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What the Ancients Knew: Romans. Discovery Education. 2005.
unitedstreaming. 31 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Chapter 8: A Thousand Years of Rome
Chapter 9: Roman Art and Architecture
•The student will understand the rise and fall of the Roman
Empire.
•The student will understand Roman legends and the
influence of the Etruscans and Greeks.
•The student will understand the rise of the republic and the
rise of the empire.
•The student will understand Roman religions and
philosophy.
•The student will understand Rome’s achievement including
laws, governments, art, public projects, and science.
•The student will understand Roman education and sports.
•The student will understand Roman writings including
poetry and the Aenid.
Rome Legends and Virtues
•Romulus and Remus: twin sons of Mars (god of war!!) & Rheas
Silvia (daughter of King Numitor). Numitor’s brother took throne and
forced Rhea to be a vestal virgin (served goddess Vesta in chastity and
obedience), so she would not produce a legitimate heir to throne. He
ordered twins put afloat in basket on Tiber river. Romulus and Remus
were rescued and nursed by a she-wolf. Then discovered and raised by
shepherd couple. When the twins realized who they really were, they
Then they
established city on the 7 hills of Tiber, but Romulus
killed Remus because he made fun of wall built.
killed the bad king and restored Numitor to throne.
Temple of Romulus
Romulus and Remus 6 mins
Myths and Legends of Ancient Rome. United Learning. 1995.
unitedstreaming. 12 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Holst--THe Planets, Mars
Other legend of Rome:
Virgil’s Aenid: Read summary on page 127. Then p. 140-141.
Then Mythology version.
Aeneid PowerPoint
The Aeneid 2 mins
Journals Through History: Ancient Rome: The Eternal City. Discovery Channel School. 2006.
unitedstreaming. 12 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
•Etruscans: Early
settlers around Rome.
Ruled 6th century BC.
They gave street
plans, triumphant
processions,
gladiators, masonry
arch, and sanitary and
civil engineering.
•Romans REJECT
luxurious living, life
after death, and
equality for women.
Etruscans 4 mins.
Civilizations: Rise to Power. Discovery Channel School. 2005.
unitedstreaming. 12 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
•Greek influenced by
Magna Graecia 8th
century BC colonies.
•Romans in awe of Greek
culture but hostile to
Greek values.
•Greek values: urbane, artistic,
intellectual, sophisticated.
•Roman values: austere, rigid, selfrighteous, manly virtues, physical
prowess, duty to state.
Roman Republic 509-27 BC: Began with expulsion
of Etruscan King (legend)
Consuls—two with veto power, elected for a year
Senate-patricians
Assembly-plebeians
Tribune—protector of the people
Twelve Tables of Law: Written codes, but harsh code
like Draco’s law. Romans never solved problem of
land ownership; major cause of empire’s demise.
Absentee landlords controlled most land.
The Roman Republic: Representative Government, 509-27 BC (00:53)
American Revolution, The: From Colonies to Constitution: Shaping the New Nation. United Learning. 2001.
unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
The Rise of Republican Rome:
•Republic: government of representatives chosen to
act for the people at large
•What is the difference between democracy and
republic?
•Romans conquered Italian peninsula
•Struggle between patricians and plebeians
•After Italy, the Mediterranean: Punic Wars
1st Punic War (264-146) it was concentrated entirely on the island of
Sicily. Rome beseiged many of the Carthaginian cities on Sicily, and
when Carthage attempted to raise the seige with its navy, the Romans
utterly destroyed that navy. (SEE NOTES.)
1st Punic War 7 mins
Civilizations: Expansion and Conquest. Discovery Channel School. 2005.
unitedstreaming. 16 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
.com/
2nd Punic War (218-201): Included the invasion by
Hannibal crossing the Alp with elephants and
attacked Rome. Rome then attacks the unprotected
Carthage (Hannibal description; YouTube 2nd Punic
war).
3rd Punic War (234-149): Although not a military
threat, land hungry Romans attacked an unprepared
Carthage. “Delenda est Carthago!” (“Carthage must
be destroyed.”)—Cato, the elder.
Punic War
3rd Punic War
Citation (MLA)
Ancient Rome: Expansion and Conquest. Discovery Channel School. 2004.
unitedstreaming. 16 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
146 B.C. Romans conquered Corinth and the entire
Hellenistic world and culture (Spread of Greek
culture and knowledge to Rome.) “To the victor
belong the spoils.” Ovid
Romans conquering of Greece 2 mins.
Discovering Ancient Greece (1500-100 B.C.). United Learning. 1995.
unitedstreaming. 16 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
YouTube Roman Republic summary
YouTube from Republic to Empire song
Heading for Civil War:
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus—Tribunes who tried to reform a Rome
that was becoming greedy, filled with slaves, rich generals, and
landless, jobless power. The brothers were killed.
Generals began seizing power. Sulla vs. Marius. Sulla wins, then
replaced by Pompey, then
1st Triumvirate: Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
Julius Caesar(100-44 B.C.): Wrote Commentaries (on
Gallic campaign). He was ordered back by the Senate without his
troops. He said “The die is cast.” and “crossed the
Rubicon.” Had himself named dictator for life in 46
B.C. Assassinated in 44 B.C on the.
Ides of March (March 15)
Caesar becomes dictator 3 mins
Legacy of the Roman Empire, The . Discovery Channel School. 2004.
unitedstreaming. 16 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Caesar assassinated 3 mins
Legacy of the Roman Empire, The . Discovery Channel School. 2004.
unitedstreaming. 16 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
2nd Triumvirate: Mark Antony, Octavius, Lepidus
Marc Antony had Cicero murdered (most famous statesman) and also
defeated Brutus and Cassius. “Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I
loved Rome more.” Brutus from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar.
Antony fell for Cleopatra and tried to use Ptolemy XV (Caesar’s son) to
gain more power. Octavian’s forces defeat Antony near Actium, Greece.
Antony commits suicide. Cleopatra, unable to woo Octavian, commits
suicide a year later.
Octavian (63 B.C.-A.D. 14) defeated Mark Antony in
31 B.C. near Actium. Becomes Augustus (“revered
one”) and princeps (“first citizen”).
Imperial Rome
•Romans rude farmers compared to cultured Athenians
•Culture began under Octavian (Caesar Augustus:
Pax Romana: “I found Rome a city of bricks and left
it a city of marble.” (see notes)
•Romans absorbed Greek culture and were very
practical.
Rome:Religious Diversity Leads to Chaos (01:59)
Ancient Rome: Fall of an Empire. Discovery Channel School. 2004.
unitedstreaming. 19 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Religion of Rome
1. Early years household gods or spirits
2. Then adopted Greek gods and made Roman names.
3. After Augustus, the Senate deified most emperors.
Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's; and to God, the
things that are God's. Matthew22:21
Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's and to God the
things that are God's. Mark12:17
4. Isis: goddess from Egypt wife of Osiris who raised him from the dead.
Early Christians persecuted because they would not worship emperors.
64 AD Rome burned and Nero blamed Christians (see notes).
249 Systematic persecutions. Christian’s driven underground to the
catacombs.
Rise of Christianity Disrupts Rome's Hierarchy (02:01)
Ancient Rome: Fall of an Empire. Discovery Channel School. 2004.
unitedstreaming. 19 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Religion of Rome continued
•Constantine: First emperor to become Christian
(313) (Ch. 9).
•Edict of Milan: Proclaimed religious toleration in
Roman Empire (313) (Ch. 9)
•Moves capital to Constantinople.
Constantine 3 mins
Ancient Rome: Fall of an Empire. Discovery Channel School. 2004.
unitedstreaming. 19 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Roman philosophy
Epicureanism: goal is tranquility; pleasure is the
ultimate good. Epicurus-- Intellectual pleasure superior to
sensual delights.
Epicurus beliefs and practices
Roman philosophy continued:
Stoicism: Zeno the Stoic, a Phoenician started it. “The
course of nature is determined by natural law.” Virtue
is the sole good and it resides in will power. One
should free oneself from all desires. Ex: not being sad when
loved ones die because virtue is undisturbed.
Stoic's Beliefs and Practices
Neoplatonism is generally a religious philosophy. Plotinus (called one of
the founders but he would have said he was using the teachings of Plato)
taught the existence of an ineffable and transcendent One, from which
emanated the rest of the universe as a sequence of lesser beings. Later
Neoplatonic philosophers, especially Iamblichus, added hundreds of
intermediate beings such as Gods, angels and demons, and other beings as
mediators between the One and humanity. The Neoplatonist Gods are
omni-perfect beings and do not display the usual amoral behaviour
associated with their representations in the myths.
Neoplatonists believed human perfection and happiness were attainable
in this world, without awaiting an afterlife. Perfection and happiness—
seen as synonymous— could be achieved through philosophical
contemplation.
They did not believe in an independent existence of evil. They
compared it to darkness, which does not exist in itself but only as the
absence of light. So too, evil is simply the absence of good. Things are
good insofar as they exist; they are evil only insofar as they are
imperfect, lacking some good that they should have. It is also a
cornerstone of Neoplatonism to teach that all people return to the
Source. The Source, Absolute, or One is what all things spring from
and, as a superconsciousness, is where all things return. It can be said
that all consciousness is wiped clean and returned to a blank slate when
returning to the Source. All things have energy as their essence.When
people return to the Source, their energy returns to the One, Monad, or
Source and is then recycled into the cosmos, where it can be broken up
and then amalgamated into other things.[
Ancient Rome: Inspiration for the Renaissance (01:17)
Exploring the Renaissance (1350-1650). United Learning. 1994.
unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Rome’s Achievements:
Rome’s major and most enduring contribution to
Western civilization was the legal system: the art and
science of law.
The Roman Republic: Representative Government, 509-27 BC (00:53)
American Revolution, The: From Colonies to Constitution: Shaping the New Nation. United Learning. 2001.
unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Rome’s Achievements continued:
1. In sum: Roman law has exerted a powerful influence on
contemporary law for two reasons:
2. It does not have a conception of end-state justice, a vision of
what the social order should be; it is rather concerned to define
procedures that increase the probability of a just outcome
3. It transcends the idiosycracies of national legal systems
articulating what is just for all humanity. The principles and
procedures are constantly tested against individual events and
re-formulated when necessary.
4. The success of the Romans at fashioning their legal system
explains:
5. why urbanized and non-urbanized people of the ancient world
adopted Roman culture
Rome’s Achievements continued:
6. why Roman law exerted such a powerful influence on the development
of trade and commerce after 1500. enforceable nowhere it ruled not for
the reason of the Empire, but for the Empire of reason. Specifically:
7. What concerns all shall be decided by all.
8. Liberty is the natural faculty of man to do what one wants unless
prohibited by force or law.
9. Cicero Nothing is certainly more enobling than for us to understand
plainly that we are born to justice, and that law is instituted not by
convention but by nature. If the fortunes of all cannot be equal, if
the mental capacities of all cannot be the same, at least the legal
rights of all those who are citizens of the same state ought to be
equal.
Rome’s Achievements continued:
Roman science dealt entirely with empirical data; theoretical science
was something left to the Greeks.
Eratosthenes: He is noted for devising a system of
latitude and longitude, and for being the first known to
have calculated the circumference of the Earth. He
also created a map of the world based on the available
geographical knowledge of the era.
Rome’s Achievements continued
The Roman Arts
Etruscan influence: Controlled northern Italy for about 400 years and
ruled Rome for nearly a century. Strong influence on Roman art. We
know most about Etruscan art due to the contents of tombs in central
Italy.
Etruscan sarcosphagus p. 149
Chimera of Arezzo p. 150
ART TEST
ART TEST
Rome’s Achievements continued:
Roman roads: “All roads lead to Rome.”
•Laid out end to end, Roman roads would have stretched
more than twice around the world's equator.
•Roman road builders used an ingenious surveying tool to
plot direct routes over hundreds of miles.
•Reliably constructed from four separate layers, many
have lasted over 2,000 years.
Good roads are crucial for any advancing army; These
cobbled lifelines ferried reinforcements and supplies to
the outposts of the Empire. Without them, it's unlikely
the Romans would have ever expanded. Good roads are
also essential for encouraging trade once a region has
been dominated.
Ostia Antica (near Rome) road - Following the decline of the
Roman Empire the road network was largely neglected. It was not
until the roads were extended and rebuilt under Napoleon that the
Old Roman
Road
The Appian
Way in Rome,
Roman
speed
of travel
was achieved
onceItaly.
again.
All Roads Lead to Rome (01:20)
Journals Through History: Ancient Rome: Building an Empire. Discovery Channel School. 2006.
unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Rome’s Achievements continued:
Roman aqueducts:the early aqueducts were simply channels bored
through the rock, from the water intake in the hills almost to the
distribution cistern in Rome. The depth of the channel below
ground varied so as to maintain a constant, very shallow gradient
(less than 1/200) throughout the length of the aqueduct; vertical
shafts were bored at intervals to provide ventilation and access.
Only in the final stretches was the conduit raised on arches, to
give a sufficient head for distribution of the water within the city.
Pictures will be on art test!
Aqueducts of Rome
Journals Through History: Ancient Rome: Building an Empire. Discovery Channel School. 2006.
unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Rome’s Achievements continued:
Public baths: In the times of Ancient Rome very few people
had baths in their homes. Adults enjoyed going to the public
bathhouse. Children were not allowed in. The bathhouse cost
very little to get in, so people used them often. The men and
the women both used the bathhouse, but at different times
during the day. Each group had a scheduled time, although
the women's scheduled time was shorter. The bathhouse was
not only a place for washing, but a good place to meet friends
or do business. The Romans didn't use soap. They cleaned
themselves by covering their bodies with oil. Then they
scraped the oil off with a special scraper called a strigil.
Strigils were make from bone or metal. Ancient Rome had as
many as 900 public baths. Small baths held about 300 people.
The largest bath held 1500 people. Bathhouses were built all
over the Roman Empire. The most impressive ones were
found in the city of Rome. They were decorated with marble
and statues.
Bathhouses of Rome (01:52)
Journals Through History: Ancient Rome: Building an Empire. Discovery Channel School. 2006.
unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
•Buildings for practical purposes:
•Basilicas, baths,, libraries
•Innovations: concrete and the arch
•Arch: allowed for flexible construction
•Keystone allowed arch to bear more weight than
post-and-lintel. The keystone
is the most important stone
in an arch bridge, without
this stone the arch would
collapse. The keystone holds
the arch together.
Barrel vault, cross vault, dome
Arch of Titus
On ART TEST
The Architecture of Rome
• Concrete: quick and inexpensive allowed for fast
construction
• Atrium:a large open space within a
building
• Romans preferred Corinthian columns
See notes
Atrium P. 152
ART TEST
Roman Buildings
• Concentrated on interiors
• Buildings for recreation: baths were beauty salon, library,
shopping mall
• Basilica of Constantine
• Baths of Caracalla
• Circus Maximus: site of chariot races
• Colosseum (on next slide and on art test)
Rome’s Achievements continued:
Colosseum: Colosseum was used for gladiatorial
contests and public spectacles. It remained in use for nearly
500 years with the last recorded games being held there as late as the 6th
century– well after the traditional date of the fall of Rome in 476. As
well as the traditional gladiatorial games, many other public spectacles
were held there, such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, reenactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology.
Building the Colosseum
The Colosseum and the Dark Side of Roman Ingenuity (02:47)
What the Ancients Knew: Romans. Discovery Education. 2005.
unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Trajan's Column
The relief portrays Trajan's two victorious military campaigns against the
Dacians; the lower half illustrating the first (and the top half illustrating
the second.The two sections are separated by a personification of Victory
writing on a shield flanked on either side by Trophies.
It was traditionally thought that the Column was a propagandistic
monument, glorifying the emperor's military exploits. However, the
structure would have been generally invisible and surrounded by other
buildings in Trajan's Forum, and because of the difficulty involved in
following the frieze from end to end, it is now considered to have had
much less propaganda value. Based on the inscription, the column may
have been a measuring guide for the construction of the forum.
After Trajan's death in 117, the Roman Senate voted to have Trajan's
ashes buried in the Column's square base which is decorated with
captured Dacian arms and armor. His ashes and those of his wife, Plotina,
were set inside the base in golden urns. (The ashes no longer lie there.)
Roman architecture/buildings (continued)
Mausoleum: honors the dead but does not
contain remains.
Roman Entertainment
• Entertainment: a birthright!
This phrase originates in Satire X of the Roman poet Juvenal
of the late 1st and early 2nd centuries. In context, the Latin
phrase panem et circenses (bread and circuses) is given as
the only remaining cares of a Roman populace which has
given up its birthright of political freedom: “Already long
ago, from when we sold our vote to no man, the People
have abdicated our duties; for the People who once upon a
time handed out military command, high civil office,
legions - everything, now restrains itself and anxiously
hopes for just two things: “bread and circuses”
Theater: Comedies and tragedies borrowed from Hellenistic empire.
•Theaters were large structures with multi-storied stages.
•Masks and wigs: Men still played all the roles.
•Actors were often slaves; not respected
•Pantomime. Elements of farce, improbable situations,
exaggeration and horseplay.
•Plautus: comic playwright: farces, coarse humor.
•Terence: Fully developed characters. Greeks easier to mock.
•Seneca: Tragedian. Exaggerated plots.
Roman Satire
• Superior over the Greeks
• Satire: artistic form that wittily ridicules human
folly or vice.
• Juvenal: Criticism of Roman life. Author of Satires
Quotes: “rather than for wealth, power, or children - men should pray for
a “sound mind in a sound body” (mens sana in corpore sano 10.356),
“that a (truly good) person is a “rare bird” (rara avis in terris
nigroque simillima cycno 6.165
“who will watch the watchers?” or "who will guard the guardians
themselves?" (quis custodiet ipsos custodes 6.347-48).
Roman Poets
• Catullus: lyric poet who studied Sappho; wrote
love poems
• Ovid: poet. Metamorphoses: Source for many
other European writers, such as Chaucer and
Shakespeare. The Metamorphoses is our best classical source of 250
myths. "The poem is the most comprehensive, creative mythological work
that has come down to us from antiquity" (Galinsky). Based on its influence,
"European literature and art would be poorer for the loss of the
Metamorphoses than for the loss of Homer" (Hadas). Ovid was a major
inspiration for Dante, Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton. If Virgil is Rome's
greatest poet, Ovid is the most popular (even in his own time; Ovidian graffiti
has been found on the walls of Pompeii).
Other Roman writers:
Virgil: the Aeneid
Cicero: Roman statesman and writer. Wrote On the
Republic. Promoted welfare of the state.
•Never go to excess, but let moderation be your guide.
•Let your desires be ruled by reasons
(Appetitus Rationi Pareat)
•It is a true saying that "One falsehood leads easily to another".
•Freedom is a possession of inestimable value.
•Advice is judged by results, not by intentions.
•A life of peace, purity, and refinement leads to a calm and untroubled
old age.
Roman Music and Dance
• Imitated Greek music and instruments
• Orators had musicians play for effect
• Tuba, horn, organ (hydraulis), aulos, cythara
(twelve-stringed lyre)
• Roman music
Roman Artwork
“The Head of Constantine”
What remain are marble fragments from a colossal seated statue of
Constantine, about 30 feet high. The body was made of less valuable
materials, while the exposed parts (head, hands, feet) were made of marble.
Like the colossal statues of gods placed in Greek temples, this statue of the
Emperor was originally placed in the west apse (apse of the short end) of th
Basilica Nova of Maxentius and Constantine in the Roman Forum. It has
been noted that this work broke with the earlier precedent of depicting the
authoritarian figure with a beard. He adds that earlier portraits of Constantin
did depict him with a cropped beard; here he is beardless, the "archetypal
Roman general of the distant imperial past, a new Augustus, a new Trajan"
(61). Stylistically, this image still has some elements of individualistic
portraiture (the hooked nose, for example); at the same time it illustrates the
trends in late Roman works to focus on symbolic and abstracted elements:
the "image" of authority or the "image" of spirituality, as indicated by the
Roman Artwork
Equestrian State of
Marcus Aurelius (who,
by the way, detested
war), ROME p. 160
Only equestrian statue
surviving from Ancient
world.
Mosaic: technique of embedding bits of stone,
colored glass, or marble (common in Italy) in
wet concrete to make designs or pictures for
walls or floors.
Ravenna, Venice Mosaics
Cameos: In jewelry, a technique of engraving in
relief on a gem or other stone, leaving a raised
design with one color and background with
another.
Cameo
portrait of
Emperor
Augustus, 41–
54; JulioClaudian
Roman
Sardonyx; H. 1
1/2 in
Rome’s Division and Decline
• Diocletian: Empire had grown
unwieldy. Divided into East and West.
• 476 AD Western Empire Falls to
barbarism
• In the third century, Constantine
moved the capital to the East, in
Constantinople or Istanbul, Turkey.
Reasons for the Fall of Rome 4mins
Ancient Civilizations: The End Is the Beginning. TV Ontario. 1992.
unitedstreaming. 31 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
The Legacy of Ancient Rome (00:43)
World of Ancient Rome (753 B.C. - 476 A.D.), The. United Learning. 1994.
unitedstreaming. 22 October 2007
<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Interior video
The Pantheon
• Only building from Antiquity entirely
preserved. Dedicated to the 7 planetary gods
• Interior is perfect hemisphere
• 30 ft. opening:oculus for light (see notes)
Back to “religion”
Some Christians believe that a second link between their
religion and the fish symbol is seen in the Greek word for fish
(ichthus, spelled: Iota Chi Theta Upsilon Sigma). That is an
acrostic which has many translations in English. The most
popular appears to be "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior" 16
[Iesous (Jesus) CHristos (Christ) THeou (God) Uiou (Son) Soter
(Savior)]. Alternative meanings (in order of decreasing
popularity on the Internet) are:
"Jesus Christ, God's Son, Savior." "Jesus Christ, of God, the
Son, the Savior" "Jesus Christ, the Son of God, Savior." "Jesus
Christ, God's Son, our Savior" "Jesus Christ God Son Savior“;
•This was a secret sign scratched on the walls of buildings or
drawn on the floor in the sand, to tell people where a Christian
meeting was being held.
Back to “religion”
It is the most important
and venerated crypt of
the cemetery, called "the
little Vatican" as it was the
official burial place of nine
popes and, probably, of
eight dignitaries of Rome's
3rd century Church. In the
walls you can still see the
original inscriptions, in
Greek, of five popes. On
four tombstones, near the
name of the pope, there is
the title of "bishop", since
the Pope was regarded as
the head of the Church of
Rome, and on two of them
there is the Greek
abbreviation of MPT for
"Martyr".
YouTube video of catacombs
Back to “religion”