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Presentation Plus! Glencoe World Geography
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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 Earth-Sun Relationships
Section 2 Factors Affecting Climate
Section 3 World Climate Patterns
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Chapter Objectives
• Explain the effects of the Earth-sun
relationship on life on Earth. 
• Identify the factors that contribute to
Earth’s climates. 
• Describe the major climate patterns
found on Earth.
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As you read this chapter, note factors that
affect climate. Then write a description of
the climate in your community. List three
factors that contribute to climate, and
sketch a landscape showing one kind of
common weather in this climate.
Earth-Sun Relationships
Objectives
• Describe how Earth’s position in relation to
the sun affects temperatures on Earth. 
• Explain how Earth’s rotation causes day
and night. 
• Discuss the relationship of the Earth to the
sun during each season. 
• Identify how global warming might affect
Earth’s air, land, and water.
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Earth-Sun Relationships
Terms to Know
• weather 
• equinox 
• climate 
• solstice 
• axis 
• greenhouse
effect 
• temperature 
• revolution 
• global warming 
Places to Locate
• Tropic of Cancer 
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• Tropic of Capricorn
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to listen to the audio again.
The sun, the brightest star in our sky, is a
major factor in creating Earth’s climates.
The sun, composed of hydrogen, helium,
and other gases, rotates on an axis at
about the same angle as the earth’s axis.
Only a tiny fraction of the power
generated by the sun reaches the earth.
Climate and Weather
• Weather is the condition of the
atmosphere in a certain place at a
specific time. 
• The climate of an area is its long-term
typical weather pattern. 
• The climate of an area is determined by
many things; the most important is the
earth’s position in relation to the sun.
(pages 55–56)
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Climate and Weather (cont.)
(pages 55–56)
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Climate and Weather (cont.)
Think about your location and the earth’s
relationship to the sun. How does the
earth-sun relationship affect your life?
(pages 55–56)
Earth’s Tilt and Rotation
• Earth is currently tilted at an angle of
about 23½°. Because of the tilt of this
axis, not all places on Earth receive
the same amount of direct sunlight at
the same time.
(page 56)
Earth’s Tilt and Rotation (cont.)
Which places on Earth receive the
most direct sunlight? How does this
phenomenon affect their climates?
Regions in the tropics receive the
most direct sunlight. These regions
are generally warm or hot yearround, depending on their elevation.
(page 56)
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Earth’s Revolution
• Earth travels in an orbit around the sun,
completing one trip about every 365
days. 
• The seasons are caused by the earth’s
revolution around the sun and the
earth’s tilt. 
• The Equator divides Earth into the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
When one hemisphere experiences
winter, the other experiences summer.
(page 56)
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Earth’s Revolution (cont.)
How does the reversal of seasons in the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres
affect the lives of people on Earth?
Possible answer: Food crops can be
produced year-round because of the
reversal of seasons, so fresh fruits and
vegetables generally are available all
year long.
(page 56)
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The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
• The line of latitude at 23½°N is called the
Tropic of Cancer–the northernmost
latitude on the earth to receive the sun’s
direct rays. 
• The line of latitude at 23½°S is called
the Tropic of Capricorn–the
southernmost latitude to receive the
sun’s direct rays.
(pages 56–57)
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The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
(cont.)
What do you think the climate is like in
the tropics? Why do you think so?
Because the tropics receive direct
sunlight all the time, the climate is
probably very warm year-round.
(pages 56–57)
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The Poles
• The North Pole and the South Pole are
located at either end of the earth’s
axis. 
• Each Pole receives continuous indirect
sunlight six months each year. 
• While one receives continuous sunlight,
the other receives little to no sunlight.
(pages 57–58)
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The Poles (cont.)
Why do very few people live in polar
climate areas?
Possible answer: Extreme temperatures,
frozen soils which cannot support crops,
great variations in light, and frozen
precipitation make living in polar climate
areas unpopular.
(pages 57–58)
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The Greenhouse Effect
• Part of the sun’s radiation passes
through Earth’s atmosphere. 
• Like the glass in a greenhouse, the
atmosphere keeps the heat from
escaping back into space too quickly. 
• Humans have altered Earth’s
atmosphere by burning fuels that release
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gases into the atmosphere.
(page 58)
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The Greenhouse Effect (cont.)
• They also have cut down the forests
that absorb carbon dioxide. 
• Some scientists claim that rising carbon
dioxide levels have coincided with a rise
in global temperatures. 
• This trend, known as global warming,
is believed to be caused by human
activities, such as the burning of coal,
oil, and natural gas.
(page 58)
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The Greenhouse Effect (cont.)
How might global warming affect your community
over the course of the next several years?
Sample answer: It will rain in the winter instead
of snowing. Temperatures will be hotter yearround. People will stay indoors more in the
summertime because it will be too hot to go
outside. Local vegetation will change as the
climate changes. Patterns of precipitation may
change, causing floods or droughts. Rising sea
levels may flood low-lying areas along coasts.
(page 58)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
C 1. an imaginary line that runs
through the center of the earth
between the North and South
Poles
A. weather
__
H 2. the capacity of certain gases in
the atmosphere to trap heat,
thereby warming the earth
D. temperature
__
E 3. in astronomy, the earth’s yearly
trip around the sun, taking 365 ¼
days
__
B 4. weather patterns typical for an
area over a long period of time
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B. climate
C. axis
E. revolution
F.
equinox
G. solstice
H. greenhouse
effect
I.
global
warming
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
A 5. condition of the atmosphere in
one place during a short period
of time
__
G 6. one of two days (about June 21
and December 22) on which the
sun’s rays strike directly on the
Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of
Capricorn, marking the
beginning of summer or winter
__
I 7. gradual warming of the earth
and its atmosphere that may be
caused in part by pollution and
an increase in the greenhouse
effect
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A. weather
B. climate
C. axis
D. temperature
E. revolution
F.
equinox
G. solstice
H. greenhouse
effect
I.
global
warming
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
F 8. one of two days (about March
21 and September 23) on which
the sun is directly above the
Equator, making day and night
equal in length
A. weather
__
D 9. degree of hotness or coldness
measured on a set scale, such
as Fahrenheit or Celsius
E. revolution
B. climate
C. axis
D. temperature
F.
equinox
G. solstice
H. greenhouse
effect
I.
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global
warming
Critical Thinking
Comparing and Contrasting What
differences in the weather would you
expect in Alaska and in Florida? Explain.
Alaska is mostly cold and snowy. Florida
is mostly warm and humid. The
differences are caused primarily by
location (latitude).
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Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions What effects does
the earth’s tilt on its axis have on your
daily life?
The tilt causes temperature variations and
affects any daily activities that are
dependent on weather or temperature
(choice of clothing, outdoor activities,
indoor heating or cooling, and so on).
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Critical Thinking
Analyzing Information What would you
pack if you were visiting Argentina in
December?
You would pack clothing for warm
weather (in low elevations) and warm
clothing for mountains or extreme
southern latitudes if you were visiting
Argentina in December.
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Analyzing Diagrams
Location Study the diagram of the
seasons below. In what months do the
sun’s rays strike the Equator directly?
The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn?
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Analyzing Diagrams
The sun’s rays strike the Equator directly
in March and September. They strike the
Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn in
December or June.
Applying Geography
Effects of Global Warming Review the text
about global warming in Section 1 of your
textbook. In what ways might agriculture be
affected? Explain.
Possible answer: Agriculture would be
possible in places where climate does not
permit it now. There may be flooding of
coastal agriculture lands. Drought may
occur because of the higher
temperatures.
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Close
Imagine you are a scientist presenting
papers on earth-sun relationships. Write a
short essay or GeoJournal entry about how
annual changes in earth-sun relationships
affect weather phenomena and climate.
Factors Affecting Climate
Objectives
• Discuss how latitude and elevation affect
climate. 
• Describe the role wind patterns and ocean
currents play in Earth’s climates. 
• Explain how landforms and climate patterns
influence each other.
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Factors Affecting Climate
Terms to Know
• prevailing wind 
• El Niño 
• Coriolis effect 
• windward 
• doldrums 
• leeward 
• current 
• rain shadow 
Places to Locate
• low latitudes 
• Antarctic Circle 
• high latitudes 
• mid-latitudes
• Arctic Circle 
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to listen to the audio again.
The climates of all planets in the solar system
are determined by their atmosphere and their
relationship to the sun. Because Venus is much
closer to the sun than Earth is, it is much hotter.
The surface temperature of Venus is 887°F
(475°C)–hot enough to melt lead. Venus is
subject to an extreme greenhouse effect. Its
atmosphere traps more heat than it can release.
Given its distance from the sun, Venus is about
500°F (260°C) hotter than it would be were it not
for this effect. About 85 percent of Venus’ rocky
surface consists of volcanic plains.
Latitude and Climate
• Low Latitudes The low latitudes are
between the Tropic of Cancer and the
Tropic of Capricorn. Portions of the low
latitudes receive direct sunlight yearround. 
• High Latitudes The high latitudes
are the polar areas. They receive
continuous but indirect sunlight for six
months each year, and the climate is
always cold.
(pages 59–61)
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Latitude and Climate (cont.)
• Mid-Latitudes The mid-latitudes are
the zones between the Tropics and the
polar areas. They have a temperate
climate ranging from fairly hot to fairly
cold, with dramatic seasonal changes.
(pages 59–61)
Latitude and Climate (cont.)
Which zone would you prefer to live in?
Why?
Most people would prefer to live in the
low latitudes because the weather is
always warm and sunny. Others like the
change of seasons that comes in the
mid-latitudes. Most will agree that the
high latitudes are too cold and dark.
(pages 59–61)
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Elevation and Climate
• The higher the altitude of a place,
the colder its climate will be. 
• At high altitudes, the air is thinner
and retains less heat.
(page 61)
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Elevation and Climate (cont.)
Explain why high mountaintops are
always covered by snow, even in the
Tropics.
The thinner atmosphere in higher
altitudes retains less heat. Therefore,
temperatures are lower at high
altitudes. If the mountaintops are high
enough, it will always be too cold for
the snow to melt.
(page 61)
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Wind and Ocean Currents
• Wind Patterns Prevailing winds,
global winds that blow in fairly constant
patterns, are affected by the direction
of the earth’s rotation and latitude. 
• The trade winds of the tropics blow
diagonally toward the Equator. 
• The westerlies of the mid-latitudes
blow diagonally from west to east. 
• The polar easterlies of the high
latitudes blow diagonally from east
to west.
(pages 61–63)
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Wind and Ocean Currents (cont.)
• The Horse Latitudes At the Equator is
a narrow, generally windless band called
the doldrums. 
• Just north and south of the Tropics are
other narrow bands of calm air. 
• In the past, wind-powered sailing ships
were in danger if they were stranded in
these windless areas. 
• To lighten their vessels in order to take
advantage of any breeze, livestock were
thrown overboard, which accounts for
the name horse latitudes.
(pages 61–63)
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Wind and Ocean Currents (cont.)
• Ocean Currents Ocean currents
move warm and cold water just as
winds move warm and cold air. 
• Weather and the Water Cycle
A drop in temperature causes the
water vapor in the atmosphere to
form clouds and eventually to
condense and fall as rain or snow.
(pages 61–63)
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Wind and Ocean Currents (cont.)
• El Niño A periodic change in the
pattern of mid-Pacific ocean currents
and water temperatures can cause
trade winds to diminish or even
change direction, leading to worldwide
climate alterations. 
• This phenomenon is called El Niño. 
• It has become more frequent and
may be linked to global warming.
(pages 61–63)
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Wind and Ocean Currents (cont.)
Why is an El Niño year a bad year for most
people across the globe?
Farmers depend on the weather and have
learned to adapt to normal climate variations.
They choose certain crops and plant at
certain seasons, according to their knowledge
of local weather patterns. In an El Niño year,
the weather may be dramatically different,
causing crop failures and therefore food
shortages. El Niño years also may cause
damaging storms or severe droughts. (pages 61–63)
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Landforms and Climate
• Earth’s surface features, such as
mountains and bodies of water, can
affect and be affected by climate. 
• Large bodies of water are slower to
heat and cool than land, so bodies of
water tend to moderate coastal land
temperatures. 
• When wind meets a mountain range,
it is forced upward.
(pages 63–64)
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Landforms and Climate (cont.)
• This rising air cools and brings
precipitation to the windward side
(the side facing the wind) of the range. 
• After the rain falls on the windward
side, the air is warmer and drier as it
descends on the leeward side (the
side facing away from the wind) of
the mountain range. 
• Areas on the leeward sides of
mountains receive little precipitation
and are often very dry because of
this rain shadow effect.
(pages 63–64)
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Landforms and Climate (cont.)
What kinds of effects do El Niño phenomena
have on the earth’s people?
El Niño phenomena causes increased
precipitation and warmer winters along the
coasts of North and South America. This may
cause flooding in some areas, increase storm
damage, lead to crop failures from drought, and
make desert areas bloom with wildflowers.
Droughts in Southeast Asia and Australia cause
massive forest fires, and their smoke spawns
additional weather phenomena and adversely
affects human health.
(pages 63–64)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
F 1. facing toward the direction from
which the wind is blowing
A. prevailing
wind
__
G 2. facing away from the direction
from which the wind is blowing
B. Coriolis effect
__
A 3. wind in a region that blows in a
fairly constant directional
pattern
D. current
__
C 4. a frequently windless area near
the Equator
F.
__
D 5. cold or warm stream of
seawater that flows in the
oceans, generally in a circular
pattern
H. rain shadow
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C. doldrums
E. El Niño
windward
G. leeward
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
E 6. periodic reversal of the pattern
of ocean currents and water
temperatures in the mid-Pacific
region
__
H 7. dry area found on the leeward
side of a mountain range
__
B 8. an effect that causes the
prevailing winds to blow
diagonally rather than along
strict north-south or east-west
lines
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A. prevailing
wind
B. Coriolis effect
C. doldrums
D. current
E. El Niño
F.
windward
G. leeward
H. rain shadow
Critical Thinking
Comparing and Contrasting Describe
the general differences in climate between
the low latitudes and the mid-latitudes.
Generally, low latitude climates are warm
to hot year-round. Mid-latitude climates
have hot and cold extremes and seasonal
changes.
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Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences Without the
Coriolis effect, how might the earth’s
climates be different?
Climates would be more extreme, or not
as mild.
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Critical Thinking
Identifying Cause-and-Effect
Relationships How does the presence
of mountain ranges influence climate?
Mountain ranges create rain shadows,
affecting precipitation levels (moist on
windward, arid on leeward).
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Analyzing Maps
Location Study the map below.
Where are the high latitudes located?
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Analyzing Maps
The high latitudes are located in
polar areas.
Applying Geography
Movement of Ocean Currents Study the map
below. If your ship were drifting from west to east
in the Equatorial Countercurrent, what might
happen as you drifted past longitude 120ºW?
The ship
would
reverse its
direction
and drift
from east
to west with
the North
Equatorial
current.
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Close
Write a paragraph describing the location
of your ideal vacation and identify the
latitudes at which this place is found.
World Climate Patterns
Objectives
• Identify the climate regions of the world. 
• Describe each climate region’s characteristic
vegetation. 
• Examine how recurring phenomena influence
climate patterns.
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World Climate Patterns
Terms to Know
• natural vegetation 
• chaparral 
• oasis 
• prairie 
• coniferous 
• permafrost 
• deciduous 
• hypothesis 
• mixed forest 
• smog 
Places to Locate
• Tropics 
• Sahara 
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• Mediterranean Sea
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to listen to the audio again.
Iceland’s climate belies the country’s
name. Because Iceland sits along the
rift where the North American and
European plates are pulling apart, it has
numerous geysers and volcanoes and
a ready supply of geothermal energy.
In addition, Iceland is affected by the
Gulf Stream. Consequently, Iceland’s
winters are relatively mild and its
summers are cool and sunny.
Climate Regions
• Tropical Climates Tropical climates
are found in or near the low latitudes. 
• The two types of tropical climates are
tropical rain forest and tropical
savanna. 
• Tropical rain forests are densely
wooded areas that are hot and wet
year-round. 
• Tropical savannas are grasslands that
are hot year-round, dry in winter, and
wet in summer.
(pages 65–69)
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Climate Regions (cont.)
• Dry Climates Dry climates include
deserts and steppes. 
• Deserts are always dry with sparse
vegetation; temperatures vary
greatly from day to night and season
to season, and rainfall is 10 inches
(about 25 cm) or less per year. 
• Steppes are dry grasslands that
receive from 10 to 20 inches (25 to
51 cm) of rain annually.
(pages 65–69)
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Climate Regions (cont.)
• Mid-latitude Climates Earth’s midlatitude climates include four temperate
climate regions. 
• Regions with a marine west coast
climate are cool in summer, damp in
winter, and forested. 
• Mediterranean climate regions have
mild, rainy winters and hot, sunny
summers.
(pages 65–69)
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Climate Regions (cont.)
(pages 65–69)
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Climate Regions (cont.)
• Humid subtropical climate regions have
short, mild winters and year-round rain. 
• Those areas with humid continental
climates are inland; ocean currents do
not moderate their climates. 
• Winters in these areas are generally
cool to very cold; summers are hot.
(pages 65–69)
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Climate Regions (cont.)
• High Latitude Climates The surfaces
of ice cap regions are constantly
covered with snow and ice. 
• Tundra climate regions are slightly
warmer than ice cap regions and can
support short grasses. 
• Subarctic climate regions, experiencing
bitterly cold winters, have a long
enough growing season for needled
evergreens.
(pages 65–69)
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Climate Regions (cont.)
• Highlands Climates At high altitudes,
climates vary with elevation. 
• The higher the altitude, the cooler the
temperatures. 
• The natural vegetation of these areas
also varies with elevation.
(pages 65–69)
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Climate Regions (cont.)
Which of the climate regions do you
think are most heavily populated? Why
do you think so?
Mid-latitude and tropical regions are
the most heavily populated. Midlatitude climate regions tend to be
temperate, and the tropical climate
regions are generally warm to hot with
lush vegetation.
(pages 65–69)
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Climatic Changes
• Climates change gradually over time. 
• Humans have altered climates by
burning fossil fuels, building dams,
and cutting down forests.
(page 69)
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Climatic Changes (cont.)
Give an example of one change you
think humans have made to climates.
Possible answer: People build a dam to
irrigate a dry area in which they want to
farm. The dam may cause new areas to
flood or dry out, and this may affect
climate over time.
(page 69)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
F 1. type of vegetation made up of
dense forests of shrubs and
short trees, common in
Mediterranean climates
__
J 2. haze caused by the interaction
of ultraviolet solar radiation with
chemical fumes from
automobile exhausts and other
pollution sources
__
B 3. small area in a desert where
water and vegetation are found
__
G 4. an inland grassland area
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A. natural
vegetation
B. oasis
C. coniferous
D. deciduous
E. mixed forest
F.
chaparral
G. prairie
H. permafrost
I.
hypothesis
J.
smog
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
H 5. permanently frozen layer of soil
beneath the surface of the
ground
A. natural
vegetation
__
I 6. a scientific explanation for an
event
C. coniferous
__
C 7. trees such as evergreens that
have cones and needle-shaped
leaves, and keep their foliage
throughout the winter
__
D 8. trees, usually broad leaved
such as oak and maple, that
lose their leaves in autumn
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B. oasis
D. deciduous
E. mixed forest
F.
chaparral
G. prairie
H. permafrost
I.
hypothesis
J.
smog
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
E 9. forest with both coniferous and
deciduous trees
A. natural
vegetation
__
A 10. plant life that grows in a certain
area if people have not
changed the natural
environment
B. oasis
C. coniferous
D. deciduous
E. mixed forest
F.
chaparral
G. prairie
H. permafrost
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I.
hypothesis
J.
smog
Critical Thinking
Analyzing Information What patterns of
vegetation are typical of tropical climates?
Explain.
Lush rain forest vegetation exists in areas
of high temperatures and heavy rainfall,
and grasses with fewer trees grow in
areas with dry winters and wet summers.
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Critical Thinking
Comparing and Contrasting What factors
account for the similarities and differences
between the subdivisions in tropical climate
zones?
Both subdivisions have high year-round
temperatures, but they differ in rainfall.
Tropical rain forest climate has rain yearround, but tropical savanna climate has dry
winters and wet summers.
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Critical Thinking
Categorizing Information How are the five
major climate regions related to the three
zones of latitude?
Tropical climate is found in low latitudes.
Mid-latitude climates, in the middle
latitudes. High latitude in the high
latitudes. Dry and highlands climates may
occur in more than one zone of latitude.
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Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions What are the two
main categories of factors causing climate
change?
The two main categories of factors causing
climate change are variations in the earthsun relationship and human activity.
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Analyzing Maps
Region Study the map below. What
vegetation type dominates Europe?
Canada and the United States?
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Analyzing Maps
Deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous
forests dominate Europe. Deciduous and
mixed deciduous-coniferous forests as well as
coniferous forests dominate the United States
and Canada. Large areas of the United States
are temperate grassland.
Applying Geography
Climate and Settlement Patterns On the
map of world climate regions on page 66 of
your textbook, locate the climate regions for
Tashkent, Cape Town, Lima, Chicago,
London, and Jakarta. What can you
conclude about the relationship between
climate and settlement?
The dry climates are Tashkent, Cape Town,
and Lima. The mid-latitude climates are
Chicago and London. The tropical climate is
Jakarta. Major population centers are found
in a variety of climates except high latitudes.
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Close
Look through your textbook and find at
least two photographs of places in each
major climate region.
Section 1: Earth-Sun Relationships
Key Points
(pages 55–58)
• The earth’s position in relation to the sun
affects temperatures on Earth. 
• The rotation of the earth causes day and
night. 
• The earth’s revolution and its tilt in relation
to the sun produce the seasons. 
• Global temperatures may be increasing as
a result of human activity.
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Section 2: Factors Affecting Climate
Key Points
(pages 59–64)
• Latitude and elevation affect climate. 
• Wind patterns and ocean currents play a key
role in the earth’s climates. 
• Climate is affected by recurring phenomena
such as El Niño. 
• Landforms shape and are shaped by climate
patterns.
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Section 3: World Climate Patterns
(pages 65–69)
Key Points
• Geographers divide the world into major
climate regions. 
• Each climate region has its own characteristic
natural vegetation. 
• Climate patterns change over time as a result
of both natural processes and human activity.
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Reviewing Key Terms
Classify these key terms under the correct heading:
earth-sun relationships, climate factors, or climate
patterns.
axis
current
El Niño
mixed forest
prairie
revolution
chaparral
deciduous
equinox
oasis
prevailing wind
solstice
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Coriolis effect
doldrums
greenhouse effect
permafrost
rain shadow
temperature
Reviewing Key Terms
Classify these key terms under the correct heading:
earth-sun relationships, climate factors, or climate
patterns.
axis
current
El Niño
mixed forest
prairie
revolution
chaparral
deciduous
equinox
oasis
prevailing wind
solstice
Coriolis effect
doldrums
greenhouse effect
permafrost
rain shadow
temperature
Earth-Sun Relationships:
equinox, revolution, solstice, axis
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answers.
Reviewing Key Terms
Classify these key terms under the correct heading:
earth-sun relationships, climate factors, or climate
patterns.
axis
current
El Niño
mixed forest
prairie
revolution
chaparral
deciduous
equinox
oasis
prevailing wind
solstice
Coriolis effect
doldrums
greenhouse effect
permafrost
rain shadow
temperature
Climate Factors:
greenhouse effect, Coriolis effect, temperature,
prevailing wind, doldrums, rain shadow, El Niño,
current
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answers.
Reviewing Key Terms
Classify these key terms under the correct heading:
earth-sun relationships, climate factors, or climate
patterns.
axis
current
El Niño
mixed forest
prairie
revolution
chaparral
deciduous
equinox
oasis
prevailing wind
solstice
Coriolis effect
doldrums
greenhouse effect
permafrost
rain shadow
temperature
Climate Patterns:
mixed forest, deciduous, chaparral, permafrost,
oasis, prairie
Reviewing Facts
Section 1: Earth-Sun Relationships
What are the effects of the earth’s tilt,
rotation, and revolution?
All cause changes in the way the sun’s
rays strike the earth, leading to day-night,
seasons, and climate variations.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 1: Earth-Sun Relationships
What are the differences in sunlight at the
Tropic of Cancer, the Tropic of Capricorn,
and the Poles?
The Tropic of Cancer receives direct
sunlight in June. The Tropic of Capricorn
receives direct sunlight in December.
The Poles never receive direct sunlight.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 1: Earth-Sun Relationships
How is CO2 related to the greenhouse
effect?
Carbon dioxide traps heat in the
atmosphere.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Factors Affecting Climate
List three key factors that affect climate.
The three key factors that affect climate
are latitude, air and ocean currents, and
landforms.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Factors Affecting Climate
Describe the changes in air pressure that
occur during an El Niño year. How do these
changes affect wind patterns?
The trade winds diminish or even reverse
direction.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Factors Affecting Climate
How do large bodies of water and mountains
affect climate?
Large bodies of water bring cool or warm
currents that cool or warm land. Mountains
cause rain shadows with heavy precipitation
on the windward side and arid climates on
the leeward side.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 3: World Climate Patterns
What are the major climate regions into
which geographers divide the earth?
Geographers divide the earth into the
tropical, dry, mid-latitude, high latitude,
and highlands climate regions.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 3: World Climate Patterns
What main types of vegetation grow in the
earth’s major climate regions?
Rain forest or savanna grass grows in a
tropical region. Scrub or treeless grasslands
occur in a dry region. Various trees, shrubs,
and prairie grasses grow in a mid-latitude
region. Needled evergreens, short grasses,
mosses, and lichens grow in a high latitude
region. The type of vegetation in a
highlands region varies with elevation.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 3: World Climate Patterns
In what ways might the burning of fossil
fuels affect a region’s vegetation?
Emissions can harm vegetation through
smog, acid rain, and global warming.
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Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences How might
increased global warming affect the earth’s
climates? Give examples to support your
answer.
Higher temperatures would melt polar ice
and raise sea levels. This would disrupt
ocean currents.
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Critical Thinking
Making Generalizations Why do the midlatitudes have a temperate climate?
Ocean winds moderate the temperatures.
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Locating Places
Match the letters on the map with the appropriate places
and physical features.
__1.
Equator
__5.
Tropic of Cancer
C
D
__2.
Arctic Circle
A
__3.
Tropic of Capricorn
E
__4.
Warm current,
G
Atlantic
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__6.
Antarctic Circle
B
__7.
Cold current,
F
Pacific
Why is a straight line not always the
“fastest route between two points” when
sailing over long distances?
The Coriolis effect causes wind patterns
and ocean currents to move diagonally.
Sailors may make better use of prevailing
winds and currents by plotting courses that
follow these variations.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Explore online information about the topics
introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites
correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://geography.glencoe.com
Use the graph below and your knowledge of
geography to answer the question. If you have
trouble answering the question, use the process
of elimination to narrow your choices.
1. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the graph?
F.
Severe tropical storms are rare in Oceania.
G. East and South Asia have about four times as many severe tropical
storms as Southwest Africa.
H. North and Central America never go through a month without
a storm.
J.
South America does not have tropical storms.
Test-Taking Tip Read the title and labels on the graph carefully to
determine what is being presented. For example, the label on the
bottom of the graph tells you that only selected regions are shown.
The label on the left indicates the number of storms per year, but not
the month in which they occur.
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Health Scientists have noted rising rates of diseases
that may stem from environmental hazards. Skin
cancer, triggered by exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet
rays, is rising as the atmosphere’s protective ozone
layer thins.
Tropics
Maelstrom
El Niño
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn are named for
the constellations through which the sun appears to
be traveling when its rays strike these lines of latitude
directly.
The Maelstrom is a swift current in the Arctic Ocean
off the coast of Norway. Strong winds cause this
dangerous current to form huge whirlpools that can
destroy small ships. After American author Edgar
Allen Poe wrote about the Maelstrom, its name came
to mean any whirlpool or any kind of severe turmoil.
The El Niño phenomenon generally occurs during
December or January, around the Christmas season,
so Peruvian sailors nicknamed the event after the
Christ Child–el niño santo, “the holy little boy” in
Spanish.
El Niño
a periodic reversal of the pattern of ocean currents
and water temperatures in the mid-Pacific region
Reading a Diagram
Have you ever assembled a model airplane or car? Kits and
how-to books give detailed instructions that often include
diagrams. Because they present information visually, diagrams
can help explain ideas and processes easily.
Reading a Diagram
Learning the Skill
A diagram is a graphic design that shows a process or event.
Diagrams are extremely useful in communicating information
clearly and quickly. A diagram can show placement,
relationships, cycles, and movement, using symbols and
drawn objects. Diagrams can be very useful for showing
changes over time or for comparing two or more actions or
relationships. Presenting information visually can make
complex events or ideas more understandable.
Reading a Diagram
Learning the Skill
Newspapers, magazines, and the Internet use diagrams to
supplement writing information. Geographers use diagrams to
explain complex processes such as climate and weather
phenomena. A diagram can be a very effective way of
communicating an idea.
Reading a Diagram
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to understand a diagram: 
• Note its title, caption, and labels. These features
provide information that is important for understanding
the diagram. 
• Study carefully the objects and symbols used. Some–
times a diagram includes a key to the symbols. 
• Look at the relationships or actions shown. If the
diagram compares two or more things, look for details that
show how the relationship or action changes under different
circumstances.
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Reading a Diagram
Practicing the Skill
The diagrams on page 70 of your textbook explain and
compare two aspects of the greenhouse effect. Use the
diagrams to answer the following questions.
1. Describe the two aspects of the greenhouse effect shown
in the diagrams.
Two aspects of the greenhouse effect are out-ofbalance, and functioning.
2. How is plant life different in the two diagrams?
In the out-of-balance aspect, there is little plant life. In the
functioning aspect, there is lots of plant life.
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Reading a Diagram
Practicing the Skill
The diagrams on page 70 of your textbook explain and
compare two aspects of the greenhouse effect. Use the
diagrams to answer the following questions.
3. What objects are shown as contributing more carbon to
the atmosphere?
Exhaust from internal-combustion engines of cars and
factory smokestacks are shown as contributing more
carbon to the atmosphere.
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Reading a Diagram
Practicing the Skill
The diagrams on page 70 of your textbook explain and
compare two aspects of the greenhouse effect. Use the
diagrams to answer the following questions.
4. How is the amount of heat retained in the Earth’s
atmosphere related to the amount of carbon in the
atmosphere?
The more carbon in the atmosphere, the more heat is
retained.
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Maps
World Zones of Latitude and Wind Patterns
World Ocean Currents
World Climate Regions
World Natural Vegetation Regions
Charts
The Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere
El Niño
The Rain Shadow Effect
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Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
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