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DO NOW WHAT ROLE DID GEOGRAPHY PLAY IN THE PROSPERITY AND DEFENSIBILITY OF ROME? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 150 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE IMPACT OF GEOGRAPHY” DO NOW WHAT ROLE DID GEOGRAPHY PLAY IN THE PROSPERITY AND DEFENSIBILITY OF ROME? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 127 IN THE SECTION TITLED “EARLY ROME AND THE REPUBLIC” DO NOW Look at the map on page 150. Read the second paragraph on page 150. How did Rome’s location help the Latins conquer Italy? DO NOW GET READY TO PRESENT YOUR SKIT!!!!!!! AFTER THE PRESENTATION WE ARE GOING TO PLAY A REVIEW GAME COVERING YOUR TEST OVER CHAPTER 4 AND 5!!!!! YOUR TEST IS TOMORROW STUDY STUDY STUDY STUDY STUDY Chapter 5: Rome and the Rise of Christianity Section 1: The Rise of Rome 1. Geography of Italy 1. Apennines mountains were less rugged and did not divide the Italian peninsula into many small, isolated communities like the Greek citystates People’s of Italy 2. Latins 3. Etruscans 2. Indo-European peoples who were farmers and herders 3. after 650 B.C. they expanded into north-central Italy and came to control Rome Eventually, the Romans are going to overthrow the Etruscans and establish a republic 4. republic 5. war and conquest 4. government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote 5. at the beginning of the republic Rome was surrounded by enemies (Greece, Etruscans, Latium) Romans believed that their early ancestors were successful because of their sense of duty, courage, and discipline. 6. Livy 6. Roman historian who provided a number of stories to teach Romans the virtues that made Rome great Why was Rome Successful 7. good diplomats 8. excelled in the military 9. laws and politics 7. allowed states to run their own internal affairs 8. were both accomplished and persistent soldiers 9. created political institutions in response to problems The Romans had been ruled by kings under the Etruscans. As a result, they distrusted kingship and devised a very different system of government. 10. patricians 11. plebeians 10. were great landowners, who became Rome’s ruling class 11. craftspeople, merchants, small farmers were part of larger group DO NOW WHAT WERE THE THREE MAJOR FACTORS THAT MADE ROME A SUCCESSFUL EMPIRE WITHIN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD?????? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 151 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “WAR AND CONQUEST” AND “WHY ROME WAS SUCCESSFUL” DO NOW WHAT WERE THE THREE MAJOR FACTORS THAT MADE ROME A SUCCESSFUL EMPIRE WITHIN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD?????? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOK ON PAGES 128-129 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE ROMAN CONQUEST OF ITALY” Men in both groups were citizens and could vote, but only patricians could be elected to government offices. The chief executive offices of the Roman Republic were the consuls and praetors. 12. consuls 12. two were chosen every year ran the government and led army into battle 13. praetor 13. was in charge of Roman law as it applied to Roman citizens The Roman Senate came to hold an especially important position in the Roman Republic. 14. Senate 14. a select group of about 300 patricians who will end up holding the force of law (served for life) 15. council of plebs 15. a popular assembly for plebeians only Tribunes of the plebs were given to protect the power of the plebeians. 16. Twelve Tables 17. Law of Nations 16. Rome’s first code of laws only applied to Roman citizens 17. universal law based on reason that applied to both citizens and non-citizens Rome Conquers the Mediterranean: After their conquest of Italy, the Romans found themselves face to face with a strong power in the Mediterranean, the state of Carthage 18. First Punic War 18. Rome battled the state of Carthage to win the territory of Sicily 19. Second Punic War 19. Carthage vowed revenge and Hannibal (famous general) struck back Fifty years later, the Romans fought their third and final struggle with Carthage in the Third Punic War. 20. Third Punic War 20. Carthage became a Roman province called Africa Rome called for the complete destruction of Carthage and did so Producing a skit of an ancient Greek marketplace: You are going to be divided up into groups of two and write and produce a skit that shows typical activity in an ancient Greek marketplace. Assigned groups will handle the various activities: script writing; designing and producing a simple set, costumes, program, and promotional materials, acting, and directing. You need to include a variety of people in the skit: women, slaves, children, aristocrats, artisans, and merchants. The skit should clearly convey the operation of democracy in the polis through action and words. After the presentation, I along with your classmates will assess the skit to determine if this goal was accomplished. DO NOW EXPLAIN HOW THE ROMANS WERE SO SUCCESSFUL WITH CREATING THEIR VAST EMPIRE. READ PAGE 151 IN THE SECTION TITLED “WHY ROME WAS SUCCESSFUL” DO NOW EXPLAIN HOW THE ROMANS WERE SO SUCCESSFUL WITH CREATING THEIR VAST EMPIRE. READ PAGES 128-129 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE ROMAN REPUBLIC” DO NOW OPEN YOUR BOOKS TO PAGE 161 AND LOOK AT THE MAP AT THE TOP OF THE PAGE. ANSWER QUESTION #2 ON THE GEOGRAPHY SKILLS. DO NOW EXPLAIN THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT ROME HAD. WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SENATE AND OTHER ASSEMBLIES TO THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? HOW DID THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLEBEIANS AND PATRICIANS PREVENT ROME FROM BECOMING A TRUE DEMOCRACY? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 152-153 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE ROMAN STATE” DO NOW EXPLAIN THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT ROME HAD. WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SENATE AND OTHER ASSEMBLIES TO THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? HOW DID THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLEBEIANS AND PATRICIANS PREVENT ROME FROM BECOMING A TRUE DEMOCRACY? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 129-131 UNDER THE SECTIONS TITLED “THE ROMAN STATE” AND “THE STRUGGLE OF ORDERS: SOCIAL DIVISIONS IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC” Roman Expansion: http://www.glencoe.com/sites/commo n_assets/socialstudies/in_motion_08 /jat/p_138.swf Section 2: From Republic to Empire By the second century B.C., the Senate had become the real governing body of the Roman state. Members of the Senate were drawn mostly from the landed aristocracy. They remained senators for life and held the chief offices of the republic. The Senate directed the wars of the third and second centuries B.C. and took control of both foreign and domestic policy, including financial affairs. The Senate and political affairs were increasingly controlled by a small circle of wealthy and powerful families. Of course, these aristocrats formed only a tiny minority of the Roman people. The backbone of the Roman state and army had always been the small farmers. Roman Empire: Trade and Expansion Height of the Roman Empire, A.D. 200 Over a period of time, however, many small farmers had found themselves unable to compete with large, wealthy landowners and had lost their lands. As a result, many of these small farmers drifted to the cities, especially to Rome, forming a large class of landed poor. 1. Growing inequality and Unrest 2. a new role for the army (107 B.C.E.) 1. the Senate became the real governing body made up of wealthy aristocrats 2. Roman generals recruited volunteers from the poor who owned no property and promised them land Marius left a powerful legacy. He had created a new system of military recruitment that placed much power in the hands of the individual generals. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was the next general to take advantage of the new military system. The Senate gave him command of a war in Asia Minor. The council of the plebs tried to transfer command to Marius, and a civil war broke out. Sulla won and seized Rome itself in 82 B.C., conducting a reign of terror to wipe out all opposition. Then Sulla restored power to the hands of the Senate and eliminated most of the power of the popular assemblies. Sulla hoped that he had created a firm foundation to restore a traditional Roman republic governed by a powerful Senate. His legacy was quite different from what he had intended, however. His example of using an army to seize power would prove most attractive to ambitious men. The Collapse of the Republic: For the next 50 yrs Roman history was characterized by civil wars as a number of individuals competed for power. Three men—Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar emerged as the victors. 3. trimverate 4. Caesar 3. a government by three people with equal power 4. was made dictator of Rome 45 B.C. after the death of Crassus (53 B.C.) in battle and the defeat of Pompey (48 B.C.E.) Caesar was officially made dictator in 45 B.C.E.. A dictator is an absolute ruler. Realzing the need for reforms, Caesar gave land to the poor and increased the Senate to 900 members. By filling it with many of his supporters and increasing the number of members, he weakened the power of the Senate. Caesar planned much more in the way of building projects and military adventures to the east. However, in 44 B.C.E. a group of leading senators assassinated him. 5. dictator 6. Caesar assassinated 5. an absolute ruler 6. by a group of leading senators in 44 B.C.E. Lead by Gaius Crassus and his trusted friend Marcus Brutus A new struggle for power followed Caesar’s death. Three men—Octavian Caesar’s heir and grandnephew; Antony, Caesar’s ally and assistant; and Lepidus, who had been commander of Caesar’s cavalry—joined forces to form the Second Triumvirate. Within a few years after Caesar’s death, however, only two men divided the Roman world between them. Octavian took the west; Antony took the east. The empire of the Romans, large as it was, was still too small for two masters. Octavian and Antony soon came into conflict. Antony allied himself with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII. Like Caesar before him, Antony had fallen deeply in love with her. At the battle of Actium in Greece in 31 B.C.E., Octavian’s forces smashed the army and the navy of Antony and Cleopatra. Both fled to Egypt, where they committed suicide a year later. 7. The Second Triumvirate 7. Octavian (Caesar’s grand-nephew); Antony (Caesar’s ally); Lepidus (commander of Caesar’s cavalry) Within a few years after Caesar’s death, however, only two men divided the Roman world between them. Octavian took the west and Antony, the east. They soon came into conflict with one another. Antony allied himself with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII. They were both defeated by Octavian’s army at the Battle of Actuim in Greece in 31 B.C. Both fled to Egypt, where they committed suicide a year later. DO NOW WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REPUBLIC AND AN EMPIRE???????? HOW DOES A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY IN ROME CAUSE ROME TO CHANGE FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE???? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 157-158 IN THE SECTIONS TITLED “A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY” AND “THE COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC” DO NOW WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REPUBLIC AND AN EMPIRE???????? HOW DOES A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY IN ROME CAUSE ROME TO CHANGE FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE???? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 133-135 IN THE SECTIONS TITLED “A NEW ROLE FOR THE ROMAN ARMY” AND “THE COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC” The Age of Augustus In 27 B.C.E., Octavian proclaimed the “restoration of the Republic”. He knew that only traditional republican forms would satisfy the Senate. At the same time, he was aware that the republic could not be fully restored. Although he gave some power to the Senate, Octavian in fact became the first Roman emperor. In 27 B.C.E., the Senate awarded him the title of Augustus “the revered one” a fitting title in view of his power. Octavian became the first Roman Emperor and was titled Augustus. Octavian proclaimed the “restoration of the Republic”. Although he gave some power to the Senate he was aware that the republic could not be fully restored. Augustus proved to be highly popular, but his continuing control of the army was the chief source of his power. The Senate gave Augustus the title imperator, or commander in chief. Imperator gave us our word emperor. 8. Octavian (Augustus) (31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) 9. imperator 10. Bad emperors 8. first Roman Emperor “the revered one” 9. commander in chief 10. relatives of Augustus took more power from senate and became corrupt; ex: Nero DO NOW READ THE SHORT EXCERPT AT THE TOP OF PAGE 154 ABOUT HANNIBAL. WHO WAS HANNIBAL AND WHAT WAS HIS FATE? DO NOW WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REPUBLIC AND AN EMPIRE???????? HOW DOES ROME CHANGE FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE???? DO NOW WHY DID THE ROMAN DEFEAT IN GERMANY DEVASTATE AUGUSTUS? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 159 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS” At the beginning of the second century, a series of five so-called good emperors came to power. Created a period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. These rulers treated the ruling class with respect, ended arbitrary executions, maintained peace in the empire, and supported domestic policies generally helpful to the empire. By adopting capable men as their sons and successors, the first four good emperors reduced the chances of succession problems. 11. Pax Romana (27 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) 12. extent of the empire 11. Roman peace; lead by the Five Good Emperors 12. covered about three and a half million square miles; population estimated at more than 50 million The early empire was a period of much prosperity, with internal peace leading to high levels of trade. Trade went beyond the Roman frontiers as well and included even silk goods from China. Large quantities of grain were imported, especially from Egypt, to feed the people of Rome. Luxury items poured in to satisfy the wealthy upper classes. 13. economic and social conditions 13. farming; trade and commerce Internal peace led to high levels of trade throughout the entire empire. Trade went beyond Roman boarders. Included even silk goods from China Roman Empire: Trade and Expansion Height of the Roman Empire, C.E. 200 Rome’s economic prosperity Despite the active trade and commerce, however, farming remained the chief occupation of most people and the underlying basis of Roman prosperity. Large landed estates called latifundia dominated farming in southern and central Italy. These estates raised sheep and cattle on a large scale using mostly slave labor. Small peasant farms continued to exist in northern Italy. An enormous gulf separated rich and poor in Roman society. The upper class lived lives of great leisure and luxury in their villas and on their vast estates. Small farmers often became dependent on the huge estates of their wealthy neighbors. In the cities, many poor citizens worked in shops and markets. Thousands of unemployed people depended on the emperor’s handouts of grain to survive. 14. latifundia 14. large landed estates which raised sheep and cattle on a large scale using mostly slave labor ASSIGNMENTS: Homework pages 162 #’s 4-6 due wed (11/26) Intervening quiz tomorrow (11/25) Project is due (tue 12/2) DO NOW OPEN YOUR BOOKS TO PAGE 166167 TO THE SECTION THE WAY IT WAS: SPORTS & CONTESTS. READ THE SECTION AND ANSWER THE TWO FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. 1. WHAT WAS THE APPEAL OF GLADIATORIAL CONTESTS? 2. EXPLAIN HOW THE GAMES SATISFIED THE RULING CLASSES POLITICAL PURPOSES. The Roman’s excelled in architecture, a highly practical art. Although they continued to use Greek styles such as colonnades and rectangular buildings, the Romans also used forms based on curved lines: the arch, the vault and dome. The Romans were the first people in antiquity to use concrete on a massive scale. Using concrete along with the new architectural forms made it possible for the Romans to construct huge buildings undreamed of by the Greeks. The remarkable engineering skills of the Romans were also put to use in constructing roads, bridges, and aqueducts. The Romans built a network of some 50,000 miles of roads throughout the empire. In Rome, almost a dozen aqueducts kept a population of one million supplied with water. The Romans were superb builders. Section 3: Culture and Society in the Roman World 1. Roman Architecture 1. were the first to use concrete on a massive scales (roads, bridges, and aqueducts) Aqueducts kept a population of one million supplied with water. Roman Colosseum Roman Literature: The Augustus Age was seen as the golden age of Latin literature 2. Virgil 2. famous poet who wrote the Aeneid (characterized the ideal Roman with virtues of duty, piety, and faithfullness) 3. Horace 3. famous poet whose poetry laughs at human weakness 4. Livy 4. famous Roman historian whose masterpiece was the History of Rome in 142 Books Livy had a serious weakness as a historian: he was not always concerned about the factual accuracy of his stories The Roman Family: at the heart of the Roman structure stood the family, headed by the paterfamilias 5. paterfamilias 6. boys and girls 5. the dominant male (patriarch) 6. were expected to learn to read (had to learn Greek and Latin) The father could teach the children himself, or he could acquire a teacher for them Attitudes towards women: Like the Greeks, Roman males believed that the weakness of females made it necessary for women to have male guardians. 7. marriage 7. for females, the legal minimum age was 12, for males, 14 Both men and women could ask for divorce Changing Roles By the second century A.D. important changes were occurring in the Roman family. The paterfamilias no longer had absolute authority over his children nor his wife. Women were no longer required to have guardians. Women now had the right to own, inherit, and sell property. Outside their homes, upper-class women could attend races, the theatre, and events in the amphitheater. Women could not participate in politics; however, a number of important women influenced politics through their husbands. Slavery: Life as a slave in Rome was pitiful. One Roman writer argued that it was cheaper to work slaves to death and then replace them than to treat them well. 8. slaves 8. Greek slaves were in high demand as tutors musicians, doctors, and artists Slaves of other nationalities were used as cooks, cleaners, gardeners An enormous gulf existed between rich and poor. The rich had comfortable villas, while the poor lived in apartment blocks called insulae 9. Living conditions 10. insulae 9. Rome was an overcrowded and noisy city 10. apartment blocks where the poor lived constructed with concrete walls with wooden beam floors QUIZ ESSAY #1 WHAT WERE THE THREE THINGS THAT MADE ROME A SUCCESSFUL EMPIRE WITHIN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD?????? EXPLAIN HOW THE ROMANS WERE SO SUCCESSFUL WITH CREATING THEIR VAST EMPIRE. DO NOW WHAT KIND OF TECHNOLOGY DO YOU USE DAILY. WHAT DO YOU USE TECHNOLOGY FOR? HOW DO YOU THINK THE WORLD WOULD FUNCTION IF THE INTERNET WAS TAKEN AWAY????????? DO NOW LOOK AT THE TOP OF PAGE 170 AT THE CHART TITLED “GREEK AND ROMAN GODS” ANSWER THE QUESTION UNDER THE CHART SKILLS BOX HIGHLIGHTED APPLYING CHART SKILLS. DO NOW WHAT WAS THE APPEAL OF GLADIATORIAL CONTESTS? HOW DID THE GLADIATORIAL GAMES SATISFY THE RULING CLASS’S POLITICAL PURPOSES? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 166-167 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE WAY IT WAS: SPORTS AND CONTESTS; THE GLADIATORIAL SHOWS.” DO NOW WHAT WAS THE APPEAL OF GLADIATORIAL CONTESTS? HOW DID THE GLADIATORIAL GAMES SATISFY THE RULING CLASS’S POLITICAL PURPOSES? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 146-147 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE GLADIATORIAL SHOWS.” Section 4: The Development of Christianity Augustus brought back traditional festivals and ceremonies to revive the Roman state religion, which had declined during the turmoil of the late Roman Republic. The official state religion focused on the worship of a number of gods and goddesses, including Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, and Mars. (In addition, beginning with Augustus, emperors were often officially made gods by the Roman Senate, thus bolstering support for the emperors. Section 4: The Development of Christianity 1. Roman (state religion) 1. polytheistic; emperors were often made gods by the Roman Senate thus bolstering support for the emperors Were tolerant of other religions especially Hellenistic east religions The Jewish Background: Like many other Jews, they waited for God to save Israel from oppression. The Zealots, however, called for the violent overthrow of Roman rule. In fact, a Jewish revolt began in A.D. 66 only to be crushed by the Romans four years later. The Jewish temple in Jerusalem was destroyed. 2. Judea 2. was made a Roman province under the direction of a procurator; religion was monotheistic 3. procurator 3. Roman official A few decades before the revolt, a Jewish prophet named Jesus traveled and preached throughout Judea and neighboring Galilee. 4. Jesus 4. Jewish prophet who believed his mission was to complete the salvation that God had promised to Israel Would preach that Gods command was to love God and to love one another; his preaching will eventually lead to controversy Christianity began as a movement within Judaism. After the reports that Jesus had overcome death, the Christian movement won followers in Jerusalem and throughout Judea and Galilee 5. Pontius Pilate 6. Simon Peter 5. procurator who ordered Jesus’ crucifixion 6. was a follower of Jesus during Jesus’ lifetime; recognized as the leader of the apostles Paul took the message of Jesus to the Gentiles (non Jews) as well as to the Jews; spread Christian communities throughout Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea 7. Paul 7. highly educated Jewish Roman citizen who joined the movement later Taught that Jesus’ death made up for the sins of all humans The teachings of early Christianity were passed on orally. Written materials also appeared however. Paul and other followers of Jesus had written letters or epistles, outlining Christian beliefs 8. New Testament 9. Roman persecution 8. written Gospels that give a record of Jesus’ life and teachings; second part of the Christian bible 9. Romans viewed Christians as harmful to the Roman state because they refused to worship the state gods and emperors The Romans saw the Christians’ refusal to worship Roman gods and goddesses as an act of treason, punishable by death. The Roman government began persecuting Christians during the reign of Nero. 10. persecution 10. harassing, to cause suffering DO NOW WHY DID THE ROMAN AUTHORITIES FEAR JESUS? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 170-173 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY” DO NOW WHY DID THE ROMAN AUTHORITIES FEAR JESUS? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 151-152 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY” The Romans persecuted Christians in the first and second centuries, but this did nothing to stop the growth of Christianity. In fact, it did just the opposite, it strengthened Christianity by forcing it to become more organized. 11. clergy 11. church leaders 12. laity 12. the regular church members 13. Constantine 13. becomes the first Christian emperor, issues the Edict of Milan Although Christianity did not call for revolution, it stressed a sense of spiritual equality for all people, men, women, children, all classes, which was a revolutionary idea. 14. Edict of Milan 15. Theodosius the Great 14. document which proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity 15. follows Constantine and adopts Christianity as Rome’s official religion DO NOW WHY WAS CHRISTIANITY ABLE TO ATTRACT SO MANY FOLLOWERS? WHY WAS IT SO MUCH MORE APPEALING THAN ROME’S EARLIER RELIGION? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 173-174 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY” DO NOW WHY WAS CHRISTIANITY ABLE TO ATTRACT SO MANY FOLLOWERS? WHY WAS IT SO MUCH MORE APPEALING THAN ROME’S EARLIER RELIGION? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 154 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY” DO NOW WHY WERE SO MANY PEOPLE ATTRACTED TO CHRISTIANITY? WHAT DID CHRISTIANITY OFFER TO THE ROMANS THAT THE ROMAN STATE RELIGION (WHICH WAS POLYTHEISTIC) DID NOT? Section 5: Decline and Fall 1. Marcus Aurelius 1. last of the five good emperors died and a period of conflict followed 2. Economic problems 2. labor shortage; rise in inflation 3. plague 3. an epidemic disease wiped out 1/10th of population Financial Strains made it difficult to pay and enlist more soldiers 4. Mercenaries 4. Rome had to rely on hiring Germans to fight under Roman commanders These soldiers did not understand Roman traditions and had little loyalty to either the empire or the emperors The Roman Empire is split into two territories: The East and The West. Constantine controlled the East while the Western Roman Empire came under increasing pressure from the invading Germanic tribes. 5. Visigoths 5. once allied with Rome to fight off the Huns (Asia) revolted and sacked Rome Vandals too sacked Rome and a series of German kingdoms replaced the Western Roman Empire DO NOW WHAT ELEMENTS CAUSE THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE?????? SUMMARIZE THE THEORIES ABOUT WHY THE ROMAN EMPIRE FELL AND THEN TELL WHY SOME THEORIES SEEM MORE POSSIBLE THAN OTHERS. READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 177-178 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE FALL” DO NOW WHAT ELEMENTS CAUSE THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE?????? SUMMARIZE THE THEORIES ABOUT WHY THE ROMAN EMPIRE FELL AND THEN TELL WHY SOME THEORIES SEEM MORE POSSIBLE THAN OTHERS. READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 148-150 IN THE SECTION TITLED “CRISIS IN THE LATE EMPIRE” DO NOW LOOK AT THE MAP ON PAGE 173 AND ANSWER THE GEOGRAPHY SKILLS QUESTIONS. BY THE TIME CONSTANTINE (ROMAN EMPEROR) CONVERTED, CHRISTIANITY WAS WELL ESTABLISHED IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND SPREADING QUICKLY. 1. WHICH CLOSE GROUPING OF CITIES CONSTITUTED SOME OF THE MAIN AREAS OF CHRISTIAN GROWTH UP TO A.D. 325? HOW DOES THIS CORRELATE TO THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY? 2. WHAT GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS BOTH HELPED AND LIMITED THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY? DO NOW GET TO WORK ON YOUR GREEK SKIT. THIS IS THE LAST DAY TO WORK ON IT. TOMORROW YOU ARE PRESENTING THE SKIT. IT IS WORTH A PROJECT GRADE. THOSE WHO ARE WRITING PAPERS THOSE ARE ALSO DUE TOMORROW!!!! THE TEST IS PUSHED BACK TO THUR, WE ARE REVIEWING ON WED FOR THE EXAM AFTER YOUR PRESENTATION!!!! DO NOW TAKE OUT YOUR NOTES AND YOUR STUDY GUIDES AND WORK ON YOUR SHORT ANSWERS AND STUDY FOR YOUR TEST. I AM CHECKING NOTES FOR CHAPTER 4 ANCIENT GREECE AND CHAPTER 5 ANCIENT ROME AND THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY FOR BONUS POINTS WE ARE PLAYING WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONARE TODAY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Invasions, civil wars, and plague came close to causing the economic collapse of the Roman Empire in the third century. There was a noticeable decline in trade and small industry. A labor shortage created by plague (an epidemic disease) affected both military recruiting and the economy. Farm production declined as fields were ravaged by invaders or, even more often, by the defending Roman armies. The monetary system began to show signs of collapse (inflation of products). Armies were needed more than every, but financial strains made it difficult to pay and enlist soldiers. By the mid-third century, the state had to rely on hiring Germans to fight under Roman commanders. These soldiers did not understand Roman traditions and had little loyalty to either the empire or the emperors.