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Caesar and Rome Background Two thousand years ago, the world was ruled by Rome. From England to Africa and from Syria to Spain, one in every four people on earth lived and died under Roman law. The Roman Empire at 44 BC at the death of Caesar Compare these two maps. The one on the left shows territories held by Rome before Caesar came to power; the map on the right shows how much Caesar expanded Roman territory. Another way to compare the growth of the Roman Empire. Monarchy to Empire • Rome could not handle its own size and power • Romans spent centuries debating and fighting civil wars while trying to decide on the most effective type of government Roman Forum A Brief History of Roman Government Monarchy: overthrown in 509 BCE Republic: 509 – 100 BCE Triumvirate (3-man rule): 60-48 BCE Dictatorship: 48 BCE until fall of Rome (apx. 476 CE/AD) Question: Which forms of Roman government lasted the longest? Roman Republic • Being a citizen of the Roman Republic meant that you could travel and trade throughout the entire area ruled by Rome. • All conquered people had the opportunity to become citizens. Republican Government • SPQR= Senatus Populus Que Romanus (Senate and the People of Rome) • Patricians = wealthy nobles • Plebians = everybody else • The Roman Republic was ruled by a Senate and the People Senate: (Patricians) • Headed by 2 elected Consuls (1 year term) • Proposed laws, oversaw officials, and elected the consuls • Dealt with foreign affairs and the military People (plebians) • organized by tribes • elected 10 tribunes • governed local affairs Corruption in the Senate • Expanded wealth and territory through a series of foreign wars • Generals became more powerful, they began to ignore the Senate • Internal corruption & conflict wracked the Senate Enter…Julius Caesar! Julius Caesar • Born into an aristocratic family around 100 BCE • Entered military and rose quickly through the military and political ranks • General • Consul • Governor of Gaul • Was a ruthless conqueror • Wanted to return Rome to an uncorrupt republic. *I came, I saw, I conquered First Triumvirate Crassus • Caesar allied himself with two other political figures: Pompey • Crassus - wealthy nobleman • Pompey the Great - general • Crassus and Pompey were rivals, but Caesar was able to bring them together • Caesar was Governor of Gaul (modern-day France); recruits soldiers & subdues rest of population • Crassus killed in battle, sets off a power struggle between Pompey & Caesar Civil War A nervous Senate calls on Caesar to resign and disband his army or risk being declared an 'Enemy of the State'. Caesar marches on Rome, throwing the empire into civil war. Civil War, continued No legions were allowed in city of Rome, so Caesar settled his legions outside city walls. He defeated Pompey. Generous in victory, gives rivals amnesty and allows them to return to government positions What might be the advantages and disadvantages of Caesar allowing his rivals to return to government positions? Caesar as Dictator Position insecure No heir- does not adopt great nephew Octavian (widely known as Augustus) until after his death. Created many enemies due to civil war Reformed the Roman Calendar Restructured local governments Settled veteran soldiers into new homes Granted citizenship to foreigners Dictator for 2 years Julius Caesar Characters You will receive a copy of this slide for your notes Julius CaesarRoman general and senator, aspires to benevolent dictatorship Octavius Caesar (Augustus), nephew, heir to throne CalpurniaCaesar’s wife, superstitious and ambitious Mark Antonygeneral, loyal follower of Caesar, passionate & impulsive Soothsayeroracle or seer, warns Caesar "beware the Ides of March" M. Aemilus Lepidus- Marcus Brutus- friend of Caesar, highranking nobleman, idealist, conspirator trusted by Octavius, easily controlled PortiaBrutus's wife & confidante, daughter of a political figure Cassiusgeneral, unscrupulous & shrewd, organizes conspiracy Cascaconspirator, cynical poseur for Caesar Deciusconspirator