Download the analysis of indonesian sentence error in printed/electronic mass

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 81-­‐87 Juanda & Nani Darheni EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org THE ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN SENTENCE ERROR
IN PRINTED/ELECTRONIC MASS MEDIA
Juanda
Faculty of Letters
Indonesia University of Computer (UNIKOM) Bandung
Indonesia
Nani Darheni
Balai Bahasa Provinsi Jawa Barat-Indonesia
ABSTRACT
This paper will only describe the incorrect use of sentence structure. There are minimum three
forms of error related to structure, which are the errorr due to (1) no-subject sentence e.g.
Dengan perubahan zaman telah menuntut para pendidik untuk mencari metode yang baru.; (2)
no-object sentence e.g. Menteri Pendidikan mengungkapkan tentang berbagai masalah yang
timbul berkenaan dengan pendidikan.;and (3) the use of participle form e.g. melihat situasi
memanas,petugas dari Depnaker mengambil alih pimpinan dialog. No-subject sentence is
frequently found in spoken and written language. No-subject sentence is probably due to the lack
of understanding standard sentence structure in Indonesian. No-object sentence occurs due to (1)
the lack of understanding standard sentence structure in Indonesian or (2) being influenced by
the translator who is not fluent in foreign language. The use of participle form is a sentence
begun with verb. One of the theory used is structural theory claimed by Verhaar which is a
synthesis of some modern syntactic theories. Besides that, this paper also uses the concept
contained in the third edition of Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia.
KEYWORDS: error analysis, sentence structure, written language
INTRODUCTION
Indonesian newspaper informing international news usually receives such news from foreign
news offices. Consequently, a lot of foreign structures are moved without considering the
standard pattern used in Indonesian. The result is that Indonesian news has foreign language
structure or resembles the foreign language structure. Moreover, local news is also presented
using foreign language structure. Such case is frequently found in printed and electronic media.
Language in mass media gets the influences –especially negative influence – from foreign
language or the first language mastered. Both influences are united and cause various structure
errors in various forms such as phonological, morphological, and/ or syntactic errors. The other
thing that is needed to revealed is that not all editors of mass media master Indonesian
adequately.
81
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 81-­‐87 Juanda & Nani Darheni EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org This writing will reveal some errors viewed from Indonesian structure. Thus, this paper will only
describe the incorrect use of sentence structure. Such error will be analyzed by using structural
theory.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research questions of this writing are to know structure error consist:
a. What kind of form of no subject sentence?
b. What kind of form of no-object sentence?
c. What kind of form of sentence begun with verb?
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
The theory used is structural theory claimed by Verhaar which is a synthesis of some modern
syntactic theories. Verhaar (2001:162) classified sentence based on function, category and role.
The function is in forms of subject, predicate, object and adverb. The category is in forms of
word class or type, and the role is in forms of actor (agent), experiencer (benefactive) and
receiver (patient). Besides that, this writing also uses the concept contained in the third edition of
Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia.
The basic structure of Indonesian sentence is actually very simple, which only has the structure of
subject – predicate (S-P). Meanwhile, such structure can be developed into (1) subject-predicateobject (S-P-O), (2) subject-predicate-complement (S-P-C), (3) subject-predicate-objectcomplement (S-P-O-C), (4) subject-predicate-adverb (S-P-A), (5) subject-predicate-object-adverb
(S-P-O-A), and (6) subjek-predicate-object-complement-adverb (S-P-O-C-A). Subject and object
in Indonesian are usually in forms of verb, adjective and noun. Adverbs are in forms of
prepositional phrase or temporal noun, while complement according to Lapoliwa (1990) can be in
forms of noun phrase or verb phrase.
Indonesian sentence can be differentiated into simple sentence and complex sentence. Complex
sentence can be differentiated into coordinate complex sentence and subordinate complex
sentence. The structure of simple sentence consists of seven forms such as (1) S-P, (2) S-P-O, (3)
S-P-C, (4) S-P-O-C, (5) S-P-A, (6) S-P-O-A, and (7) S-P-O-C-A. Meanwhile, the structure of
coordinate clause complex sentence is S-P coordinative conjunction + S-P, while the structure of
subordinate clause is subordinate clause + main clause or main clause + main clause.
Subordinate clause is under the term of object, adverb or subject.
DISCUSSION
Based on the observation of the collected data, the description is gained that there are minimum
three forms of error related to structure, which are the errorr due to (1) no-subject sentence, (2)
no-object sentence, and (3) the use of participle form. Such errors are explained below.
82
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 81-­‐87 Juanda & Nani Darheni EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org No-Subject Sentence
No-subject sentence is frequently found in spoken and written language. No-subject sentence is
probably due to the lack of understanding standard sentence structure in Indonesian. The
followings are the examples of data.
(1) Dengan perubahan zaman telah menuntut para pendidik untuk mencari
metode yang baru.
(2) Menurut pakar lain di bidang marketing menyatakan bahwa pemasaran
adalah proses memasarkan barang hingga berujud uang.
(3) Dalam debat calon presiden itu memutuskan bahwa anggaran pendidikan di
Indonesia akan ditingkatkan sesuai amanat UUD 1945.
If the above examples are analyzed. It seems that the phrases of dengan perubahan zaman in
sentence (1), menurut pakar lain di bidang marketing in sentence (2), and dalam debat calon
presiden itu in sentence (3) are verb phrases which function as predicate. Meanwhile, para
pendidik in sentence (1), bahwa pemasaran adalah proses memasarkan barang hingga berujud
uang in sentence (2), and bahwa anggaran pendidikan di Indonesia akan ditingkatkan sesuai
amanat UUD 1946 in sentence (3) function as object, while untuk mencari metode yang baru in
sentence (1) is prepositional phrase which functions as adverb.
In a whole, such sentence structure (1--3) is APOA in sentence (1) and APO in sentence (2) and
(3). However, in Indonesian, such structures are incorrect because the correct structures in
Indonesian are SPOK and SPO. To make such three sentences correct, the function of sucject
should be available in three sentences. The subject in Indonesian is not preeceded by preposition.
Therefore, the function of adverb in the sentence beginning of such three sentences should be
changed into subject by eliminating preposition or changing active verb into passive verb.
Changing active verb into passive verb, however, cannot always be done. Pay attention to this
change.
(1) a.
b.
(2)
Perubahan zaman telah menuntut para pendidik untuk mencari
metode yang baru. (SPOA)
Dengan perubahan zaman para pendidik telah dituntut untuk mencari metode
yang baru. (ASPA)
a.
Pakar lain di bidang marketing menyatakan bahwa pemasaran adalah
proses
memasarkan barang hingga berujud uang. (SPO)
b. *Pakar lain di bidang marketing dinyatakan bahwa pemasaran adalah proses
memasarkan barang hingga berujud uang. (SPO)
(3) a.
Debat calon presiden itu memutuskan bahwa anggaran pendidikan di Indonesia
akan ditingkatkan sesuai amanat UUD 1945. (SPO)
b. Dalam debat calon presiden itu diputuskan bahwa anggaran pendidikan di
Indonesia akan ditingkatkan sesuai amanat UUD 1945. (APS)
83
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 81-­‐87 Juanda & Nani Darheni EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org It can be seen that sentences (1) and (3) can be corrected into (1a--1b) and (3a--3b), but sentence
(2) can only be corrected into (2a) and cannot be corrected into (2b). It shows that active verb
predicate in ungrammatical sentence which has APOA pattern can not always be corrected into
passive verb as it can be seen in sentence (2b).
No-Object Sentence
No-object setence is also usually found in spoken and written language. No-object sentence
occurs due to (1) the lack of understanding standard sentence structure in Indonesian or (2) being
influenced by the translator who is not fluent in foreign language. The following are the
examples.
(4) Menteri Pendidikan mengungkapkan tentang berbagai masalah yang timbul
berkenaan dengan pendidikan.
(5) Pemimpin perusahaan Sanyo di Indonesia sedang membahas mengenai gaji
pegawai perusahaan.
(6) Kami mengharap atas kehadiran para capres pada Debat Para Calon Presiden di
kampus kami.
(7) Pemimpin sidang berhak mengingatkan agar peserta sidang berbicara secara
teratur.
Such sentences do not have objects because objects are usually in forms of noun or noun phrase.
If noun or noun phrase is preceeded by preposition, the constituent will be prepositional phrase,
not noun phrase. Prepositional phrase, almost in all languages, functions as adverb in sentence.
Thus, the constituents tentang berbagai masalah yang timbul berkenaan dengan pendidikan in
sentence (4), mengenai gaji pegawai perusahaan in sentence (5) , atas kehadiran para capres
pada Debat Para Calon Presiden di kampus kami in sentence (6), and agar peserta sidang
berbicara secara teratur in sentence (7) are prepositional phrases function as adverb, not noun
phrase functions as object,
Purwo (1985:25--31) and Verhaar (2001) stated that transitive verb should be directly followed
by object. It implies that predicate in form of transitive verb should be folowed by objek, not by
prepositional phrase. Thus, verb phrase mengungkapkan in sentence (4), membahas in sentence
(5), mengharap in sentence (6), and mengingatkan in sentence (7) should be followed by object
because such verbs are transitive verbs which need objects, not adverbs. Thus, to make such
sentences correct, the function of adverb in the right side of transitive verb predicate should be
changed into object function by eliminating preposition or changing the position of preposition in
the sentence into the following sentence (8--11).
(8) Menteri Pendidikan mengungkapkan berbagai masalah yang timbul berkenaan
dengan pendidikan.
(9) Pemimpin perusahaan Sanyo di Indonesia sedang membahas gaji pegawai
perusahaan.
(10)
Kami mengharap kehadiran para capres pada Debat Para Calon Presiden
di kampus kami.
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 81-­‐87 Juanda & Nani Darheni EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org (11)
Pemimpin sidang berhak mengingatkan peserta sidang agar berbicara
secara teratur.
The error contained in sentences (4--7) is object preceeded by prepositional phrase or transitive
verb not followed by noun phrase, but followed by prepositional phrase. Besides no-object
sentences in such examples (4--7), there are other examples as following here.
(12)
(13)
Demikian X melaporkan dari Palembang.
Kegiatan ini sangat menjanjikan.
Transitive verb needs object. If transitive verb is not followed by object, the structure will be
incorrect. Prepositional phrase dari Palembang in sentence (12) cannot be changed into noun
phrase by eliminating the preposition of dari. It meand the sentences (12--13) absolutely need
object. If there is not object, the sentence will be:
(12) a.
b.
c.
(13) a.
b.
Demikian X melaporkan kejadian itu dari Palembang.
Demikian X melaporkan peristiwa itu dari Palembang.
Demikian X melaporkannya dari Palembang.
Kegiatan ini sangat menjanjikan masa depan Anda.
Kegiatan ini sangat menjanjikan keuntungan yang luar biasa.
It is probably that the sentence (12) is influence by English structure, This X reporting from
Palembang. Actually, reporting in such sentence is not melaporkan (verb) but it is laporan
(noun). Such sentence should be translated into Demikian(lah) laporan X dari Palembang.
Participle Sentence
Recently, we have found a lot of sentences begun with verb in printed or electronic mass media,
even in daily life – especially in spoken language – either formal or informal situation. However,
the linguists such as Hoed (1983), Purwo (1985), Alwi (1998), and Verhaar (2001) did not
aknowledge such structure. The examples are presented below.
(14) Berbicara kepada Media kemarin di kantornya, Rini Suwandi mengatakan
bahwa dirinya tidak mengenal Nurdin Halid.
(15) Melihat situasi mulai memanas, petugas dari Depnaker mengambil alih pimpinan
dialog.
(16) Ditemani pengacaranya, Fuad Bawazir mengadukan SBY.com dan Tempo kepada
Polri.
Such sentences are not parts of Indonesian sentence structure because the subordinate clause in
Indonesia only occupies the functions of object, adverb or subject. Subordinate clause in
Indonesia cannot occupy the function of predicate. It seems that such sentence is influence by
English participle. In English, the sentences similar with sentence (14--16) are abundant.
Compare the structure of sentences (14--16) with the structure of sentences (17--19).
85
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 81-­‐87 Juanda & Nani Darheni EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org (17) Speaking before the students, the Minister stated that there would be no
changes in school curricula.
(18) Following the guidebook, he repairs his computer.
(19) Accompained by pianist Donna and the vocals of Donni Pulungan and Tommi
Awuy, Sutardji read his poems in his famous drunkardstyle.
The structure of sentences (17--19) in English is usually called as present participle or active
participle and it is very common in English. Meanwhile, if the structure is used to make
Indonesian sentence so it results in the example sentences (14--15), the structure will be
uncommon. Actually, the structure of sentences (14--16) has ASPO pattern, while sentence (16)
has ASPOA pattern. However, adverb (A) in the beginning of sentence is eliminating the
conjunctions of ketika, tatkala, or saat in sentence (16). If conjunction and preposition above is
added, the sentence will be the following sentences (20--22).
(20)
a. Ketika melihat situasi mulai memanas, petugas dari Depnaker mengambil
alih
pimpinan dialog.
b. Tatkala melihat situasi mulai memanas, petugas dari Depnaker mengambil alih
pimpinan dialog.
c. Saat melihat situasi mulai memanas, petugas Depnaker mengambil alih pimpinan
dialog.
(21)
a. Ketika berbicara kepada Media kemarin di kantornya, Rini Suwandi \
mengatakan bahwa dirinya tidak mengenal Nurdin Halid.
b. Tatkala berbicara kepada Media kemarin di kantornya, Rini Suwandi
mengatakan bahwa dirinya tidak mengenal Nurdin Halid.
c. Saat berbicara kepada Media kemarin di kantornya, Rini Suwandi mengatakan
bahwa dirinya tidak mengenal Nurdin Halid.
(22)
Dengan ditemani pengacaranya, Fuad Bawazir mengadukan SBY.com dan Tempo
kepada Polisi.
After the addition of conjunction and preposition, as presented in the examples (20--22), it is
clear that sentences (14--16) are actually subordinate complex sentences consisting of
subordinate and main clauses. Meanwhile, the conjunction which functions as signifier is
eliminated so that the sentence becomes ungrammatical. The signifier of subordinate clause is
usually in form of subordinator, either in form of conjunction or preposition.
Closing
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that the errors of Indonesian sentence
structure are usually found in the cases of no-subject sentence, no-object sentence and sentence
influenced by present participle and active participle form in English.
Subject and object in Indonesian should be in form of noun or noun phrase. Prepositional phrase
does not function as subject or object because this phrase can only function as adverb. However,
86
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 6 (1), May 2014; 81-­‐87 Juanda & Nani Darheni EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org it does not means that the sentence cannot be preceeded by preposition, predicate in such
sentence usually has passive form and the subject is located in the right side of predicate or after
predicate.
Subordinative complex sentence should be signified by subordinate conjunction or subordinator
correlating subordinate clause and main clause. Without subordinator, such subordinate clause is
assumed to be influenced by English participle structure.
The implication of this writing that an scriptwriter should consider the rules of sentence structure
in Indonesian. It is realized that the rules of language is not always the same as the rules of the
other language. Therefore, a scriptwriter must know the languge rules are written so that no
overgeneralization in applying the rules of a language.
REFERENCES
Alwi, Hasan et al. (1998). Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (Edisi Ketiga). Jakarta:
Balai Pustaka.
Hoed, B. H. (1983). “Ragam Bahasa Berita dan Cirinya.” Dalam Konggres Bahasa
Indonesia II. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
James, C. (1980). Contrastive Analysis. Longman Group Limited.
Lapoliwa, H. (1990). Klausa Pemerlengkapan dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Suatu Tinjauan
Sintaktik dan Semantik. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Purwo, B. K., & Anton, M. M. (1985). “Analisis Fungsi Subjek dan Objek:
Sebuah Tinjauan.” Dalam Purwo, Bambang Kaswanti. (Ed.). 1985. Jakarta: Arcan.
Verhaar, J.W.M. (2001). Asas-Asas Linguistik Umum (Cetakan Ketiga). Yogyakarta:
Gadjah Mada University Press.
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