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Ancient Rome
Lesson 3
The Roman Empire
Terms to Know
• Province, Colosseum, aqueduct, polytheism,
arch
The Decline of the Roman Empire
• Even though the empire ruled a large area,
Rome was in trouble. Some leaders tried to
break up estates and give land to the
plebeians. The patricians fought back, and
plebeian leaders were murdered.
• During the next seventy-five years, Roman
generals fought for power. As Rome seemed
to be breaking up, a strong leader emerged;
Julius Caesar.
Rise of Julius Caesar
• Caesar was born into a patrician family in
100 B.C. Use both books to list Caesar’s
accomplishments. You should have at least
four achievements.
What happened when he invaded Gaul? Use
your new textbook for this answer.
Caesar then marched into Italy during its time of
turmoil.
Civil War and Julius Caesar
• Use will find the information from your old
textbook for this section. In 49 B.C. Caesar
and his rebel army marched into Italy. Civil
War broke out and spilled into Egypt.
• Define civil war. Explain the phrase “spilled
into Egypt”. Discuss.
• Caesar sought help from
• Cleopatra.
• Who was Cleopatra?
Civil War and Caesar
Caesar asks
Cleopatra for
help.
Cleopatra asks
Caesar for help.
Cleopatra wants
to overthrow
her brother.
They both get
what they
wanted.
Caesar wants
money to fight.
Civil War and Caesar
• Caesar returned to Italy and won control of
Rome. He then pronounced himself dictator
of Rome and dissolved the Roman Republic in
45 B.C.
• Define dictator. Under Roman law, a dictator
could only rule for 6 months; however, Caesar
ruled for much longer and he ruled like a king.
• Praetors were other officials. They functioned
as junior consuls and later became judges.
Caesar’s Rule
• In your old textbook, read the section on page
237, and list the improvements Caesar
implemented in Rome.
• How did the senators feel about the new
dictatorship and what was their decision to do
about it? Also read the section in your new
textbook on page 234.
• What was important about the “Ides of
March”?
Caesar’s Death
Senate
• Urged him to
meet with
senate
• Stabbed him to
death
Friends
Wife
• Friend said,
“Beware of
Ides of
March”
• Had visions
• Plead with
him not to go
The Roman Republic
• After Caesar’s death, the struggle for power in
Rome grew; meanwhile, patricians and
plebeians each tried to win control for
themselves. As problems in Rome increased,
conquered peoples rebelled against their
Roman governors. By the centuries end, a
period known as the Pax Romana, which is
Latin for “Roman peace”.
Life After Caesar
Caesar’s
Death
Civil War
After 14
years the
war ended
Octavian
Adopted
son/grand
nephew
Took name
of Augustus
Pax
Romana
Great
changes
Period of
peace
The New Roman Empire
All this information will come from the new
textbook
• After 14 years of civil war, the winner was the
grand nephew and adopted son of Julius
Caesar, Octavian. He defeated some of
Rome’s most experienced generals to become
the next dictator of Rome. As a sign of his
new power, Octavian gave himself the name
Augustus, which means “honored one.” The
month of August was named after him.
The Roman Empire
• Under Augustus, life throughout the Roman
Empire underwent great changes. Most
important, his rule began the Pax Romana.
• This period of peace lasted about 200 years.
Goods moved freely within Rome’s farreaching borders. Romans had bread to eat
each day. Here are a few other improvements
during the Pax Romana--
Pax Romana
Roman money and goods flowed into
other countries.
Wool from Greece, Egyptian linen,
and Chinese silk for clothing
Grain from North
Africa
Pepper and
pearls from Asia
Cooked in pots of
Spanish copper
How did peace
replace war?
Beginning of Augustus’ Reign
• Adopted son of Caesar, Augustus began his
climb for power he shunned the senate;
however, once he became emperor he worked
closely with the senate so he wouldn’t see the
same fate as Caesar. As a result, the people
gave Augustus as much power as he wanted.
The Roman Empire
• Conquered people remained free after
Romans took their lands. The Romans would
break down their empire into provinces;
which is an area of the empire, had a Roman
governor supported by an army. The Romans
built a city in a new province to serve as a
capital.
Provinces
• Romans did not interfere or force their way of life
on the conquered peoples. If the people did not
start trouble, life remained problem free. The
Romans:
• Ran the local government, watched over people
• Allowed the people to follow their own religion
• Didn’t interfere with the people’s lives. As a
result, people learned Roman ways, speak Latin,
and worshipped Roman gods.
Roman Influence
Polytheism-belief
in more than 1 god
Ideas-architecture
and engineering
Influence
Language- began
to speak Latin
Laws
Architecture and Technology
• Arch- a curved structure used as a support over
an open space as in a doorway.
• Concrete- developed an important new building
material- mix of stone, sand, cement, and water.
Were able to build bigger, stronger, and the
multilevel floored buildings.
• Aqueducts-structures that carried water over
long distances.
• Roads- All roads lead to Rome! All major roads
did lead to Rome, so no matter what road
travelers started out on, they could get to Rome.
Influence
• The Colosseum- the site of contests and combats
between people and between people and animals.
• Gladiators- people who fought to the death. Were
often slaves, men or women, enjoyed the fame and
fortune made by fighting.
• What was the term said by the gladiators to Caesar?
• Circuses- arenas (show became known as circuses)
were violent fights, execution of criminals, and clowns
would even entertain.
• Draw the image of the Roman Aqueduct on page 245 in
your new textbook.
Roman Citizens/Life
• In Rome’s day, nothing equaled its power and
influence. A million people lived in the city
and people enjoyed the benefits living as a
Roman citizen.
• To be counted as a Roman citizen, men
registered for the census- an official count of
people living in Rome. Roman men declared
their family, slaves, and wealth to authorities
at census time.
Roman Life
• Census- If a man did not register, he ran the
risk of losing his property or sold into slavery.
Women, girls, slaves, and those who were
freed from slavery were not counted as
citizens.
• All throughout the Roman Empire people
were considered citizens, but the citizens in
the city of Rome had a special love for the city.
Rome and Its Citizens
Government
Officials
Poor
merchants
Rich,
aristocrats
Slaves/
Jobless
Social Classes/Poor
• Rich- elegant homes in the city and in the country
called villas. Many served extravagant meals,
entertainment- musicals, dancers, and
performers.
• Poor/Jobless- lived in poorly built, rundown
housing, apartments with no running water,
toilets, or kitchens. Rubbish and human waste
was dumped in the streets.
• They also received handouts from the
government for wheat to make bread. If the
wheat was bad or late, the poor often rioted.
Roman Life
Government Support
Freeborn
Unmarried
Men with
women with 3
man and
three kids
kids and slaves couples with
would get free
were given
no kids didn’t
land.
privileges
get anything.
Roman Life
Roman Household
• The head of the Roman household is the
paterfamilias; which means father of the
family. This could be great- grandfather,
grandfather, or father.
• The family included everyone in the
household below the rank of paterfamilias:
women, children, and slaves. They all usually
lived in one house and/or shared in family
farms.
Women
marriage
• Left her household
• Moved to new
paterfamilia
freedom
business
• Depended on
husband’s wealth
• Had much
influence on family
• Doctors, business
owners
• Cooks, dressmaker,
hairdressers.
Slaves
• Slavery was common in Rome. Almost every rich
family had slaves and even poor people had
slaves.
• Few owners paid their slaves
• Many took good care of their slaves.
• Some moved up in the family’s household.
• Some slaves lived short, hard lives.
• Slept in chains at night. Worked in copper, tin,
and iron mines, and some trained as rowers on
ships, gladiators, and horseworkers.