* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ancient Rome and Early Christianity
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Rome (TV series) wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Augustus wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Rome and Early Christianity 500 BC – 500 AD Ch 6 The Roman Republic Sec 1 What do you know about Rome? Objectives • Describe the formation of the Roman Republic and the spread of its influence • Understand the importance of the Twelve Tables Origins of Rome • Legend says that the city was founded by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars and a Latin princess • The twins were abandoned as infants and raised by a she-wolf Geography • Rome was built on 7 rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River, near the center of the Italian peninsula • Midpoint between the Alps and Italy’s southern tip First Romans • The earliest settlers in Italy arrived in prehistoric times • From 1000 BC – 500 BC 3 groups inhabited the region and fought for control Latins • Latins –built the original settlement at Rome, a cluster of wooden huts atop one of the 7 hills Greeks • Greeks- established colonies along southern Italy and Sicily – Brought all of Italy, including Rome, into closer contact with Greek civilization Etruscans • Etruscans- natives to northern Italy who were skilled metalworkers and engineers – Influenced through their alphabet and architecture like the arch The Early Republic • Around 600 BC an Etruscan became king of Rome • In following decades Rome grew from a collection of hilltop villages to a city that covered nearly 500 square miles • The last king of Rome, Tarquin the Proud, was a harsh tyrant who was driven from power in 509 BC Republic • The Romans declare they would never be ruled by a king again • The Romans established a republic, form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders • Citizenship with voting rights was granted only to free-born male citizens Patricians and Plebians • Different groups struggled for power in the early republic • Patricians- wealthy landowners who held most of the power – Inherited power and social status • Plebeians- common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population – Barred by law from holding the highest government positions Tribunes • Tribunes- political body elected by the plebeians that protected them from unfair acts of patrician officials Twelve Tables • Twelve Tables- written laws hung in the Forum that established the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law Government • Mix of monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy • Consuls- 2 people who directed the army and government like kings. – Limited to a one year term • Senate- 300 aristocratic lawmakers who were chosen from the upper class of Roman society • Dictator- leader with absolute power that could be appointed to power for 6 months in times of distress Roman Army • Great value was placed on the military • All citizens who owned land were required to serve • Roman soldiers were organized into legionslarge military units made up of 5000 foot soldiers • Each legion was supported by cavalry, soldiers on horseback • Legions were divided into centuries, made up of 80 men Rome Spread its Power • By 265 BC Rome conquered the Etruscans to the north and the Greek citystates to the south • Kept a lenient policy towards conquered states. – Closest to Rome became full citizens – Territories that were farther became citizens except for the right to vote – All others became allies who were left alone as long as they supplied troops to the army Rome’s Commercial Network • Rome’s location gave it easy access to the Mediterranean Sea • Merchants moved by land and sea • They traded wine and olive oil for a variety of foods, raw materials, and manufactured goods from other lands War with Carthage • Punic Wars- 3 wars between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC • The first war resulted in control of Sicily for Rome Hannibal • Hannibal- Carthaginian general and brilliant military strategist who fought against Rome • Army consisted of 50,000 men, 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants • Led his men across the Alps to surprise the Romans • Initially worked but was never able to take Rome Rome Triumphs • Romans decided to attack Carthage and force Hannibal to defend his home city • In 202 BC Hannibal was defeated at Zama near Carthage • During the Third Punic War, Rome laid siege to Carthage • The city was burned at all 50,000 inhabitants were sold into slavery The Roman Empire Sec 2 What kind of government did Rome have? Collapse of the Republic • The republican government grew more unstable as the empire got bigger • As Rome grew the gap between rich and poor got bigger • Small farmers could not compete with rich landowners who owned huge estates run by slaves • Many farmers were forced to sell their land and move to cities to look for work Civil War • Civil War- conflict between groups within the same country • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted to help Rome’s poor by proposing reforms but were both assassinated Military Upheaval • As the republic grew more unstable generals began taking power for themselves • They recruited soldiers by promising them land and pay • Soldiers were now loyal to their commanders and not the republic Julius Caesar • Julius Caesar- Roman military leader who became dictator for life in 44 BC • In 60 BC, Caesar joined forces with Crassus and Pompey • With their help, Caesar was elected consul in 59 BC • For the next 10 years they dominated Rome as a triumverate- group of 3 rulers Julius Caesar • After his 1 year as consul, Caesar appointed himself governor of Gaul (France) • From 58-50BC, he led his men in a successful campaign to conquer all of Gaul • Victories in Gaul earned him respect and loyalty of his troops and the people of Rome Caesar vs. Pompey • In 50 BC, at Pompey’s urging, the Senate ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return home • In January 49 BC, Caesar marched his army to Rome and Pompey fled • After defeating Pompey’s army in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt, Caesar returned to Rome Caesar’s Rule • In 46 BC Julius Caesar was named dictator and in 44 BC he was named dictator for life • Caesar governed as an absolute ruler, one who has total power Caesar’s Reforms • Granted citizenship to people in many provinces • Expanded the Senate • Created jobs through the construction of new public buildings • Started colonies where people without land could own property • Increased pay for soldiers Et tu, Brute? • Many nobles and senators were worried about Caesar’s growing power, success, and popularity • March 15, 44 BC Caesar was stabbed 23 times by assassins led by Brutus and Cassius Beginning of the Empire • Another civil war broke out after Caesar’s death • Caesar’s supporters led by Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus crushed the assassins and took control of Rome • Ruled for 10 years as the Second Triumverate Alliance Falls Apart • Mark Antony and Octavian start another civil war after mark Antony falls in love with Cleopatra of Egypt • Octavian eventually wins and excepts the title of Augustus or “exalted one” and rules the Roman empire alone Pax Romana • Pax Romana- means “Roman peace”, period from 27 BC to 180 AD where Rome was at peace – Roman empire included more than 3 million square miles – Population numbered between 60 million and 80 million – About 1 million people in the city of Rome itself Government • The government established by Augustus was able to maintain stability in the empire long after his death in 14 AD • Civil service- paid workers to manage the affairs of the government such as grain supply, tax collection, and postal service • The civil service carried out the day to day operations of the empire Agriculture and Trade • Agriculture was the most important industry in the empire • About 90% of the people were engaged in farming • Rome also had a vast trading network • Roman merchants protected by the navy traveled as far as India and China • A complex network of roads built by the army connected the empire to far off places such as Russia and Persia Ancient Roman Jobs The Roman World • Most people lived in the countryside and worked on farms • Slavery was a significant part of Roman life – May have been 1/3 of the population • Most were conquered people brought back to work on farms or in the cities • Occasionally slaves would rebel, more than 1 million died trying to gain their freedom Spartacus • Slave who rebelled against Rome Gods and Goddesses Society and Culture • Wealth and social status made a huge difference in the Roman Empire • The rich lived extravagantly while most Romans barely had necessities • Much of the city’s population was unemployed and relied on grain rations for food • Most people lived in rickety, sprawling tenements Why did the Roman government build the Colosseum? Distractions • To distract the masses the government provided free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contests • By 250 AD there were 150 public holidays • Colosseum- huge arena that held 50,000 people Colosseum YouTube - Benhur Chariot Race.mpg Pompeii Pompeii • Roman city located at the base of Mt Vesuvius • Eruption in 79 AD buried the city under 60 feet of ash and pumice • Accidentally discovered in 1748 Rise of Christianity Sec 3 Rome in Judea • Roman power spread to Judea, home of the Jews, around 63 BC • Judea remained independent until 6 AD when Rome made it a province of the empire • According to the Bible, God had promised the Messiah would arrive and restore the kingdom of the Jews Map of Judea Jesus of Nazareth • Sometime between 4 and 6 AD a Jew named Jesus was born in the town of Bethlehem in Judea • Jesus was raised in the village of Nazareth in northern Palestine • Baptized by a prophet named John the Baptist • Took up the trade of carpentry as a young man Jesus • At the age of 30, Jesus began his public ministry • For the next 3 years he taught, did good works, and reportedly performed miracles Teachings • Jesus emphasized God’s personal relationship to each human being • Stressed the importance of love for God, neighbors, enemies, and self • God will end the wickedness in the world and establish an eternal kingdom for those who have repented for their sins • The teachings of Jesus contained many Jewish beliefs – Monotheism – 10 Commandments A Growing Movement • Historical records of the time mention very little about Jesus • The main source of information about his teachings are the Gospels, the first 4 books of the New Testament • Some of the Gospels are thought to have been written by one or more of Jesus’ 12 disciples or apostles Growing Movement • As Jesus preached from town to town, his fame grew • He had a particular appeal to the poor • Blessed are the meek for they will inherit the earth Jesus’ Death • Jesus’ popularity was alarming to both the Romans and Jewish leaders • When Jesus visited Jerusalem around 29 BC crowds greeted him as the Messiah • The chief Jewish priests denied that Jesus was the Messiah, saying that his teachings were blasphemy Pontius Pilate • The Roman governor Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of defying Roman authority • Jesus was arrested and sentenced to be crucified, nailed a large wooden cross to die Resurrection • After Jesus’ death, his body was placed in a tomb • According to the Gospels, after 3 days the body was gone, and a living Jesus began appearing to his followers • Jesus then came to be referred to as Jesus Christ, Greek for savior Spread of Christianity • Despite political and religious opposition, Christianity began to spread throughout the empire • Paul apostle who had an enormous influence on the development of Christianity • He taught that Christians should allow anyone to convert Jewish Rebellion • In 66 AD a band of Jews rebelled against the Romans • In 70 AD the Romans stormed Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple • All that remains of the Temple is the western wall Diaspora • Diaspora- dispersal of the Jews • After a second rebellion in 132 AD most Jews were driven from their homeland into exile Persecution of Christians • Christian refusal to worship Roman gods was seen as opposition to Roman rule • Some Roman rulers blamed the Christians for political and economic troubles • Thousands of Christians were crucified, burned, or killed by wild animals in arenas A World Religion • Despite persecution, Christianity continued to grow • By the 3rd century there were millions of them in Rome Why did Christianity spread so quickly? Appeal of Christianity • Embraced all people • Gave hope to the powerless • Appealed to those who were appalled with the extravagances of imperial Rome • Offered a personal relationship with a loving God • Promised an eternal life after death Constantine • Constantine- Roman emperor who converted to Christianity in 312 AD • Edict of Milan- ended the persecution of Jews in 313 BC Early Church • Priests led the church on the local level • Bishops- priests who supervised several local churches • Peter- apostle who became the first pope • Pope- father or head of the church Nicene Creed • Nicene Creed- document written in 325 BC that defines the basic beliefs of the Church. Fall of the Roman Empire Sec 4 Marcus Aurelius • Marcus Aureliuslast emperor of Pax Romana • (161- 180 AD) Rome’s Economy Weakens • Hostile tribes and pirates interrupted trade • Reached the limits of their expansion • No new resources for gold or silver • Raised taxes • Began minting more coins with less silver in them • Inflation- drop in the value of money coupled with a rise in prices Military and Political Turmoil • Soldiers became less disciplined • Loyal to commanders and not Rome • Hired mercenaries, soldiers who fought for money, to defend the empire • Citizens became indifferent Diocletian • Diocletian- military leader who became emperor in 284 AD and divided the empire into 2 halves • Rome was divided into the Latin speaking west (Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain) and Greek speaking east (Greece, Anatolia, Egypt, Syria) Constantine • After Diocletian’s death Constantine became emperor of the western empire • In 324 Constantine gained control of the east and reunited the empire • He also move the capital to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople Western Empire Falls • In 370 a group of Mongol nomads known as the Huns moved into the Germanic areas • To escape the Huns the Germanic people invaded Rome and settled in Gaul, Spain, and Africa • In 410, Germans overran Rome itself and plundered in for 3 days Attila the Hun • Attila the Hun- powerful Hun chieftain who united the Huns and attacked both halves of the Roman empire • With his army of 100,000 men he plundered 70 cities but was unable to conquer Rome due to famine and disease The Last Emperor • Romulus Augustulus- 14 year old boy who was last emperor of the Roman empire, was ousted by Germanic forces in 476 Byzantine Empire • Byzantine Empire- eastern half of the Roman empire that flourished for another 1000 years after the fall of Rome Legacy of Rome • Greco-Roman Culture- mix of Hellenistic, Greek, and Roman cultures • Latin Language- influenced many other languages- French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, English Architecture • • • • Arch, dome, columns Concrete Aqueducts Roads Laws • All persons have the right to equal treatment • Innocent until proven guilty • Burden of poop lies with the accuser • A person should be punished only for actions, not thoughts • Unfair laws could be set aside