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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: The Opposing Sides
• Assess the strengths and weaknesses of
each region’s economy. 
• Contrast the political situations of the Union
and the Confederacy.
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Why It Matters
The Civil War was a milestone in American
history. The four-year-long struggle
determined the nation’s future. With the
North’s victory, slavery was abolished.
During the war, the Northern economy grew
stronger, while the Southern economy
stagnated. Military innovations, including
the expanded use of railroads and the
telegraph, coupled with a general
conscription, made the Civil War the first
“modern” war.
The Civil War (1861-65)
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Lincoln wins the election of 1860
Lower S secedes the Union
Forms the CSA
Confederates attack Fort Sumter
Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to put down
the rebellion (90 day enlistment)
“On to Richmond” battle cry
Civil War (cont’d)
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Upper S secedes the Union (VA, NC, TN, AR)
CSA moves the capitol from Montgomery to
Richmond, VA
Lincoln uses Executive power
Congress not in session
“indispensible to the public safety
Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus
Civil War (cont’d)
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Martial law in border states (would increase S
population 50%)
Union volunteers begin training
Union thinks a quick capture of Richmond will
end the war (90 day war)
Choosing sides
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Some families split
3 of Mary Todd Lincoln’s brothers died fighting
for the Confederacy
313 Union officers resign to join the CSA
Robert E. Lee turns down offer from Winfield
Scott and Abraham Lincoln to command the
Union forces
Confederate and Union
Strengths and
Weaknesses
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Union Strengths
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22 million to 9 million (5.5 white)
More men for battle
More men for factory work
85% of factories (convert to war materials)
Produce guns, ammo, clothing, and shoes for the army
70% of RR
Movement of troops, food, and supplies easier
(communication) telegraph
Union Strengths (cont’d)
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Better balance of farming and industry (65%)
Far more money in banks
A functioning government
Existing army and navy (most sailors from N)
Advantages and Disadvantages
(cont.)
What financial advantages did the North have over the
South?
The North controlled the national treasury and was able
to continue collecting money from tariffs. Northern
banks loaned the federal government money by buying
government bonds. The Legal Tender Act passed by
Congress created a national currency and allowed the
government to issue paper money. Southern planters
and banks could not buy bonds. The Union Navy
blockaded Southern ports, so money raised by taxing
trade was greatly reduced. To raise money, the South
taxed its own people. Many Southerners refused to pay
the taxes. The South was forced to print its own paper
money, which caused rapid inflation in the South.
(pages 351–352)
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Confederate Strengths
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Know the land
7 of 8 military colleges are in the S
Best trained officers are Southerners
Fighting to preserve their way of life
Just have to keep from losing the war (will hurt
them)
Jagged coastline (easier to defend)
Choosing Sides (cont.)
What military advantages did the North and the
South have at the start of the Civil War?
One-third of the Union’s military officers resigned
and joined the Confederacy. The South had a strong
military tradition. Seven of the eight military colleges
were in the South, so the South had a large number
of trained army officers. The North had a strong
naval tradition. Three-fourths of the U.S. Navy’s
officers were from the North. The North had a large
pool of trained sailors from merchant ships. Most of
the navy’s warships and all but one shipyard were
under Union control.
(pages 350–351)
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Weak Southern Government
Why was President Jefferson Davis’s ability
to conduct the war limited?
The Confederate constitution emphasized
states’ rights, which limited the central
government’s power and interfered with
Davis’s ability to conduct the war.
(page 353 )
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Sec 1 Review
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Name some reasons why Lee chose not to
accept the position of Major General in the US
army.
Name some of the strengths of the Union in
the war.
Name some of the strengths of the
Confederacy in the war.
Confederate and Union
Military Strategies
Union Strategy
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Developed by Winfield Scott (after 1st Bull Run)
The Anaconda Plan
Surround the S and squeeze them into
submission (500,000 man army)
Naval blockade of S ports
Keep S from shipping cotton ($)
Keep manufactured goods from getting in
Control the Mississippi River (split S in two)
Confederate Strategy
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Plan a war of attrition (leadership)
Defensive war (not what many soldiers want)
Fight as long as they can until the other side
quits
Withhold cotton from Britain and European
countries so they will help with the war
The Diplomatic Challenge (cont.)
At the outbreak of the Civil War, what did
Confederates want from Europeans?
Confederates wanted Europeans to
recognize the Confederacy and declare the
Union navy’s blockade illegal. They wanted
Europeans to help the South in the war.
(pages 353–354)
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The First “Modern” War (cont.)
Why was the Confederate’s defensive war
of attrition unsuccessful?
This defensive warfare outraged many
Southerners. So Southern troops instead
often went on the defensive, charging
enemy lines and suffering large numbers of
casualties.
(pages 354–356)
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Technology and Tactic Changes
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Old muskets accurate up to 40 yds
Rifles- 500 yd range (minie ball)
New artillery shells
Explode when they hit something
Canisters (shotgun effect)
Shells that exploded above the ground
Leads to trench warfare
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Explain why the South had difficulty
getting supplies from foreign nations.
Foreign countries did not want to risk
war with the United States.
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Reviewing Themes
Groups and Institutions How did a
belief in states’ rights hamper the South
during the war?
The South lacked a strong central
government needed to coordinate
the war effort.
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Critical Thinking
Comparing Why did the North have an
economic advantage over the South?
The Union controlled the U.S. Treasury,
still collected revenues from tariffs, and
many northern banks had large cash
reserves that they could lend to the
government.
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Civics Life in the northwestern counties of
Virginia was very different from life in the
lowland areas. Small farms, not plantations
worked by enslaved persons, dominated the
landscape. The northwestern Virginians did not
see why they should leave the Union to protect
the rights of slaveholders. In August 1861 the
northwestern counties broke away to apply for
statehood as West Virginia.