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Full video What the Ancients Knew: Romans. Discovery Education. 2005. unitedstreaming. 31 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Chapter 8: A Thousand Years of Rome Chapter 9: Roman Art and Architecture •The student will understand the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. •The student will understand Roman legends and the influence of the Etruscans and Greeks. •The student will understand the rise of the republic and the rise of the empire. •The student will understand Roman religions and philosophy. •The student will understand Rome’s achievement including laws, governments, art, public projects, and science. •The student will understand Roman education and sports. •The student will understand Roman writings including poetry and the Aenid. Rome Legends and Virtues •Romulus and Remus: twin sons of Mars (god of war!!) & Rheas Silvia (daughter of King Numitor). Numitor’s brother took throne and forced Rhea to be a vestal virgin (served goddess Vesta in chastity and obedience), so she would not produce a legitimate heir to throne. He ordered twins put afloat in basket on Tiber river. Romulus and Remus were rescued and nursed by a she-wolf. Then discovered and raised by shepherd couple. When the twins realized who they really were, they Then they established city on the 7 hills of Tiber, but Romulus killed Remus because he made fun of wall built. killed the bad king and restored Numitor to throne. Temple of Romulus Romulus and Remus 6 mins Myths and Legends of Ancient Rome. United Learning. 1995. unitedstreaming. 12 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Holst--THe Planets, Mars Other legend of Rome: Virgil’s Aenid: Read summary on page 127. Then p. 140-141. Then Mythology version. Aeneid PowerPoint The Aeneid 2 mins Journals Through History: Ancient Rome: The Eternal City. Discovery Channel School. 2006. unitedstreaming. 12 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> •Etruscans: Early settlers around Rome. Ruled 6th century BC. They gave street plans, triumphant processions, gladiators, masonry arch, and sanitary and civil engineering. •Romans REJECT luxurious living, life after death, and equality for women. Etruscans 4 mins. Civilizations: Rise to Power. Discovery Channel School. 2005. unitedstreaming. 12 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> •Greek influenced by Magna Graecia 8th century BC colonies. •Romans in awe of Greek culture but hostile to Greek values. •Greek values: urbane, artistic, intellectual, sophisticated. •Roman values: austere, rigid, selfrighteous, manly virtues, physical prowess, duty to state. Roman Republic 509-27 BC: Began with expulsion of Etruscan King (legend) Consuls—two with veto power, elected for a year Senate-patricians Assembly-plebeians Tribune—protector of the people Twelve Tables of Law: Written codes, but harsh code like Draco’s law. Romans never solved problem of land ownership; major cause of empire’s demise. Absentee landlords controlled most land. The Roman Republic: Representative Government, 509-27 BC (00:53) American Revolution, The: From Colonies to Constitution: Shaping the New Nation. United Learning. 2001. unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> The Rise of Republican Rome: •Republic: government of representatives chosen to act for the people at large •What is the difference between democracy and republic? •Romans conquered Italian peninsula •Struggle between patricians and plebeians •After Italy, the Mediterranean: Punic Wars 1st Punic War (264-146) it was concentrated entirely on the island of Sicily. Rome beseiged many of the Carthaginian cities on Sicily, and when Carthage attempted to raise the seige with its navy, the Romans utterly destroyed that navy. (SEE NOTES.) 1st Punic War 7 mins Civilizations: Expansion and Conquest. Discovery Channel School. 2005. unitedstreaming. 16 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> .com/ 2nd Punic War (218-201): Included the invasion by Hannibal crossing the Alp with elephants and attacked Rome. Rome then attacks the unprotected Carthage (Hannibal description; YouTube 2nd Punic war). 3rd Punic War (234-149): Although not a military threat, land hungry Romans attacked an unprepared Carthage. “Delenda est Carthago!” (“Carthage must be destroyed.”)—Cato, the elder. Punic War 3rd Punic War Citation (MLA) Ancient Rome: Expansion and Conquest. Discovery Channel School. 2004. unitedstreaming. 16 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> 146 B.C. Romans conquered Corinth and the entire Hellenistic world and culture (Spread of Greek culture and knowledge to Rome.) “To the victor belong the spoils.” Ovid Romans conquering of Greece 2 mins. Discovering Ancient Greece (1500-100 B.C.). United Learning. 1995. unitedstreaming. 16 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> YouTube Roman Republic summary YouTube from Republic to Empire song Heading for Civil War: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus—Tribunes who tried to reform a Rome that was becoming greedy, filled with slaves, rich generals, and landless, jobless power. The brothers were killed. Generals began seizing power. Sulla vs. Marius. Sulla wins, then replaced by Pompey, then 1st Triumvirate: Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus Julius Caesar(100-44 B.C.): Wrote Commentaries (on Gallic campaign). He was ordered back by the Senate without his troops. He said “The die is cast.” and “crossed the Rubicon.” Had himself named dictator for life in 46 B.C. Assassinated in 44 B.C on the. Ides of March (March 15) Caesar becomes dictator 3 mins Legacy of the Roman Empire, The . Discovery Channel School. 2004. unitedstreaming. 16 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Caesar assassinated 3 mins Legacy of the Roman Empire, The . Discovery Channel School. 2004. unitedstreaming. 16 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> 2nd Triumvirate: Mark Antony, Octavius, Lepidus Marc Antony had Cicero murdered (most famous statesman) and also defeated Brutus and Cassius. “Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.” Brutus from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar. Antony fell for Cleopatra and tried to use Ptolemy XV (Caesar’s son) to gain more power. Octavian’s forces defeat Antony near Actium, Greece. Antony commits suicide. Cleopatra, unable to woo Octavian, commits suicide a year later. Octavian (63 B.C.-A.D. 14) defeated Mark Antony in 31 B.C. near Actium. Becomes Augustus (“revered one”) and princeps (“first citizen”). Imperial Rome •Romans rude farmers compared to cultured Athenians •Culture began under Octavian (Caesar Augustus: Pax Romana: “I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.” (see notes) •Romans absorbed Greek culture and were very practical. Rome:Religious Diversity Leads to Chaos (01:59) Ancient Rome: Fall of an Empire. Discovery Channel School. 2004. unitedstreaming. 19 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Religion of Rome 1. Early years household gods or spirits 2. Then adopted Greek gods and made Roman names. 3. After Augustus, the Senate deified most emperors. Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's; and to God, the things that are God's. Matthew22:21 Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's and to God the things that are God's. Mark12:17 4. Isis: goddess from Egypt wife of Osiris who raised him from the dead. Early Christians persecuted because they would not worship emperors. 64 AD Rome burned and Nero blamed Christians (see notes). 249 Systematic persecutions. Christian’s driven underground to the catacombs. Rise of Christianity Disrupts Rome's Hierarchy (02:01) Ancient Rome: Fall of an Empire. Discovery Channel School. 2004. unitedstreaming. 19 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Religion of Rome continued •Constantine: First emperor to become Christian (313) (Ch. 9). •Edict of Milan: Proclaimed religious toleration in Roman Empire (313) (Ch. 9) •Moves capital to Constantinople. Constantine 3 mins Ancient Rome: Fall of an Empire. Discovery Channel School. 2004. unitedstreaming. 19 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Roman philosophy Epicureanism: goal is tranquility; pleasure is the ultimate good. Epicurus-- Intellectual pleasure superior to sensual delights. Epicurus beliefs and practices Roman philosophy continued: Stoicism: Zeno the Stoic, a Phoenician started it. “The course of nature is determined by natural law.” Virtue is the sole good and it resides in will power. One should free oneself from all desires. Ex: not being sad when loved ones die because virtue is undisturbed. Stoic's Beliefs and Practices Neoplatonism is generally a religious philosophy. Plotinus (called one of the founders but he would have said he was using the teachings of Plato) taught the existence of an ineffable and transcendent One, from which emanated the rest of the universe as a sequence of lesser beings. Later Neoplatonic philosophers, especially Iamblichus, added hundreds of intermediate beings such as Gods, angels and demons, and other beings as mediators between the One and humanity. The Neoplatonist Gods are omni-perfect beings and do not display the usual amoral behaviour associated with their representations in the myths. Neoplatonists believed human perfection and happiness were attainable in this world, without awaiting an afterlife. Perfection and happiness— seen as synonymous— could be achieved through philosophical contemplation. They did not believe in an independent existence of evil. They compared it to darkness, which does not exist in itself but only as the absence of light. So too, evil is simply the absence of good. Things are good insofar as they exist; they are evil only insofar as they are imperfect, lacking some good that they should have. It is also a cornerstone of Neoplatonism to teach that all people return to the Source. The Source, Absolute, or One is what all things spring from and, as a superconsciousness, is where all things return. It can be said that all consciousness is wiped clean and returned to a blank slate when returning to the Source. All things have energy as their essence.When people return to the Source, their energy returns to the One, Monad, or Source and is then recycled into the cosmos, where it can be broken up and then amalgamated into other things.[ Ancient Rome: Inspiration for the Renaissance (01:17) Exploring the Renaissance (1350-1650). United Learning. 1994. unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Rome’s Achievements: Rome’s major and most enduring contribution to Western civilization was the legal system: the art and science of law. The Roman Republic: Representative Government, 509-27 BC (00:53) American Revolution, The: From Colonies to Constitution: Shaping the New Nation. United Learning. 2001. unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Rome’s Achievements continued: 1. In sum: Roman law has exerted a powerful influence on contemporary law for two reasons: 2. It does not have a conception of end-state justice, a vision of what the social order should be; it is rather concerned to define procedures that increase the probability of a just outcome 3. It transcends the idiosycracies of national legal systems articulating what is just for all humanity. The principles and procedures are constantly tested against individual events and re-formulated when necessary. 4. The success of the Romans at fashioning their legal system explains: 5. why urbanized and non-urbanized people of the ancient world adopted Roman culture Rome’s Achievements continued: 6. why Roman law exerted such a powerful influence on the development of trade and commerce after 1500. enforceable nowhere it ruled not for the reason of the Empire, but for the Empire of reason. Specifically: 7. What concerns all shall be decided by all. 8. Liberty is the natural faculty of man to do what one wants unless prohibited by force or law. 9. Cicero Nothing is certainly more enobling than for us to understand plainly that we are born to justice, and that law is instituted not by convention but by nature. If the fortunes of all cannot be equal, if the mental capacities of all cannot be the same, at least the legal rights of all those who are citizens of the same state ought to be equal. Rome’s Achievements continued: Roman science dealt entirely with empirical data; theoretical science was something left to the Greeks. Eratosthenes: He is noted for devising a system of latitude and longitude, and for being the first known to have calculated the circumference of the Earth. He also created a map of the world based on the available geographical knowledge of the era. Rome’s Achievements continued The Roman Arts Etruscan influence: Controlled northern Italy for about 400 years and ruled Rome for nearly a century. Strong influence on Roman art. We know most about Etruscan art due to the contents of tombs in central Italy. Etruscan sarcosphagus p. 149 Chimera of Arezzo p. 150 ART TEST ART TEST Rome’s Achievements continued: Roman roads: “All roads lead to Rome.” •Laid out end to end, Roman roads would have stretched more than twice around the world's equator. •Roman road builders used an ingenious surveying tool to plot direct routes over hundreds of miles. •Reliably constructed from four separate layers, many have lasted over 2,000 years. Good roads are crucial for any advancing army; These cobbled lifelines ferried reinforcements and supplies to the outposts of the Empire. Without them, it's unlikely the Romans would have ever expanded. Good roads are also essential for encouraging trade once a region has been dominated. Ostia Antica (near Rome) road - Following the decline of the Roman Empire the road network was largely neglected. It was not until the roads were extended and rebuilt under Napoleon that the Old Roman Road The Appian Way in Rome, Roman speed of travel was achieved onceItaly. again. All Roads Lead to Rome (01:20) Journals Through History: Ancient Rome: Building an Empire. Discovery Channel School. 2006. unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Rome’s Achievements continued: Roman aqueducts:the early aqueducts were simply channels bored through the rock, from the water intake in the hills almost to the distribution cistern in Rome. The depth of the channel below ground varied so as to maintain a constant, very shallow gradient (less than 1/200) throughout the length of the aqueduct; vertical shafts were bored at intervals to provide ventilation and access. Only in the final stretches was the conduit raised on arches, to give a sufficient head for distribution of the water within the city. Pictures will be on art test! Aqueducts of Rome Journals Through History: Ancient Rome: Building an Empire. Discovery Channel School. 2006. unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Rome’s Achievements continued: Public baths: In the times of Ancient Rome very few people had baths in their homes. Adults enjoyed going to the public bathhouse. Children were not allowed in. The bathhouse cost very little to get in, so people used them often. The men and the women both used the bathhouse, but at different times during the day. Each group had a scheduled time, although the women's scheduled time was shorter. The bathhouse was not only a place for washing, but a good place to meet friends or do business. The Romans didn't use soap. They cleaned themselves by covering their bodies with oil. Then they scraped the oil off with a special scraper called a strigil. Strigils were make from bone or metal. Ancient Rome had as many as 900 public baths. Small baths held about 300 people. The largest bath held 1500 people. Bathhouses were built all over the Roman Empire. The most impressive ones were found in the city of Rome. They were decorated with marble and statues. Bathhouses of Rome (01:52) Journals Through History: Ancient Rome: Building an Empire. Discovery Channel School. 2006. unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> •Buildings for practical purposes: •Basilicas, baths,, libraries •Innovations: concrete and the arch •Arch: allowed for flexible construction •Keystone allowed arch to bear more weight than post-and-lintel. The keystone is the most important stone in an arch bridge, without this stone the arch would collapse. The keystone holds the arch together. Barrel vault, cross vault, dome Arch of Titus On ART TEST The Architecture of Rome • Concrete: quick and inexpensive allowed for fast construction • Atrium:a large open space within a building • Romans preferred Corinthian columns See notes Atrium P. 152 ART TEST Roman Buildings • Concentrated on interiors • Buildings for recreation: baths were beauty salon, library, shopping mall • Basilica of Constantine • Baths of Caracalla • Circus Maximus: site of chariot races • Colosseum (on next slide and on art test) Rome’s Achievements continued: Colosseum: Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles. It remained in use for nearly 500 years with the last recorded games being held there as late as the 6th century– well after the traditional date of the fall of Rome in 476. As well as the traditional gladiatorial games, many other public spectacles were held there, such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, reenactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. Building the Colosseum The Colosseum and the Dark Side of Roman Ingenuity (02:47) What the Ancients Knew: Romans. Discovery Education. 2005. unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Trajan's Column The relief portrays Trajan's two victorious military campaigns against the Dacians; the lower half illustrating the first (and the top half illustrating the second.The two sections are separated by a personification of Victory writing on a shield flanked on either side by Trophies. It was traditionally thought that the Column was a propagandistic monument, glorifying the emperor's military exploits. However, the structure would have been generally invisible and surrounded by other buildings in Trajan's Forum, and because of the difficulty involved in following the frieze from end to end, it is now considered to have had much less propaganda value. Based on the inscription, the column may have been a measuring guide for the construction of the forum. After Trajan's death in 117, the Roman Senate voted to have Trajan's ashes buried in the Column's square base which is decorated with captured Dacian arms and armor. His ashes and those of his wife, Plotina, were set inside the base in golden urns. (The ashes no longer lie there.) Roman architecture/buildings (continued) Mausoleum: honors the dead but does not contain remains. Roman Entertainment • Entertainment: a birthright! This phrase originates in Satire X of the Roman poet Juvenal of the late 1st and early 2nd centuries. In context, the Latin phrase panem et circenses (bread and circuses) is given as the only remaining cares of a Roman populace which has given up its birthright of political freedom: “Already long ago, from when we sold our vote to no man, the People have abdicated our duties; for the People who once upon a time handed out military command, high civil office, legions - everything, now restrains itself and anxiously hopes for just two things: “bread and circuses” Theater: Comedies and tragedies borrowed from Hellenistic empire. •Theaters were large structures with multi-storied stages. •Masks and wigs: Men still played all the roles. •Actors were often slaves; not respected •Pantomime. Elements of farce, improbable situations, exaggeration and horseplay. •Plautus: comic playwright: farces, coarse humor. •Terence: Fully developed characters. Greeks easier to mock. •Seneca: Tragedian. Exaggerated plots. Roman Satire • Superior over the Greeks • Satire: artistic form that wittily ridicules human folly or vice. • Juvenal: Criticism of Roman life. Author of Satires Quotes: “rather than for wealth, power, or children - men should pray for a “sound mind in a sound body” (mens sana in corpore sano 10.356), “that a (truly good) person is a “rare bird” (rara avis in terris nigroque simillima cycno 6.165 “who will watch the watchers?” or "who will guard the guardians themselves?" (quis custodiet ipsos custodes 6.347-48). Roman Poets • Catullus: lyric poet who studied Sappho; wrote love poems • Ovid: poet. Metamorphoses: Source for many other European writers, such as Chaucer and Shakespeare. The Metamorphoses is our best classical source of 250 myths. "The poem is the most comprehensive, creative mythological work that has come down to us from antiquity" (Galinsky). Based on its influence, "European literature and art would be poorer for the loss of the Metamorphoses than for the loss of Homer" (Hadas). Ovid was a major inspiration for Dante, Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton. If Virgil is Rome's greatest poet, Ovid is the most popular (even in his own time; Ovidian graffiti has been found on the walls of Pompeii). Other Roman writers: Virgil: the Aeneid Cicero: Roman statesman and writer. Wrote On the Republic. Promoted welfare of the state. •Never go to excess, but let moderation be your guide. •Let your desires be ruled by reasons (Appetitus Rationi Pareat) •It is a true saying that "One falsehood leads easily to another". •Freedom is a possession of inestimable value. •Advice is judged by results, not by intentions. •A life of peace, purity, and refinement leads to a calm and untroubled old age. Roman Music and Dance • Imitated Greek music and instruments • Orators had musicians play for effect • Tuba, horn, organ (hydraulis), aulos, cythara (twelve-stringed lyre) • Roman music Roman Artwork “The Head of Constantine” What remain are marble fragments from a colossal seated statue of Constantine, about 30 feet high. The body was made of less valuable materials, while the exposed parts (head, hands, feet) were made of marble. Like the colossal statues of gods placed in Greek temples, this statue of the Emperor was originally placed in the west apse (apse of the short end) of th Basilica Nova of Maxentius and Constantine in the Roman Forum. It has been noted that this work broke with the earlier precedent of depicting the authoritarian figure with a beard. He adds that earlier portraits of Constantin did depict him with a cropped beard; here he is beardless, the "archetypal Roman general of the distant imperial past, a new Augustus, a new Trajan" (61). Stylistically, this image still has some elements of individualistic portraiture (the hooked nose, for example); at the same time it illustrates the trends in late Roman works to focus on symbolic and abstracted elements: the "image" of authority or the "image" of spirituality, as indicated by the Roman Artwork Equestrian State of Marcus Aurelius (who, by the way, detested war), ROME p. 160 Only equestrian statue surviving from Ancient world. Mosaic: technique of embedding bits of stone, colored glass, or marble (common in Italy) in wet concrete to make designs or pictures for walls or floors. Ravenna, Venice Mosaics Cameos: In jewelry, a technique of engraving in relief on a gem or other stone, leaving a raised design with one color and background with another. Cameo portrait of Emperor Augustus, 41– 54; JulioClaudian Roman Sardonyx; H. 1 1/2 in Rome’s Division and Decline • Diocletian: Empire had grown unwieldy. Divided into East and West. • 476 AD Western Empire Falls to barbarism • In the third century, Constantine moved the capital to the East, in Constantinople or Istanbul, Turkey. Reasons for the Fall of Rome 4mins Ancient Civilizations: The End Is the Beginning. TV Ontario. 1992. unitedstreaming. 31 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> The Legacy of Ancient Rome (00:43) World of Ancient Rome (753 B.C. - 476 A.D.), The. United Learning. 1994. unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Interior video The Pantheon • Only building from Antiquity entirely preserved. Dedicated to the 7 planetary gods • Interior is perfect hemisphere • 30 ft. opening:oculus for light (see notes) Back to “religion” Some Christians believe that a second link between their religion and the fish symbol is seen in the Greek word for fish (ichthus, spelled: Iota Chi Theta Upsilon Sigma). That is an acrostic which has many translations in English. The most popular appears to be "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior" 16 [Iesous (Jesus) CHristos (Christ) THeou (God) Uiou (Son) Soter (Savior)]. Alternative meanings (in order of decreasing popularity on the Internet) are: "Jesus Christ, God's Son, Savior." "Jesus Christ, of God, the Son, the Savior" "Jesus Christ, the Son of God, Savior." "Jesus Christ, God's Son, our Savior" "Jesus Christ God Son Savior“; •This was a secret sign scratched on the walls of buildings or drawn on the floor in the sand, to tell people where a Christian meeting was being held. Back to “religion” It is the most important and venerated crypt of the cemetery, called "the little Vatican" as it was the official burial place of nine popes and, probably, of eight dignitaries of Rome's 3rd century Church. In the walls you can still see the original inscriptions, in Greek, of five popes. On four tombstones, near the name of the pope, there is the title of "bishop", since the Pope was regarded as the head of the Church of Rome, and on two of them there is the Greek abbreviation of MPT for "Martyr". YouTube video of catacombs Back to “religion”