid State Physics
Paper VIII: Full Marks: 100
Wave optics
Electrodynamics-II
Electronics- II
Oscillations and Waves
Paper – IX: Full Marks: 100 Atomic Physics
Special Theory of Relativity
Quantum Mechanics
Nuclear Physics
Paper – X: (Practical Paper) Full Marks - 50
(Optical Experiments)
Paper XI: (Practical Paper) Full Marks - 50
(Electrical and Electronics Experiments)
(50 lectures)
(40 lectures)
(30 lectures)
(25 lectures)
(45 lectures)
(35 lectures)
(20 lectures)
(65 lectures)
(50 lectures)
(40 lectures)
(35 lectures)
(35 lectures)
(30 lectures)
(20 lectures)
(30 lectures)
(25 lectures)
(30 lectures)
(25 lectures)
(30 lectures)
(40 lectures)
Part-I
Paper- I (Theoretical Paper)
Full Marks: 200
Full Marks: 100
Group-A: Mathematical Methods – I [50 Lectures]
1.
Review of the following topics in vector algebra: Basic vectors, unit vectors, scalar and
vector products, products of three or more vectors, reciprocal vector triads. Scalar vector
fields. Gradient of a scalar field. Directional derivative. Divergence and curl of a vector
field and their physical significance, Solenoidal and irrotational vector. Conservative
2.
vector field and scalar potential. Identities involving gradient, divergence, and curl.
Vector integration: Line integral, Path independence, Exact differential, Surface integral,
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Flux. Volume integral, Divergence theorem. Continuity equation. Stokes theorem. Green’s
theorem for simply connected region. Verification of the integral theorems in simple cases.
3.
(Proofs of integral theorems are not essential).
Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates: Unit vectors in curvilinear coordinate system; Area
L4
length and volume element. The gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian. Cylindrical and
4.
spherical polar coordinates.
Gamma function with real argument: Definition and properties. Evaluation of gamma
L4
function with half-integral arguments. Beta function. Relation between beta and gamma
functions. Dirichlet’s integral. Error function and complementary error function.
5.
Definition. Graphical representation.
Ordinary linear differential equations of second order: Linearly independent solutions.
L5
Wronskian. Regular and irregular points. Frobenius method for series solution. (Proofs of
6.
Frobenius/Fuchs theorems are not required)
Bessel’s differential equation: Series solution of Bessel functions of the first and second
L8
kinds. Generating function. Simple recurrence relations. Legendre’s differential equation.
Legendre polynomials. Rodrigues formula. Generating function for Legendre polynomials.
Recurrence relations. Orthogonality property. Recurrence relations. Associated Legendre
7.
functions (Definition only)
Fourrier series. Dircihlet conditions. Expansion of odd and even periodic functions.
L8
Parseval’s formula. Complex form of Fourier series. Fourier expansion of f (x) in the
interval (-c, +c) with c →
8.
∞ . Fourier integral. Fourier transforms pair. Fourier transforms
of simple function occurring in physical applications.
Partial differential equations of mathematical physics. Elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic
L5
equations. Laplace’s equation in two and three dimensions. Solution by the method of
separation of variables. Initial and boundary value problems. Heat flow equation in one
dimension.
Recommended Books
L8
1.
2.
3.
E. Kreszig – Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Wiley Seventh Edition).
G. Arfken – Mathematical Methods for Physicists (Prism Books. Fourth Edition).
B.S. Grewal – Higher Engineering Mathematics (Khanna Publisher, Delhi)
1.
Group- B: Mechanics – I [40 Lectures]
Critical review of Newton’s laws of motion. Resistive motion. Motion of systems of
L6
variable falling mass. Rocket motion, falling chain, falling raindrop, etc. Work-energy
theorem. Conservative force fields. Galilean invariance. Conservation of linear momentum
2.
and energy.
Angular momentum and torque. Conservation of angular momentum for a system of
particles. Centre of mass of a system of particles of continuous mass distribution. Impulse.
3.
Elastic and inelastic collisions. Direct and oblique collisions.
Rigid body motion. Moments and products of inertia. Principal axis transformation.
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Ellipsoid of inertia. Angular momentum and kinetic energy of a rigid body in terms of
angular velocity and moment of inertia. Parallel and perpendicular axis theorems. Moment
of inertia of common symmetrical bodies. Compound pendulum Kater’s reversible
4.
pendulum (Detailed discussion of various corrections is not needed)
Central forces: Two-body force problem. Reduction to one-body problem. Important
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features of motion under central force field (conservation of angular momentum, co-planar
motion). Radial and transverse velocities and accelerations. Kepler’s laws. Differential
equation of the orbit under inverse square law of force. Conditions for parabolic, elliptic
5.
and hyperbolic orbits.
Non-inertial frames. Fictitious forces. Velocity and acceleration in rotating frames.
L10
Centrifugal and coriolis forces. Direction of ocean currents and river flows. Motion of a
1.
2.
3.
particle relative to the earth.
Recommended Books:
M.R. Spiegel – Theoretical Mechanics (Sehaum series. McGraw Hill)
N. C. Rana and P. S. Joag – Classical Mechanics (TMH)
H. Goldstein – Classical Mechanics.
Group C: Electrostatics [30 Lectures]
1.
Idea of quantized charge, value of e- the electronic charge, conservation of charge,
idealization of point charge and continuously distributed charge; superposition principle of
electric field and calculation of E due to many charges at one point, at different points and
due to continuous distribution of charge, electric flux and Gauss law, its application to
simple cases (charge line, cylinder, spherical shell, sphere and plane sheet); line integral of
electric field, electric potential V, E = −∇V , ∇× E = 0
and conservative nature of
electrostatic field: superposition principle of electric potential and its application;
Posisson’s equation and its simple application to charge sphere, Laplace’s equation and
L8
it’s solution in one variable only with simple boundary conditions (two large parallel plane
L10
surfaces, coaxial cylinders and spherical surface etc. all maintained at constant potential
2.
with respective reference applications).
Multipoles: Electric dipole and its moment, derivation of field and potential due to a
dipole, potential energy for a dipole placed in an external field, mutual potential energy of
two dipoles, force and torque between tow dipoles, linear and planner quadrupoles – their
potentials and fields; multipole expansion of the scalar potential general expression in
terms of Legendre polynomials, statement and explanation of Earnshaw’s theorem on
3.
L5
stability of charge.
Conductors and capacitors: Mobile charge carriers in a conductor, electric field at
outside points close to the surface of a charged conductor, conductor placed in an external
electrostatic field, method of image its application to calculation of electric potential and
field 1) due to point charge placed near a grounded conducting plane of infinite extension
and 2) due to a point charge near an insulated conducting sphere; parallel plate, spherical
and cylindrical capacitors with free space inside- derivation and analysis of capacitance,
energy stored in a charged capacitor and energy density in electrostatic field; mentioning
4.
of the principle of measurement of charge by quadrant electrometer.
Dielectrics and electrostatic field: Idea of polarization of dielectric materials placed in
L5
external electric field and polarization vector P, electric field within a dielectric, Gauss’s
law in terms of free charge in dielectrics, boundary conditions on E and D. Linear isotropic
dielectric and its susceptibility, dielectric constant and permittivity; potential and field at
external and internal points of a dielectric sphere placed in an otherwise uniform electric
field; simple microscopic theory of dielectrics, idea about atomic and molecular
polarisability; polar and non-polar dielectrics. Clausius Mosotti relation and its application;
idea about ferroelectric materials (electric); property of piezoelectric crystal; capacitance
of a capacitor with a dielectric material inside, energy stored in such a charged capacitor
and energy-density of a dielectric in an external field; principle of measurement of
dielectric constant of a material by introducing it in a capacitor and measuring the charge
of capacitance.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Recommended Books:
Mahajan & Rangwala – Electricity and Magnetism.
Chatterjee & Rakshit – Electricity and Magnetism
Griffiths – Electrodynamics
Laud – Electromagnetics.
Paper- II (Theoretical Paper)
Group – A : General Properties of Matter [25 Lectures]
Full Marks : 50
L10
1.
Principle of dimensional homogeneity – Limitation Gravitation, Newton’s law, Universal
constant of Gravitation. Gravitational potential and intensity due to spherical and other
symmetrical bodies.
Elasticity: Elastic constant, Poisson’s ratio, bending of uniform beams clamped at open
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2.
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3.
end and both ends. General equation for bending and applications. Flat spiral spring.
Surface tension. Capillary rise. Excess pressure. Shape of liquid drops. Vapor-pressure
over a curved surface. Surface tension and evaporation.
Fluid motion. Euler’s method of describing fluid motion. Path line and Stream line,
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4.
Viscous flow through a capillary tube, Poiseuilli’s formula. Strokes law. Reynolds’s
number, Rotating cylinder method. Euler’s equation of incompressible fluid. Bernoulli’s
fluid. Bernoulli’s theorem. Velocity of efflux of a liquid. Pilot tube, Venturimeter
Recommended Books:
1.
Newman & Searle – General Properties Matter
2.
C. J. Smith – General Properties of Matter
L7
GROUP – B: Thermal Physics [45 LECTURES]
Kinetic theory Gases: Ideal Gas, basic assumptions of Kinetic theory, pressure exerted by ideal gas, Its relation
with average K.E., Kinetic interpretation of temperature and gas laws. Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocity
components and speed of molecules from probability approach, deduction of average speed, r.m.s. speed, most
probable speed, energy distribution law. Direct and in direct evidence of Maxwell’s law (no proof). Equipartion
of energy(no proof). Evaluation of Cp, Cv for monoatomic, diatomic, polyatomic molecular gases. Limitation of
Kinetic theory in the interpretation of specific heat.
Evidence of finite size of molecules, mean free path, expression for mean free path assuming same average
velocity. Maxwell’s modification (no proof). Distribution of free path & survival equation. Transport phenomena.
General method of deduction of transport-property. Derivation of η , K and D therefrom the relations among the
transport coefficients. Dependence of transport-coefficients on temperature and pressure.
L6
Real Gas: Deviation from ideal gas as implied by Andrew’s and Amagat’s experiment. Van der Waal’s
equation, derivation (simple theory) and its comparison with experiment. method of finding constants ‘a’ and
‘b’. Critical constants. Virial coefficients. V.W. equation. Reduced equation of state. Law of corresponding
state. Virial theorem (statement only). Deduction of ideal gas equation therefrom. V.W. Equation in powers of P
and
1
and implication. Brief survey of other equations of state.
V
L5
Heat conduction in solids: Variable and steady state of heat flow, thermal conductivity, thermal receptivity,
thermometric conductivity. thermal conductivity of a composite Fourier equation of heat conduction in one
dimension. Steady state solution and application to Ingen Hausz’s experiment, extension to three dimension for
spherical and cylindrical heat flow. Lee’s method. Cylindrical shell method. Statement of Wiedemann – Franz’s
law.
L5
Thermodynamics: Basic Concepts & First Law, system and surroundings, state-variables-intensive and
extensive, thermal equilibrium and zeroth law, thermodynamic concept of temperature, state function and path
function, exact and inexact differentials, equation of state for simple systems and some derivations there-form.
Interaction of heat and work, quasi static processes. path dependence of heat and work. origin of first law;
internal energy. differential form of first law, Cp and Cv and their interrelation, quasi-static isothermal and
adiabatic processes, work done, adiabatic lapse rate equation, enthalpy as a state function corresponding to Cp,
Work done in stretching a wire surface film.
L8
Second Law and entropy. Conversion of heat into work. reversible and irreversible processes. Second law,
equivalence of statements. heat engine & efficiency. Carnot cycle, Carnot refrigerator, Carnot theorem.
Absolute scale of temperature. cyclic process. Clausius theorem. non-integrability of dQ. concept of entropy.
Entropy in reversible and irreversible processes. Clausius inequality. Entropy principle. Entropy change in ideal
gas, mixture of ideal gases, V.W. gas, / T-S diagram & Mathematical form of second law. Entropy and
unavailable energy. Probabilistic interpretation of entropy. Entropy as lack of information. Thermodynamic
relations (no proof). Clausieus Clapeyron equation, Compressibility, Expansibility. The TdS equation. The
energy equations.
L8
Thermodynamic Equilibrium & Free energy
Condition of natural change and natural equilibrium.
Thermodynamic potentials. Phase equilibrium, One component system: First order and Second order phase
change. Essential features. Ehrenfest equation with reference to λ - Transition.
Multicomponent Systems: Idea of chemical potential. Gibb’s phase rule (no proof), simple applications: triple
point of water, Sulphur, Camphor.
L5
Thermodynamic Equilibrium & Free energy : Adiabatic cooling, Joule-Kelvin expansion, Enthalpy as a state
function, Differential and integral form of J-K cooling, The effect as a contribution of intermolecular force and
size effect, J-K effect in Van der waal gas, Inversion temperature, Comparison with critical and Boyle
temperature, Idea of Adiabatic demagnetization and principle of cryostats, Approach to absolute zero, Nernst
heat theorem. Statement of third law. Consequences of third law viz., Confluence of C p & Cv, thermal
expansivity, surface tension, unassailability of absolute zero. Equivalence between the Nernest Heat Theorem
and the un-attainability of absolute zero temperature.
L8
Recommended Books:
1. Basavaraju & Ghosh – Thermal Physics (TMH)
2. Gupta & Roy – Heat & Thermodynamics (Central)
3. Zemansky - Heat and thermodynamics
4. F. Rief – Fundamental of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha
(International Students’ edition)
5. P.W. Sears and G.L. Salinger: Thermodnamics Kinetic Theory and Statistical
Thermodynamics. Addision – Wisley/Narosa Publishing Home.
Paper – III (Practical Paper)
Full Marks: 50
List of preparatory Experiments (6 Periods per Experiments)
1. Determination of the Young’s modulus of a material in the form of a wire by Searle’s method.
2. Determination of a Rigidity modulus of a material in the form of a wire by dynamical method.
3. Determination of the surface tension of water by capillary-rise method using three capillary tubes of
different bores.
4. Determination of the coefficient of linear expansion of the material of a rod using optical lever with
Pullinger’s apparatus.
5. Determination of the Pressure coefficient of air.
6. Determination of the focal length of a concave lens by combination method and calculation of its
power.
7. Determination index of a liquid by using a traveling microscope.
List of Honours Experiments (9 Periods per Experiment)
1. Determination of acceleration due to gravity with the help of a Kater’s pendulum.
2. Determination of Young’s modulus of a material in the form of a bar by the method of flexure.
3. Determination of coefficient of viscosity of water by Poiseuilli’s method.
4. Determination of coefficient of viscosity of a highly viscous liquid by Stokes’ method.
5. Determination of surface tension of a liquid at different temperatures by Jagger’s method.
Part- II
Full Marks: 200
Paper –IV (Theoretical Paper)
Group – A: Electrodynamics – I
Full Marks: 100
(65 Lectures)
1. Steady Direct Current (dc): Charge-particles in motion-electric current (drift, diffusion and connection);
current density and equation of continuity; potential difference and electromotive force, electric energy
sources – voltage source and current source; metallic conduction and Ohm’s law, conductance and
resistance as parameters; circuit elements, passive an active, linear and nonlinear, analysis of resistive
network, Kirchoff’s laws in analysis of multi-loop circuits; superposition principle, Thevenin’s and
Norton’s theorems (statements and explanations) and reduction of two-terminal networks, maximum
power transfer theorem and matching of network; Wheatstone bridge principle and calculation of
galvanometer current by Thevenin’s Theorem in an unbalanced Wheatstone bridge excited by ideal
voltage source; techniques of measurement of resistances including the use of Calendar and Griffith
bridge and Kelvin’s double bridge; Potentiometer principle.
L12
2. Magnetostatics: Qualitative discussion on interaction of two magnets, interactions of magnet and current
and of two currents – introduction of magnetic field, fundamental magnetic field B (magnetic induction
vector); Lorentz force equation, analysis of circular motion of a charge particle in a uniform B field, Hall
effect and Hall voltage, electrons as the charge-carriers in metallic conduction; Electromagnet, permanent
magnet, time varying electric field, Causes of magnetic field; nonexistence of magnetic source (or
monopole); Biot Savart’s law and calculation of B due to straight current and circular current loop;
Ampere’s law in magnetostatics, introduction of magnetic vector potential
.
→
A
→
B
due to a long and
straight current, force between two long, straight and filamentary currents. Comparison with definition of
1 ampere and the value of µ0 , the permeability constant,
toroidal currents; torque on a current loop in uniform
→
B
on the axis of circular, solenoidal and
-field, magnetic moment of a dipole in a
→
B
-field,
→
B
force on a magnetic dipole, equivalence of current loop with magnetic dipole; potential energy of a dipole
in an inhomogeneous B-field, magnetic field due to a dipole, and dipole-dipole interaction.
L12
3. Materials and magnetic field: Idea of magnetization of materials placed in an external
magnetization vector
→
M
-field and
→
B
, qualitative discussion on atomic magnetic moments. Three classes of materials;
induction of atomic magnetic moments to all materials and diamagnetism, intrinsic magnetic moments of
atoms of some materials, paramagnetism, magnetic domain in a few materials and ferromagnetismqualitative discussions; magnetic susceptibility and permeability and the three classes of materials; three
electric vector, Ampere’s law in terms of free currents in magnetic materials; conditions on
the interface of two media and its importance; illustration of
→
B
= µ0
→
H
+ µ0
→
M
→
B
and
→
H
at
referred to a bar magnet.
L6
4. Electromagnetic Induction: Magnetic flux; flux linkage with a coil of N turns, Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction in differential as well as integral forms, Lenz’s law or using stokes theorem.
Expression of motional electric field and e.m.f.s. Self and mutual inductance and coefficient of coupling.
Calculation of self inductance for circular and solenoidal coils and of cylindrical conductor (or wire);
effect of introduction of ferromagnetic core in a coil on the value of inductance; energy density in
B
-field
in free space and in ferromagnetic materials.
L7
→
5. Varying current circuits: Characteristic properties of an inductor and a capacitor as linear elements;
Growth and decay of current in LR circuit excited by constant dc voltage; charging and discharging of a
capacitor through a resistor using dc voltage source, charging and discharging of a capacitor L-R in series
with emphasis on steady and oscillatory conditions, oscillationin L-C circuits.
L6
6. Alternating current circuits: Principle of generation of ac, ac voltage source. Sinusoidal voltage and
current, mean and r.m.s (effective), value steady state solution (using complex quantity) for current in L-R
and C-R series circuits excited by sinusoidal voltage, reactance, impedance, phase angle and phasor
diagram, power analysis and power factor; Resonance in series R-L-C and parallel RLC circuits (using
complex numbers bandwidth, basic idea of air core and iron core transformers with simple analysis;
rotating magnetic tied principle of induction motor.
L12
7. Moving coil galvanometer: Construction, basic theory and principle of operation of dead beat and
ballistic galvanometers including electromagnetic camping, flux meter, principle of watt-meter.
8. Cyclic magnetization: B-H loop and hysteresis
L5
L2
9. Maxwell’s Equation: Equations stating laws of electromagnetism before Maxwell’s introduction of
displacement current and Maxwell’s equations in integral and differential forms with relevant
conclusions.
Recommended Books:
1. Mahajan & Rangwala – Electricity and magnetism
2. Chatterjee &Rakshit – Electricity and Magnetism
L3
3. Bhattacharya – Electrial Machines (Combined edition) (TMG)
4. Griffiths –Electrodynamics.
5. Resnik and Halliday – Physics – II
6. Wangness – Electromagnetic fields
7. Rectz & Milford – Foundation of Electomagnetic Theory
8. Laud – Electromagnetics.
Group – B : Ray Optics [20 Lectures]
1. Introduction to Ray Optics: Concept of rays, Geometrical optics as short wavelength limit. Geometrical
and optical path lengths. Vergence of a beam, Farmat’s principle. Application to reflection and refraction at
spherical surfaces.
L3
2. Matrix method in Paraxial Optics: Refraction, translation and system matrix. System matrix for a thick
lens. Derivation of thin and thick lens formulae. Principal planes, Nodal points. Equivalent power. Matrix
description of image formation. Helmhoitz-Lagrange law for magnification.
L3
3. Aberrations: Monochromatic aberration: Spherical aberration. Causes and remedy (no detailed derivation).
Quantitative idea of Coma, Astigmatism, Curvature of field, Distortion and their elimination. Abbe’s sine
condition. Aplanatic points. Condition of aplanatism for spherical lens and oil-immersion. Objective of a
high-power microscope.
(a) Chromatic aberration: Chromatic aberration of a thin lens. Longitudinal and Transverse chromatic
aberration, Achromatic doublet. Condition of achromatism for contact and separated doublets.
L6
4. Optical Instruments: Ramsden and Huygens ‘eye’ pieces and their relative merits. Operating principle of
reflecting and refracting telescopes. Angular magnification. Simple and compound microscope. Resolving
powers of telescope, microscopes.
L4
5. Fibre Optics: Principle of transmission of light in optical fibres. Step-index and graded index fibres
crosstalk. Single and multimode fibres. Numerical aperture (N.A) and light gathering power. Applications
of fibre-optical devices.
Recommended Books:
J Meyer – Introduciton to classical and modern optics (Prentice Hall India0
A. Ghatak – Optics (Tata McGraw Hill)
E Hecht and A. Zajac – Optics (Addision- Wesley)
L. Heckl – Optics (Schaum)
GROUP – C: Electronics – I (35 LECTURES]
L4
1. Physics of Vacuum Tube Devices: Electron emission from solids – qualitative discussion on different types
of emission (thermo-ionic, secondary, field and photo). Richardson’s equation – statement and explanation;
Fermi level and work function of solids, structure of a vacuum diode, its volt ampere characteristics, ChildLangmuir Law (out line only); structure of vacuum triode, its I-V characteristics, tube parameters ( µ , rp,
gm), equivalent diode, triode as an amplifying device, h.f. limitation; multi-electrode vacuum-tubes, structure
of tetrode and pentode, I-V characteristics, negative resistance of tetrode, special high frequency
characteristics of pentode, beam power tube; basic structure and function of a CRO.
L6
2. Physics of Semiconducting Materials : Classification of materials based on electrical conductivity; metal,
insulator and semiconductor; energy band concept; band diagram; concept of hole; intrinsic and extrinsic
(impurity) semiconductor, elemental and compound semiconductor, doping, law of mass action; densities of
majority and minority carriers; effective mass and mobility of holes and electrons; direct band gap and
indirect band gap seminonductors; importance of silicon.
L5
3. Solid State Two Electrode Device: Rectifier diobes – Concept of diffusion current and drift current,
formation of depletion layer, unbiased and biased p-n junction, forward bias and reverse bias, derivation of
the expression of junction currents, discussion on I-V characteristics, junction capacitance for F.B p-n
junctions, varactor diobes, reverse recovery time, switching speed; avalanche breakdown and Zener
breakdown of junction diobes; Zener diobes – fabrication and basic structure, I-V characteristics,
applications; tunnel diode – fabrication or basic structure, I-V characteristics, dynamic negative resistance:
photodiode – principle of operation, applications; LED – fabrication principle and applications; metal
semiconductor junction diode – special features.
L5
4. Power Supply Circuits: Half wave and full wave rectifiers, expressions: ripple factor, efficiency, dc. output
voltage; bridge rectifier; capacitor filters; L-Section and
π
section filters (analysis not required); voltage
regulators – Zener-diode based regulators, three terminal IC regulators (outline only).
L4
5. Solid State Three Electrode Devices : Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) – basic structure. n-p-n and p-n-p
types, different methods of biasing, possibilities of emitter- base and collector-base junctions; CE, CB, CC
configuration; I-V characteristics of input and output ports in CB and CE configuration, explanation of the
characteristics. Introduction of
α and
β parameters; cut-off, active, saturation and breakdown regions of
transistor operation; DC models of BJT at different regions of operation; field effect transistor – JEET and
its I-V characteristics, pinch-off voltage, applications; MOSFET – structure, specialties, classification of
MOSFET-s, enhancement and depletion types, typical applications; structure, I-V characteristics and
application; SCR – structure, I-V characteristics and application.
L5
6. Small Signal BJT Amplifier (Single Stage) : Biasing problem of BJT, operating point of a transistor
amplifier, typical biasing circuits – fixed bias, voltage divider bias with emitter resistor, bias stability
consideration and stability parameters; other biasing circuits – collector bias, emitter bias; ac equivalent
circuit of BJT, simplified h-parameter ac mode; analysis of CE, CB and CC amplifiers for voltage gain,
current gain, input resistance and output resistance; high frequency equivalent circuit of transistor, Miller
effect, single stage R-C coupled amplifier, gain-bandwidth consideration, half power frequency.
L8
7. Feedback in Amplifiers: Feed back principle, negative and positive voltage feedback; effect of negative
feedback on the response of amplifier in terms of gain, stability, input impedance, output impedance (no
mathematical deduction), bandwidth and distortion of the amplifier.
L2
Recommended books:
F E Terman – Electronic and Radio Engineering (Chapter 6)
B G Streetman – Solid State Electronics Devices (Chapters 2,3,4)
J. D. R – Electronic Fundamental and Application, Millman et al – Microelectronics,
S M Sze – Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Malvino – Electronic Principles
Paper – V (Practical Paper)
Full Marks: 50
List of preparatory experiments (6 periods per experiments)
1. Determination of horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field (Bh) at the place using deflection
and vibration magnetometers.
2. Measurement of potential difference across a low resistance and hence the current through the resistance
with the help of a potentiometer (resistance of the potentiometer to be measured by a P.O Box)
3. Verification of Thevenin and maximum power transfer theorems using Wheatstone bridge with suitable
load resistances in place of the galvanometer.
4. Determination of the temperature co-efficient of a material in the form of coil of wire using meterbridge.
List of Hounours Experiments (9 periods per experiment)
1. Construction of One-Ohm Coil
2. Determination of Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lees and Charlton method.
3. Determination of specific heat of water by Calendar and Barne’s method.
4. Determination of ECE of copper.
5. Determination of the boiling point of a suitable liquid using a platinum resistance thermometer.
Paper VI (Practical Paper)
Full Marks: 50
List of Preparatory Experiments (6 Periods per experiments)
1. Resistance of a suspended coil dead beat galvanometer by half-deflection method and hence
calculation of current sensitivity of the galvanometer.
2. Determination of the constant of a ballistic galvanometer by capacitor discharge method.
3. Study of I-V characteristics of a suitable resistor and a junction diode within specified limit on a
graph and hence to find dc and ac resistances of both the elements at the point of intersection.
List of Honours Experiments (9 Periods per experiment)
1. Determination of the melting point of a suitable solid.
2. Determination of the constant of a ballistic galvanometer using a suitable stand solenoid and by
drawing R- λ curve.
3. Study of (i) static plate characteristics and calculation of µ & rp (ii) dynamic transfer (mutual)
characteristics with three load resistances and calculation of gains and comparison with theoretical
gains.
4. Study of reverse characteristics of a Zener diode and location of break down voltage of the Zener
diode, wiring of a full wave rectifier circuit using a center-tap transformer, In 4007 diodes and a
capacitor filter, study of load regulation (VL –IL) graph, use of the Zener diode as a voltage regulator
across the rectifier circuit and study of load regulation (V L –IL) graph and comparison of percentage
regulation at specified value of IL.
5. Study of (i) input characteristics of a CE mode silicon transistor under opened output, shorted output
conditions; Calculation of ac input resistances at a specified IB value, (ii) output characteristics for 5
different base currents of the CE mode transistor and calculation of βdc and βac at two specified IC
values.
Part-III
Full Marks – 400
Paper – VII (Theoretical Paper)
Full Marks – 100
Group-A : Mathematical Methods – II [25 Lectures]
1.
Functions of a Complex Variable: Complex number, Argand diagram,
Geometrical picture of algebraic operations on complex variable. Single
and multi-valued functions, Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann
2.
equations, Harmonic functions.
Complex line integrals: Cauchy’s integral theorem (no proof is required)
L6
for simply connected regions. Simple consequence of Cauchy’s theorem.
Cauchy’s integral formulae. Poles. Residue at a pole of order n, Cauchy’s
residue theorem (statement). Evaluation of simple integrals with the help
3.
of residue theorem.
Linear Vector Spaces and Matrices: Definition of linear vector space
L9
Examples. Linear independence. Basic and dimension of a vector space
Scalar product. Orthogonality of vectors. Linear transformation. Linear
operator. Matrix representation of linear operator. Matrix algebra.
Transpose of a matrix. Hermitian conjugate. Unitary matrix. Orthogonal
matrix. Matrix for rotation in two dimensions. The inverse of a matrix.
System of linear equations. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a square
matrix. Simple problems.
L10
Recommended Books:
1.
E. Kreyszig – Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Wiley, Seventh edition)
2.
G. Arfken – Mathematical Methods for Physicists (Prism Books, fourth edition
3.
B S Grewal – Higher Engineering Mathematics (Khanna Publisher, Delhi
Group-B : Mechanics – II [25 Lectures]
1.
Constraints
and
Constrained
Motion:
Constraints
and
their
classification. Degrees of freedom. Generalized coordinates. Difficulties
with Newtonian formulation of mechanics in the case of motion in an
arbitrary coordinate system and for motion under constraints.
L7
2.
Lagrangian Dynamics: Elements of the calculus of variations. Stationary
value of a definite integral. The brachistochrone problem. Hamilton’s
variational principle. Derivation of Lagrange’s equations of motion from
Hamilton’s principle. Lagrange’s equations for holonomic systems from
d’Alambert’s principle. Application of Lagnangian formalism to simple
systems. Single particle in space described by Cartesian and plane-polar
coordinates. Atwood’s machine, pendulum with a sliding support, double
pendulum. Particle in a central field of force, motion of a dumbbell in a
vertical plane. Generalized momenta and energy. Cyclic or ignorable
coordinates. Space-time symmetries. Conservation of linear and angular
momentum and energy from Lagrangian formulation.
L10
3.
The Hamiltonian Formalism: Legendre’s dual transformation to the
Lagrangian of a system. Hamilton’s function and Hamilton’s equations of
motion. Properties of the Hamiltonian and Hamilton’s equations of
motion. Hamilton’s equations of motion for holonomic systems from
variational principle. Application of Hamiltonian formalism to simple L8
problems.
Recommended Books:
1.
M. R. Spiegel – Theoretical Mechanics (Schaum series, McGraw Hill).
2.
N C Rana and P S Joag – Classical Mechanics (TMH).
3.
H. Goldstein – Classical Mechanics
Group-C: Statistical Mechanics [35 Lectures]
1.
Probability theory: Probability of occurrence of an event, theorems of
total probability and compound probability. Binomial, Poisson’s and
Gaussian distribution. Random errors, mean value, variance, standard
2.
deviation. Random-walk problem in one dimension.
Statistical description of Systems of particles: Need for statistical
L3
approach, phase space, microstates and macrostates, statistical ensembles
– isolated, closed and open systems, postulate of equal a priori
probability, number of accessible states and entropy. partition function,
thermodynamic functions in terms of partition function, mean energy and
mean pressure exerted, validity of classical approximation, equipartition
theorem, specific heat of a monatomic ideal gas, mean kinetic energy of a
gas molecule, mean energy of a harmonic oscillator, Brownian motion –
3.
Langevin’s and Einstein’s theories, determination of Avogadro’s number.
Classical Statistics: Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution, volume of a
L6
uniphase cell, number of accessible state, most probable distribution and
MB distribution law, entropy, Gibbs’ paradox, Sackur – Tetrode formula,
Maxwell’s law of distribution of molecular speeds from MB statistics.
Specific heat of hydrogen – ortho-and para-hydrogen.
4.
Quantum statistics: Identical particles, Symmetry of wave functions:
L6
bosoms and fermions, quantization of phase space, number of accessible
states of Bose-Einstein (BE) and Fermi Dirac (FD) distributions, most
probable distribution and distribution laws, degeneracy parameter,
5.
conditions under which quantum statistics reduces to Bolzmann statistics.
Ideal Bose gas: Thermodynamic behavior, Bose-Einstein condensation,
L5
condensation temperature, application to photons and derivation of
Planck’s law of blackbody radiation, phonons, lattice specific heat of
6.
L5
solids. Einstein’s and Debye’s theories. Debye temperature.
Blackbody radiation: Nature of blackbody radiation, blackbody – its
practical realization, emissive and absorptive powers, Statement of
Kirchhof’s law, radiation pressure and energy density. StefanBoltzmann’s law – derivation from Planck’s law, energy distribution in a
blackbody spectrum - Wien’s distribution law and Rayleigh- Jeans laws
as special cases of Planck’s law, Wien’s displacement law from Planck’s
7.
L5
law, temperature of stars, solar constant.
Fermi-Dirac distribution: FD function at T=0 and T>0, Fermi energy,
null-point energy and null-point pressure, Fermi level, degenerate free
election gas, specific heat of free electron gas, thermionic emission,
L5
derivation of Richardson-Dushman equation.
Recommended Books:
1.
F. Reif – Statistical Physics, Berkeley Physics Course. Vol. V. McGraw Hill
2.
F. Reif – Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw Hill
3.
M N Saha & B.N. Srivastava – treatise on Heat; Indian Press, Allahabad.
4.
R. D. Present – Kinetic theory of Gases, Mc-Graw Hill
5.
F.W. Sears and G.L. Salinger – Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical
Thermodynamics, Narosa Publishing House.
Group – D: Solid State Physics [35 Lectures]
1.
Crystal Structure: Crystalline and amorphous solids. Translational
symmetry. Elementary ideas of point symmetry operations. Crystal
structure. Lattice and basis. Unit cells. The sc, bcc and fcc structures.
Miller indices. Planes and directions in cubic crystals. The reciprocal
lattice. X-ray diffraction. Laue and Bragg equations. Ewald construction.
2.
Experimental diffraction methods. The powder method.
Crystal Binding: Different types of binding. Van-der-Waals interaction.
L10
Binding of inert gas atoms. Ionic crystals. Madelung constant. Cohesive
energy of ionic crystals with repulsive interactions of the type exp
( − λR ) or λR
ij
ij
−n
L5
3.
Dielectric Properties of Materials: Polarization, Lorentz local field.
Induced and oriental polarization. Langevin’s theory of orientational
polarizability. Classical theory of electronic polarizability. Clausius-
4.
L4
Mosotti relation.
Electron States in Solids: Classical free electron theory and its defects.
Sommerfeld’s free electron theory of metals. Free electron gas in three
dimensions. Fermi energy, temperature, velocity and momentum.
Electrical and thermal conductivity of free electron metals. Wiedmann-
5.
Franz law. Hall effect. Hall coefficient in one and two-band models.
Magnetic Properties of Materials: Dia-, para-, and ferromagnetism.
L8
Langivin’s theory of diamagnetism. Langevin’s classical theory of
paramagnetism. Elementary quantum theory of paramagnetism. Curie’s
law. Effective number of Bohr magnetons. Gouy method for the
measurement of the magnetic susceptibility. Ferromagnetism. Weiss
molecular field theory. Domain structure. Hysterisis.
Recommended Books:
1.
C Kittel – Solid State Physics (John Wiley)
2.
A J Dekker – Solid State Physics ( PaperMac)
3.
R K Puri & V K Babbar – Solid State Physics ( S. Chand)
L8
Paper- VIII (Theoretical Paper) Full Marks: 100
Group – A: Oscilations and Wave [25 Lectures]
1.
Superposition of many S.H.M s: With constant phase difference and
frequency difference (use of complex method) Beat, Lissajous figures.
Two pendulums connected by spring string with n beads – normal modes
2.
and normal vibrations – energy exchange.
Damped and forced oscillation : Single treatment – steady state –
L5
resonance, Q factor, power dissipation, sharpness of resonance, band
width, Q-factor and band width, Mechanical filter, transient beats.
3.
L5
Combination tone
Equation of plane progressive wave: Spherical and cylindrical waves –
validity of inverse square law – mechanical waves in solids, liquids and
gases. Bel and Phon, absolute and relative intensity, standing waves and
4.
Kundt’s tube.
Resonator: Ultrasonic generators and detectors. Building acoustics –
5.
Sabine formula, reverberation time and optimum reverberation.
Vibration of Strings: Differential equation for transverse waves. Plucked
and Struck Strings, normal modes, energy of a vibrating string.
Recommended Books:
1.
Bajaj – Wave & Oscillatons
2.
R Chowdhuri – Waves & Oscillations
3.
Crowford – Waves, Barkeley Course of Physics - III
L5
L5
L5
Group – B: Wave Optics [30 Lectures]
1.
Wave
Nature
of
Light:
Electromagnetic
nature
of
light
waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum. Wave equation. Plane, cylindrical and spherical
2.
waves. Huygen’s principle.
L2
Interference: Interference between two independent sources. Spatial and
temporal coherence. Two-beam interference. Interference of light by division of
wave front and division of amplitude. Young’s double slit. Fresnel’s biprism.
Lloyid’s mirror. Michelson’s interferometer. Circular and straight fringes.
Visibility of fringes. Multiple-beam interference. Interference in thin films.
Haidinger and Brewster fringes. Localization of fringes. Newton’s rings. FabryPerot interferometer. Intensity formula. Coefficient of fineness. Resolving
3.
power. Fabry-Perot etalon and its applications. Wiener’s experiment.
L10
Diffraction: Fresnel diffraction. Division of wave-front into half-period zones.
Zone plate. Rectilinear propagation. Fraunhofer diffraction. Diffraction at a
single and at two parallel slits. Plane diffraction grating. Resolving power.
Rayleigh’s criterion. Resolving powers of telescope, microscope and prism.
Resolving and dispersive power of a plane diffraction grating. Concave grating
4.
L8
(brief discussion).
Light Propagation in Anisotropic Crystals: Propagation of a plane
electromagnetic wave in an anisotropic medium. Fresnel equation. Possible
types of waves. Dependence of group velocity on direction. Optical axis,
Biaxial and uniaxial crystals. Birefringence. Ordinary and extraordinary rays.
Huygen’s construction. Analysis of polarized light. Half-wave and quarterwave plates. Nicol Prism. Babinet’s compensator. Optical activity. Fresnel’s
explanation. Molecular basis of optical activity, Faraday effect, Kerr and Pockel
L7
effects. Determination of the speed of light using Kerr cell.
5.
Lasers: Ideas of stimulated and spontaneous emission. Ordinary and laser light.
Characteristics of laser light. Principles underlying generation of laser light. Population
inversion. Pumping. Optical resonator. Ruby laser, HE-Ne laser.
L3
Recommended Books:
1.
A. N. Matveev – Optics (Mir), E. Hecht and Zajac – Optics (Addison-Wesley)
Group – C: Electrodynamics – II [20 Lectures]
1.
Maxwell’s Equations:
Maxwell’s equations inside matter. Boundary
conditions. Vector and scalar potentials. Coulomb and Lorentz gauges. Field
2.
energy and field momentum. Poynting’s theorem. Pointing vector.
Electromagnetic Waves: Plane waves in isotropic dielectric media. Energy
L5
and momentum of electro-magnetic waves. Intensity. Plane waves in
conducting media. Skin effect. Reflection at a conducting surface. Polarization
of electromagnetic wave and their mathematical representation. Reflection and
refraction of plane waves at a plane interface between dielectrics. Fresnel’s
3.
relations. Polarization by reflection. Brewster’s angle. Total internal reflection.
Radio wave Propagation: Modes of e.m. wave propagation through space –
L7
ground wave. Sky wave, line-of-sight propagation; mechanism of ionospheric
reflection; critical frequency, MUF and optimum frequency.
4.
L2
Scattering and Dispersion: Scattering cross-section, Scattering of radiation by
a free charge. Thomson scattering cross-section (the formula for the time
average of the power radiated per unit solid angle by a charged particle may be
assumed). Scattering by a bound charge (assuming the damping term). Rayleigh
scattering cross-section. Blue colour of the sky, dispersion. Elementary theory
of normal and anomalous dispersion. Cauchy’s formula.
Recommended Books:
1.
D. J. Griffiths – Introduction to Electrodynamics (PHI)
L6
2.
J. D. Jackson – Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley Eastern)
Group – D: Electronics – II
1.
2.
[45 Lectures]
Review of BJT Amplifier: Design principle and technique of ac analysis.
Special Purpose Amplifiers: Cascaded BJT amplifiers – two stage R – C
L3
coupled and transformer coupled amplifiers; large signal amplifiers –
distinction between voltage and power amplifiers, class A, class B and class C
operation of amplifiers; class A power amplifier – expression of Concept of
push-pull configuration; tuned amplifier – requirements of RF amplification,
impedance of a tuned circuit, gain and bandwidth of single tuned amplifier,
3.
L7
double tuned amplifier (qualitative discussion only).
Electronic Oscillators: Classification – sinusoidal and relaxation, audio
frequency and radio frequency, feedback and negative resistance; Barkhausen
criterion and oscillator principle; R-C Phase Shift Oscillator, Wien bridge
oscillator; derivation of condition of oscillation; general reactance oscillator –
circuit and derivation of condition and frequency of oscillation, hence Hartley
and Colpitts oscillators; Astable multivibrator circuit using BJT – principle of
4.
operation and frequency of oscillation.
Principle of Modulation and Demodulation: Need for modulation, its types;
L8
amplitude modulation – analysis modulation index, frequency spectrum, power
analysis, collector modulator circuit and its working; Envelope detector using
diode, Frequency modulation (single tone) – analysis, peak deviation, FM
index, frequency spectrum (statements only), Cursson’s rule; Principle of
detection of FM signal; Phase modulation-relation between FM and PM;
5.
elements of AM broadcasting (outline only).
Operational Amplifier: Linear amplifier with two input terminals and one
L10
output terminal; common mode gain and difference mode gain, CMRR; OPAMP as in ideal difference amplifier; idea of inverting and non- inverting
inputs; characteristics of ideal and practical OP-AMPs; Virtual ground and
application of OP-AMP as inverting amplifier, unity gain buffer, adder, phase
shifter, integrator, differentiator and differential amplifier; digital-to-analog
6.
converter circuit; basic principle of analog to digital converter.
Digital Electronics: Number systems – decimal, binary, octal, hexadecimal
and their inter-conversions (integer and fraction), binary addition and
subtraction, 1’s and 2’s complement, method of subtraction.
Boolean algebra: Basic postulates and laws, absorption theorems and De
L5
Morgan’s theorem, simplification of Boolean expressions (simple example and
problems), Karnaugh mapping upto 4 variables – techniques and examples.
Logic gates and some applications: AND, OR and NOT gates – functional
explanation with truth tables, EX-OR gate, NOR and NAND gates as universal
gates, idea of positive and negative logic systems; implementation of OR and
NAND gates with diodes and resistors, NOT gate using transistor,
combinational logic circuits – Half adder, full adder, binary comparator,
multiplexer and demultiplexer; sequential logic circuits – SR, JK flip-flops.
Recommended Books:
1.
F E Terman – Electronic and Radio Engineering
2.
J D Ryder – Electronic Fundamentals and Applications
3.
D Roddy and Coolen – Electronic Communications
4.
Millman et al – Microelectronics
5.
R P Jain – Modern Digital Electronics
6.
Malvino and Leach – Digital Principles and Applications
7.
Malvino – Electronic Principles
L12
Paper – IX (Theoretical Paper)
Full Marks: 100
Group – A: Atomic Physics [28 Lectures]
1.
Background experiments: Particle like properties of radiation. The photoelectric effect major characteristic features. Einstein’s quantum theory of
photoelectric effect. Compton effect. Wave like properties of particles. de
Broglie’s postulate. De Broglie Wavength. Davisson-Germer experiment. The
2.
wave-particle duality.
Atomic Models and Old Quantum Theory: Line spectra of atoms. Hydrogen
L7
series. Balmer formula. Rydberg’s constant. Bohr’s postulate of quantization of
angular momentum. Quantization of energy of one-electron atoms. Correction
for finite nuclear mass. Singly ionized helium. Frank and Hertz experiment.
Ionization energy. Wilson-Sommerfed quantization rule and its applications.
Sommerfeld’s elliptic orbits (derivation not required). The correspondence
3.
L7
principle. Features of old quantum theory.
One-electron Atoms: The Stern-Gerlach experiment. Electron spin. Spin
quantum numbers S and ms. Orbital and spin magnetic moment, gyromagnetic
ratios. Coupling between orbital and spin angular momenta, Conditions
satisfied by j and mj. Spectra of alkali atoms. Principal, sharp and diffuse series.
Doublet structure. Spectroscopic notation. Fine structure. Simplified account of
spin-orbit interaction. Atomic transitions and selection rules (qualitative
discussion). Atom in a magnetic field. Normal and anomalous Zeeman effect.
Simple derivation of magnetic energy is vector model. Lande’s g-factor.
4.
Many-electron atoms and Molecules:
L7
Pauli’s exclusion principle. Shell
structure, periodic table. Brief discussion on LS coupling scheme. Hund’s rule
(Statement and illustration). X-ray spectra. Continuous and characteristic
spectra. Moseley’s law. Elementary theory of rotational. vibrational and
electronic spectra of molecules. Raman effect.
L7
Group – B : Special Theory of Relativity [22 Lectures]
1.
Experimental Background: Aberration. Fizeau’s experiment. MichelsonMorley experiment. Einstein’s postulates. Lorentz transformation. Space-time
interval and its invariance. Space-like and time-like intervals. The light cone.
Proper length and proper time-interval. Length contraction. Time dilation.
Experimental verification. Law of addition of velocities along the same line,
2.
aberration and Doppler effect in the light of Lorentz transformation equations. L8
Relative Mechanics: The geometric representation of space-time.
Geometrical interpretation of Lorentz transformation equations. Four-vector
formalism (with X4-ict). Velocity four vector. Transformation equations for
four-vectors.
Variation of mass with velocity. Experimental verification. Covariant
formulation of Newton’s law of motion. Four-momentum. Kinetic energy.
Momentum-energy four vector. Mass-energy equivalence. Experimental L7
3.
verification. Simple problems on collisions of relativistic particles.
Electromagnetism: Consistency of classical electromagnetism with the
special theory of relativity. The interdependence of electric and magnetic
fields. Transformation equations for
j
and ρ . Four-current density.
Transformation equations for E and B . Invariance of Maxwell’s equations
1.
2.
under Lorentz transformation.
Recommended Books:
R. Resnick – Introduction to Special Theory of Relativity (Wiley Eastern)
R. Gautreau and W. Savin – Modern Physics (Sahaum)
L7
Group – C: Quantum Mechanics [30 Lectures]
1.
Basic Postulates of Quantum Theory: The Uncertainty principle. Incompatibility
of position and momentum Heisenberg’s thought experiment with gamma-ray
microscope. Analysis of Young’s double-slit experiment. Uncertainty principle as a
consequence of wave packet description of particles. Quantum mechanical concept
of measurement. The polarization experiment. Quantum mechanical description of
the state of a system. Observables. Observables as operators. Results of measuring
an observable. Eigen values and Eigen functions. Expansion postulate,
2.
orthogonality and completeness.
L8
Schrödinger’s Equations: Plausibility arguments leading to Schrödinger’s wave
equation in one dimension. Generalization to three dimensions. Equation of
continuity. Probability density and current density. Statistical interpretation of wave
functions. Normalization Expectation values. Schrödinger operators for position,
momentum and energy. Schrödinger’s time-independent equation. Stationary
states. Required properties of Eigen functions. Boundary conditions for bound and L10
3.
unbound states (statements only).
Application to Simple System: Free particle or a particle in a constant potential.
The step potential. Barrier potential Tunneling. Particle in one-dimensional box.
The linear harmonic oscillator. Classical motion. Procedure for solution of the
Schrödinger’s equation. (Form of the equation, boundary condition and how they
lead to eigenvalues. Solution in terms of Hermite polynomials is not
required/essential). Zero-point energy. Eigenfucnitons and their parity. Particle in a
three-dimensional box. Degeneracy. Separation of the Schrödinger equation in
three dimensions for central forces. Radial and angular part of the wavefunction
(Solution of the equation is not required). The centrifugal potential. Hydrogen atom
problem. Energy eighvalues. Quantum numbers. Ground state wave function.
L12
Uncertainty principle and ground state radius. Orbital angular momentum. Classical
definition Associated operators. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of L2 and LZ.
Group – D: Nuclear Physics [40 Lectures]
1.
Structure and Properties of Nuclei: Introductory survey. Comparison of
nuclear and atomic energy scales and sizes. Alpha ray scattering. Rutherford
formula. Static properties of nuclei. Mass, radius, magnetic dipole moment.
Spin and parity. Brief discussion on methods of determination of various
nuclear properties. Determination of atomic masses by the Aston and
Bainbridge mass spectrograph. Isotopic masses and nuclear constitution. Mass
defect and packing fraction. Nuclear binding energy and separation energy.
Average binding energy per nucleon. Binding energy curve. Systematics of
stable nuclei. Stability curve. Bethe–Weizsacker’s mass formula. Qualitative
arguments in support of the formula, discussion on stability, Discovery of
neutron, half-life of neutron.
Nuclear forces. Qualitative discussion on range, exchange nature, strength,
2.
charge independence saturation.
L10
Radio-activity: Outline of Gamow’s theory of alpha-decay. Range and Energy.
Gieger Nutal law. Long range and fine structure of alpha particles.
Beta decay: Electron and positron emission. Electron capture. Q-values of β decays. Continuous beta spectrum. Neutrino hypothesis. Reines and Cowan’s
3.
experiment. Madam Wu’s experiment and results.
Detection of Nuclear Particles and Particle Accelerator: Passage of charged
L6
particles through matter (no derivation is required). Ionization chamber.
Proportional counter. G.M. counter. Cloud chamber. Bubble chamber.
Scintillation counter. Linear accelerator. Cyclic accelerator. Cyclotron and
L6
Betatron.
4.
Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model. Shell model. Experimental evidence in
support of the shell model. Magic numbers. Spin-orbit interaction. Ground State
5.
configuration from the shell model.
Nuclear Reactions: Q-value of a nuclear reaction. Q-equation. Threshold
energy of an endoergic reaction. Conservation principles governing nuclear
L5
6.
reactions. Nuclear fission. Thermonuclear reactions and fusion.
Cosmic Rays: Nature of primary cosmic rays and their energy range. Cosmic
L5
ray showers. Discovery of positron. Discovery and decay of pion, muon and
7.
kaon.
Elementary Particles: Classification of elementary particles. Leptons, mesons
L4
and baryons. Quantum numbers, Conservation laws. Four fundamental
interactions. Quarks.
L4
Recommended Books:
1. H.S. Mani and G.I. Mehta – Introduction Modern Physics (Wiley Eastern)
2. F. Richtmyer, E. Kennard and J. Cooper – Introduction to Modern Physics (TMH)
3. R. Eisberg and R. Resnick – Quantum Physics (Wiley).
4. D.C. Tayal – Nuclear Physics (himalaya Publishing House0.
5. S.N. Ghosal – Atomic Physics: vol – I & II. X
Paper – X (Practical Paper)
Full Marks – 50
[Optical experiments]
List of Preparatory Experiments (6 periods per experiments)
1. Determination of the angle of a prism with the help of a spectrometer.
2. Determination of the radius of curvature of a convex lens by Newton’s ring experiment and
comparison of this value with that measured by a spherometer and hence determination of refractive
index of a liquid.
3. To draw the- i − δ curve for a prism.
List of Honours Experiments (9 Periods per Experiment)
1. To draw n − λ curve for a material of a prism using a spectrometer and to calculate dispersive power.
2. Determination of the mean wavelength of D-lines of sodium with the help of Fresnel’s biprism and
optical bench.
3. Determination of the width of the given single slit producing a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern and
comparison with the value of the width measured by a traveling microscope. [Reading varnier scale on
the spectrometer may be allowed].
4. Determination of the number of rulings per mm of a plane diffraction grating and the wavelength of an
unknown line with the help of spectrometer.
5. Determination of the number of ruling per mm of a plane diffraction grating and the width of a slit
adjusted for resolving D-lines of sodium.
6. Calibration of a polarimeter and determination of a concentration of the given active solution.
7. Verification of Fresnel’s equation using spectrometer and polaroid.
Paper – XI (Practical Paper)
Full Marks – 50
[Electrical and Electronic experiments]
List of preparatory experiments (6 periods for experiments)
1. Determination of band gap of a semiconductor using thermistor.
2. Determination of the magnetic B-field in the gap of the poles of an electromagnet using a search coil and a
ballistic galvanometer.
3. Determination of amplitudes, frequencies and phase differences of two related sinusoidal voltages with a
CRO.
4. To construct OR, AND & NOT gates using discrete components and to verify the (i) truth table (ii) De
Morgan’s theorem, and to establish NAND gates as universal gates using IC chips.
List of Honours Experiments (9 PERIODS PER EXPERIMENT)
1. Determination of a high resistance by the method of charge-leakage from capacitor with the help of a
ballistic galvanometer.
2. To draw B-H loop for a ferromagnetic material in the form of an anchor ring with the help of a
standard solenoid and a ballistic galvanometer and to estimate the corresponding hysteresis loss.
3. Determination of the mutual inductance of two coils at different angles (φ) with the help of a ballistic
galvanometer by Carey Foster dc. method and to draw M-( φ) graph.
4. Determination of self inductance L1 and L2 of two coils and verification of laws of inductance in series
and in parallel using a dc galvanometer and an ac null deflector by Anderson’s method.
5. To study the frequency response of a CE mode transistor. Measure V i and V0 for three different load
impedances, plot graphs on semi-log paper of frequency response, and find the relation of gain and
bandwidth of the amplifier.
6. Design and study the response of op-amp based circuits as (with offset null adjustment)
i. Inverting dc and ac amplifier of specific gain.
ii. Non-inverting dc and ac amplifier of specific gain.
iii. Weighted adder producing output V0 = k1v1 + k2v2 for different values of k1 and K2 k1 and k2 can be
positive or negative numbers).
7. Determination of e/m of electron by using a cathode ray tube and a pair of magnets.