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Ancient Rome From Republic to Empire The Pre-Roman World Legendary Rome • Romulus founds Rome 753 BCE – Another legend – Romulus probably named for Rome – “Rome” may come from a word for “river” THE ROMAN MONARCHY to 509 B.C. According to tradition, early Rome was ruled by KINGS elected by the people. – The king's executive power was conferred by a POPULAR ASSEMBLY made up of all arms-bearing citizens. – The king turned for advice to a council of nobles, called the SENATE. – Each senator had lifelong tenure and the members of this group and their families constituted the PATRICIAN class. – The other class of Romans, the PLEBEIANS (commoners) included small farmers, artisans, and many clients (dependents of patrician landowners). In return for a livelihood, the clients gave their patrician patrons political support in the ASSEMBLY ROMAN SENATE EARLY REPUBLIC 509-133 B.C. • In 509 B.C., according to tradition, the PATRICIANS expelled the last Etruscan king and established a REPUBLIC. • The power to rule was transferred to two new officials called CONSULS. • Elected annually from the patrician class, the consul exercised their power in the interests of that class. • Although the PATRICIANS controlled the government, they found themselves unable to exist without the plebeians. • The PLEBEIANS produced the FOOD and supplied the LABOR that kept the Roman economy going. • They also supplied the soldiers for the Roman MILITARY – especially important since Rome was in continual military conflict during the age of the Republic. PLEBEIAN STRUGGLE FOR EQUAL RIGHTS • For more than two centuries following the establishment of the Republic, the plebeians struggled for political and social equality. – Outright civil war was averted by the willingness of the patricians to compromise. – The unofficial body was known as the PLEBEIAN COUNCIL. – It was presided over by plebeian officials called TRIBUNES, whose job was to safeguard the interests of the plebeians and to negotiate with the consuls and the Senate. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS • Because the consuls often interpreted Rome's unwritten customary law to suit PATRICIAN INTERESTS, the plebeians demanded that it be written down. – As a result, about 450 B.C., the law was inscribed on twelve tablets of bronze and set up publicly in the Forum. – The LAW OF THE TWELVE TABLETS was the first landmark in the long history of Roman law. Roman Emperors • 1st Triumvirate 60 BC – Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar • Crassus Died in battle • Caesar famous and loved for conquests in Gaul • Senators and Pompey fearful of popularity • Voted for Caesar to lay down sword and be a citizen of Rome Roman Emperors • Caesar crosses the Rubicon – Enters Rome as an enemy of the state – Civil war • Caesar enters Rome unscathed • Later, battles between Pompey and Caesar – Pompey defeated, Caesar becomes dictator of Rome – In 44 BC Senators, led by his friend Brutus, assassinated him on the Senate floor. Crossing the Rubicon Assassination of Caesar Roman Emperors • 2nd Triumvirate – Octavian, Antony, Lepidus • Octavian—Caesar’s grandnephew and heir • Antony—Caesar’s assistant and “righthand-man” • Lepidus—commander in Caesar’s cavalry • Antony took eastern Rome • Octavian took western Rome – Eventually came into conflict – Antony allied with Cleopatra, Egyptian Queen Antony and cleopatra • Antony and Cleopatra fell in love • As Octavian’s army approached Egypt, they decided to commit suicide together – Antony was told that Cleopatra had died, so he stabbed himself – Cleopatra then laid by his side and let a venomous snake bite her chest Octavian into Augustus • Proclaimed restoration of republic – Knew that it couldn’t be restored, but wanted to make the senate happy – Gave senate some powers, but remained “imperator” or emperor – Senate gave him title of “Augustus” which is usually reserved for gods. – Ruled until 14 AD (CE) Early Empire • After Augustus, era called “Early Empire” – Emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero • • • • All part of Augustus’ family tree All stripped away powers from senate Civil war broke out after Nero’s suicide Era of unrest and tension • Pax Romana – Era after “Early Empire” – Roman Peace • 5 “good” emperors – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius Rome Expands Rome Expands Rome Expands Rome Expands Rome Expands Rome Expands Rome Expands LATE Roman empire • Diocletian 284 – 305 – Split Rome into 4 prefectures – 2 parts – East and West • Constantine 306 – 337 CE – Continued this splitting of Rome policy – Built Constantinople on Byzantium • Great defensive cities in the world Rome and Christianity • Constantine – Issued the Edict of Milan • Proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity • Theodosius 379 – 392 CE – Adopted Christianity as the official religion of the Roman empire The End of the Roman Empire • By 395 CE Huns were pushing the Visigoths and Vandals out of their lands. • Visigoths and vandals constantly crushing the Romans • By 476 CE Rome had been sacked • Ancient Rome had an AGRICULTURAL, SLAVE-BASED ECONOMY whose main purpose was to feed the vast number of citizens and legionaries who populated the Mediterranean region. • When the Romans conquered the Mediterranean, they took millions of SLAVES to Italy, where they worked on the large plantations or in the houses and workplaces of wealthy citizens. • The Italian economy depended on abundant slave labor, with slaves constituting 40 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION. Slaves served as singers, scribes, jewelers, bartenders, and even doctors. One slave trained in medicine was worth the price of 50 agricultural slaves. • The Romans believed that GODS CONTROLLED THEIR LIVES and, as a result, spent a great deal of their time worshipping them. • The most important god was JUPITER. He was the king of gods who ruled with his wife JUNO, the goddess of the sky. • Other gods includes MARS, MERCURY, NEPTUNE, JANIS, DIANA, VESTA, MINERVA, VENUS. • After the reign of the EMPEROR AUGUSTUS (27 BC to AD 14), the emperor was also considered to be a god and he was worshipped on special occasions. • In terms of the arts, Roman citizens were practical people who spent less time on art, literature, and philosophy and more time on ENGINEERING, CONSTRUCTION, and MILITARY OPERATIONS. ENGINEERING PRACTICES • In designing their bridges and aqueducts, the Romans placed a series of STONE ARCHES next to one another to provide mutual support. • Fourteen AQUEDUCTS, stretching a total of 265 miles, supplied some 50 gallons of water daily for each inhabitant of Rome. • The practical nature of the Romans and their skill and initiative in engineering were demonstrated in the many DAMS, RESERVOIRS, and HARBORS they built.