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Roman Republic Section 9-2 Rome’s Government • Romans divided into two classes – Patricians – nobles, wealthy land owners • All of Rome’s ruling class – Plebeians – artisans, shopkeepers, farm owners • Most of Rome’s people Rome’s Government • Citizens – Patricians and Plebeians: – Right to vote – Paid taxes – Serve in the army – Plebeians less social status than Patricians • Could not marry each other • Could not hold public office Government consuls praetors senate Rome’s Government • Consuls – Two patricians – Ran government – Headed army – One year term – Could veto the other’s decision Rome’s Government • Praetors – Act as judges – Interpret the law Rome’s Government • Senate – Made laws – 300 patrician men – Life term Rome’s Government • Assembly of Centuries – Elected consuls and praetors – Passed laws – Patricians only Rome’s Government • • • • Plebeians complained 494 B.C. they went on strike Patricians agreed to share power Gave them the Council of the Plebs Council of the Plebs • Elected tribunes who brought concerns to government’s attention • Could veto decisions • Could marry Patricians • By 300’s B.C., could become a consul • Could pass laws for all Romans Cincinnatus • Was a dictator (ruled with complete control during an emergency) • Farmer, ruled for 16 days then stepped down • Romans strongly believed in civic duty or the idea that citizens have a responsibility to help their country. Cincinnatus • With one hand he returns the fasces, symbol of power as appointed dictator of Rome. His other hand holds the plow, as he resumes the life of a citizen and farmer." — A statue of Cincinnatus in Cincinnati, Ohio. Roman Law • Twelve Tables – Rome’s first law code – Written because plebeians thought laws favored patricians – All citizens had the right to be treated equally in the legal system – Applied only to citizens • Table II. • 2. He whose witness has failed to appear may summon him by loud calls before his house every third day. • Table IV. • 1. A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed. • 2. If a father sell his son three times, the son shall be free from his father. • Table V. • 1. Females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority. • Table VII. • 1. Let them keep the road in order. If they have not paved it, a man may drive his team where he likes. • 9. Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bend crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree. • 10. A man might gather up fruit that was falling down onto another man's farm. Roman Law • Law of Nations – Helped solve legal disputes between citizens and non citizens Roman Law • Both sets of laws use ideas that we still use today – Innocent until proven guilty – Use of defense – Judges must look at evidence before deciding Roman Law • “Rule of Law” – Idea that says the law should apply equally to everyone – This was a new idea then! Rome Expands • Carthage – In northern Africa – Ruled a trading empire Rome Expands • First Punic War – Carthage and Rome wanted to both control Sicily – Rome built up a big navy and conquered – 20 years later, Sicily was under Roman rule Rome Expands • Second Punic War – Carthage expanded into Spain after they lost Italy – Rome helped Spain rebel against Carthage – Carthage sent Hannibal to attack Rome • Hannibal is known marching into Italy with a huge army and 37 elephants – Rome lost at the battle of Cannae – General Scipio invaded Spain and beat C. Rome Expands • Rome was now a major power in the Mediterranean • Third Punic War – Rome invaded Carthage • Enslaved, destroyed • Made Carthage a province Rome Expands • Two years later, Macedonia fell to Rome • Two more years later, Greece fell to Rome • By 129 B.C., Rome gained its first Asian province